1、Chapter 9 Refutation and Point of Information目录目录CONTENT01Warm-up Questions02Burden of Refutation and Rejoinder03Refutation Strategies04Presenting the Refutation05Point of Information06ExercisesWarm-up QuestionsBWhat is a rejoinder and what is its function?CWhat strategies can be employed to make a
2、refutation?DWhat are the purposes of point of information(POI)in a debate?EWhen can the debater make a POI to the speaker?AWhat are the purposes and functions of refutation?Burden of Refutation and RejoinderRejoinder is a refutation of arefutation.Eachdebater,afterthePMandLO,bears the burden of rejo
3、inder,whichmeanstheresponsibilitytorespondtothe challenge from the opponent totheir partner.Rejoinder advances theconceptofrefutationonestepfurtheras it requires debaters to synthesizetheir arguments in a systematic way,alwaysreadytoanswernewchallengestoarguments.RejoinderFirst,refutationcanweaken,d
4、estroy,orevenoverthrowanargument;Second,refutation can be used torebuild an argument,that is,torevalidate an argument that has beenrefutedbyotherdebaters.RefutationRefutation Strategies1.Misuse of EvidenceMisuse of EvidenceMissingevidence01Excludedevidence02Beggingthequestion03Strawman04Redherring05
5、9Hastygeneralization10Accident6Adhominenattack7Appealtothepeople8ArgumentfromignoranceFalseanalogy01Falsecause02Posthocergopropterhoc03Confusingcorrelationwithcause04Singlecause05Slipperyslope062.Faulty LinksPresenting the RefutationFirstly,the debater should identify theargumentthatheorsheisgoingto
6、refute.Then,the debater should critique theargumentFinally,the debater should explain thesignificanceofhisorherrefutation.Point of InformationGuidelinesDefinitionThe debater should getthe speakers attentionpolitelyandcourteously.Thedebatershouldwaitto be recognized by thespeaker.Abriefstatementorque
7、stionofferedbyadebatertoapointthenbeingmadebyaspeakeroftheoppositesidewhoisholdingthefloor.The debater offers a Point ofInformationinordertoletthespeakerclarifywhatheorshesays.By offering a POI,the debater willget an opportunity to refute thespeakerdirectly.Thedebatercan“telegraph”hisownstancetothea
8、udienceorjudgewhenhewantstomakeanargument.OfferingaPOIinvolvestheopportunitytoestablishorreestablishthedirectionofthedebate.PurposesExercisesExercise 1:IdentifyingProblematicArgumentsRead the following arguments with logical fallaciesinvolvingevidenceorlink/warrant.Identifythefallacy,discusswithyour
9、partnerandpresentyourdiscussionstotheclass.LookthroughsomepopularadvertisementsonTVorinthe newspapers and find 6 examples of unsoundreasoning.Exercise 2:PresentingaRefutationRefutetheargumentsbelowbyfollowingthethreestepsofpresentingarefutationofferedinthetext,namely,identifying the argument,critiqu
10、ing theargument,and explaining the significance of therefutation.Onehintatapossiblerefutationisgivenafter each argument for your reference instructuring the refutation.Of course,otherrefutationargumentsareencouraged.Identifyingtheargument:_Critiquingtheargument:_Explainingthesignificanceoftherefutat
11、ion:_Argument 1:Argument:Women in beauty contests arejudged on their physical appearance ratherthanonanyotherqualitiestheymaypossess.Judging women primarily on their lookscontributes to the subjugation of womenbecauseotherqualities,suchasintelligence,arenotseenaspartofidealfemininityandtherefore not
12、 as things to which womenshouldaspire.Hint:There is nothing wrong with judgingpeople primarily on their physical prowess,which is a major determinantof success incompetitivesport.Identifyingtheargument:_Critiquingtheargument:_Explainingthesignificanceoftherefutation:_Argument 2:Argument:Euthanasiahe
13、lpsfamiliesthatdontwanttoseetheirlovedonessuffer.Euthanasia is an immediate and painlessway to end a life that is too painful.Itprovidesanoptiontoendalifebeforeitevenenterstheterminal“deathbed”stageofsuffering,orallowsfamiliestochoosetoenda“deathbed”existencewithdignityandpeace.Hint:Pain cannot just
14、ify euthanasia,whichcanbemadetolerablewithmodernmedicines.Identifyingtheargument:_Critiquingtheargument:_Explainingthesignificanceoftherefutation:_Argument 3:Argument:Standardizedtestsaregenerallygood at measuring students knowledge,skills and understanding,because they areobjective,fair,efficient,a
15、ndcomprehensive.Forthesereasons,theyareusedfordecisionsaboutadmission tocolleges,graduateprograms,andprofessionalschoolsaswellasqualificationandlicensingformanyskilledoccupationsanddemandingprofessionssuchaslawandmedicine.Hint:Scoresofstandardizedtestsarenotthesameasstudentachievement.Readthefollowi
16、ngmotiononguncontrol.The first round of argument-refutation-rejoinderisgivenasareference.Developyourownrefutationsandrejoinderstotheotherargumentslistedbelow.Exercise 3RefutingrefutationsMotion:This House calls for stronger gun control laws.Argument1:Strongerguncontrollawswouldsavelives.Themorepeopl
17、ewhocarryweapons,themorelikelyitisthatsomeonewilluseonetokill.Statisticsshowsthatincreased gunownershipleads tohigherlevels ofcrime,suicideand othernegativeoutcomes.Refutation1:Gunsdontkillpeople;peopledo.Gunscanmakesocietysaferbygivingpeople the power of self-defense.A well-armed citizenry prevents
18、 crime and thatstrongerguncontrollawswouldincreasethecrimeratebymakinglaw-abidingcitizensvulnerabletothosewhochoosetodisregardthelaw.Rejoinder1:Thereisafundamentaldifferencebetweengunsandotherweapons,forinstance,knives,intermsofthemortalityoftheharmtheyinflict.Gunscausemoreirrevocableharmsanddeathth
19、anotherweapons.Motion:This House calls for stronger gun control laws.Argument2:Gunrightisananachronism.ThefactthatgunrightwassanctifiedintheU.S.ConstitutionshouldbesituatedintheveryspecificcontextoftheAmericanWarofIndependence in which the militia armed with guns played an essential role.But thesitu
20、ationhaschanged.NowtheUnitedStateshasthemostpowerfulmilitaryintheworld.Thereisnoneedforordinarycitizenstopossessgunstoprotectthestate.Refutation2:_Rejoinder2:_Motion:This House calls for stronger gun control laws.Argument3:Thenatureofmodernarms,withtheintroductionofmoreadvancedtechnologies unimaginable in the Founding Fathers time,has made guns moredangerouswhenused.Refutation3:_Rejoinder3:_
