1、Lesson 2 Mechanization and Automation机械化和自动化机械化和自动化Section I Words and PhrasesSection II Text and TranslationSection III Exercises and Answers词英汉练 End Next 答第1页Section I Words and Phrasesmechanization,meknaizein n.机械化 例句：We are speeding up the mechanization of our agriculture.我们正在加紧农业机械化步伐。automatio
2、n,:tmein n.自动化in as much as 因为，因为，鉴于，既然 例句：In as much as the debtor has no property,I abandoned the claim.因为债务人无财产,我放弃了债务。debtor det n.借方，债务人 Topic Above Next End 第2页They bought in as much food as would last the winter.他们买进了足以维持一个冬天食品。discrimination dis krimi nein n.区分，判别，识别，歧视 例句:He spoke out again
3、st racial discrimination.他声言反对种族歧视。These robots are capable of shape discrimination.这些机器人能区分形状。第3页feedback fi:dbk n.反馈,回馈negative feedback 负反馈deviation di:vi:ein n.偏差，偏移,背离 例句：Any deviation from the partys faith is seen as betrayal.任何对党信仰偏离被视作背叛。betrayal bitreil n.1.背叛;密告;泄密2.引诱spinning spini adj.旋转
4、 n.纺线，纺纱 例句：Spinning is one of my hobbies.我很喜欢纺纱。单词起源：spin spin vt.&vi 使旋转，杜撰，纺线，纺纱Topic Above Next End 第4页pneumatic nju:mtik adj.空气，气动 例句：This pneumatic tool will double the speed of assembly.这个气开工具能够把装配速度提升一倍。Knowledge of hydraulic,pneumatic and electronic fixture applications.具备利用液压、气动和电子器具知识。pne
5、umatic cylinder 气缸 pneumatic actuator 气动执行元件 第5页Section I Words and Phraseshydraulic haidr:lik adj.液压 例句：Hydraulic jacks under the machine produce the movement.是机器下面液压千斤顶造成移动。hydraulic engineering 水利工程 hydraulic drive 液压传动hydraulic transmission system 液压传动系统remarkable rim:kbladj.显著，非凡，值得注意remarkable
6、 achievements 卓越成就 例句：Remarkable quality has good prestige.卓越品质便有良好信誉。prestige presti:n.名望,声望,威望;Topic Above Next End 第6页displace displeis vt.移置，取代，转移过去式:displaced 过去分词:displaced 现在分词:displacing 例句：He was displaced by another young man.他已被另一个年轻人顶替。The war has displaced thousands of people.战争使成千上万人背井
7、离乡。exceptional iksepnl adj.例外;异常;特殊;优异;卓越第7页Section I Words and Phrasesold-fashioned uld fnd adj.传统，旧 例句：An old-fashioned,fussy person.老古板思想过时、吹毛求疵人 fussy fsi adj.大惊小怪;难以取悦;挑剔 His values seem old-fashioned.他价值观念似乎陈旧了。immense i mens adj.极大，巨大 例句：They made an immense improvement in English.在英语方面他们取得了巨
8、大进步。The expense of living is immense.生活费用很庞大。Topic Above Next End 第8页centrifugal sentrifjugl adj.离心 centrifugal force 离心力 centrifugal governor离心式调速器 shaft:ft n.C轴；矿井;竖井 valve vlv n.n.c1.阀,活门 2.真空管，电子管innumerable inju:mrbl adj.无数;数不清mass-produced大(批)量生产 第9页Section II Text Processes of mechanization h
9、ave been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century.（自从18世纪末工业革命开始，工业机械化进程一直在不停地发展，而且变得越来越复杂。）The current developments of automatic processes are,however,different from the old ones.（但当前工业自动化过程较以前工业自动化过程有很大不一样）Topic Above
10、 Next 汉 End 第10页The“automation”of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries in as much as mechanization was applied to individual operations,whereas“automation”is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit.（20世纪工业自动化之所以有别于18、19世纪机械化
11、，是因为机械化仅应用于操纵(执行）机构，而自动化则包括整个生产单元执行和控制两个（关键）部分。）第11页And in many,though not all,instances the element of control is so great that mechanization displaces muscle,“automation”displaces brain as well.（尽管不是全部情况，但在大多数情况下，控制元件依然发挥着强大力量，机械化已经代替了手工劳动，而自动化代替了脑力劳动。）第12页The distinction between the mechanization
12、 of the past and what is happening now is,however,not a sharp one.At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control,while at the other end of the scale are“transfer machines”,as they are now called,which may be as simple as a convey or b
13、elt to another.（机械化程度发展在过去和现在区分不是很显著，而在一端是含有强大区分和控制功效电子计算机，另一端是我们当前所说“转换机构”正如传输带一样与其它设备简单地连接起来。）第13页An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulate;that is,it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment.（自动调整机构能够自动调整系
14、统，也就是说，它能在没有些人干预和调整情况下，自动对系统或生产过程进行控制和调整。）第14页 Now people often talk about“feedback”as being an essential factor of the new industrial techniques,upon which is based an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired conditions can be detected,measure
15、d,reported and corrected.（当代工业技术关键原因就是当前人们经常提起反馈（控制），它是以自动调整系统为基础，借助于系统参考值与期望值之间偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到）Topic Above Next 汉 End 第15页 When“feedback”is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums,constantly rejecting the answers unt
16、il it finds one to fit a complex set of facts that have been put to it,it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines.(反馈控制应用于高速运转大型数字计算机进行复杂运算时，对于输入复杂问题，计算机通常会一直运行，直到求出与问题匹配结果。这或许与我们以前熟知机器有很大差异。)第16页But“feedback”,as such,is a familiar mechanical conceptio
17、n.The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor,two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft.(反馈是我们所熟悉机械概念。旧式蒸汽机安装有离心式调速器，控制杆上两个球不停地绕立轴旋转，第17页If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast,the increased speed of the spinning governor caused
18、it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve.This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed(气压升高，发动机转速变快，旋转调速器速度增加，使立杆上升，关闭阀门，切断蒸汽，从而发动机恢复到适当速度。)第18页The mechanization,which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution,because it was limited to ind
19、ividual processes,required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another.(伴随工业革命出现，机械化也随之产生，因为这时机械化仅局限于单个生产过程。所以，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。)第19页Only in a few instances were processes automatically li
20、nked together and was production organized as a continuous flow.(仅仅在极少情况下，这些生产过程才能够自动地衔接起来，形成连续产品生产线。)第20页 In general,however,although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s,the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together.Electric-light bulbs,bottles and the com
21、ponents of innumerable mass-produced articles are made in mechanized factories in which a degree of automatic control has gradually been building up.(普通而言，从20世纪20年代以来，尽管当代工业已经实现了高度机械化，然而通常机械化部分还没有联络在一起。机械化工厂生产了电灯泡、瓶子和大量生产产品元件，这些机械化工厂自动化程度日益得到了加强)Topic Above Next 汉 End 第21页The development of the elec
22、tronic computer in the 1940s suggested that there were a number of other devices less complicated and expensive than the computer which could share the field of mechanical control.(20世纪40年代电子计算机发展，意味着在机械控制领域内将出现大量比计算机更简单、更廉价产品。)第22页These devices mechanical,pneumatic and hydraulic have been considera
23、bly developed in recent years and will continue to advance now that the common opinion is favoring the extension of“automation”.(这些装置机械装置、气动装置、液压装置，在近些年内已经有了很大发展，并将继续发展下去，通常认为这有利于自动控制发展。)第23页Electronic devices,of course,although not the sole cause of what is happening,are nevertheless in a key posit
24、ion.They are gaining in importance and unquestionably hold out exceptional promise for development in the future.(电子设备对当前自动控制发展依然处于举足轻重地位，无疑在今后自动控制发展方面还继续会发挥不可估量作用。)第24页 自从18世纪末工业革命开始，工业机械化进程一直在不停地发展，而且变得越来越复杂。但当前工业自动化过程较以前工业自动化过程有很大不一样。20世纪工业自动化之所以有别于18、19世纪机械化，是因为机械化仅应用于操纵(执行）机构，而自动化则包括整个生产单元执行和控制
25、两个（关键）部分。尽管不是全部情况，但在大多数情况下，控制元件依然发挥着强大力量，机械化已经代替了手工劳动，而自动化代替了脑力劳动。机械化程度发展在过去和现在区分不是很显著，而在一端是含有强大区分和控制功效电子计算机，另一端是我们当前所说“转换机构”正如传输带一样与其它设备简单地连接起来。自动调整机构能够自动调整系统，也就是说，它能在没有些人干预和调整情况下，自动对系统或生产过程进行控制和调整。Topic Above Next 英 End 第25页Section II Translation 当代工业技术关键原因就是当前人们经常提起反馈（控制），它是以自动调整系统为基础，借助于系统参考值与期望
26、值之间偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到。反馈控制应用于高速运转大型数字计算机进行复杂运算时，对于输入复杂问题，计算机通常会一直运行，直到求出与问题匹配结果。这或许与我们以前熟知机器有很大差异。就其本身而论，反馈是我们所熟悉机械概念。旧式蒸汽机安装有离心式调速器，控制杆上两个球不停地绕立轴旋转，气压升高，发动机转速变快，旋转调速器速度增加，使立杆上升，关闭阀门，切断蒸汽，从而发动机恢复到适当速度。伴随工业革命出现，机械化也随之产生，因为这时机械化仅局限于单个生产过程。所以，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。仅仅在极少情况下，这些生产过程才能够
27、自动地衔接起来，形成连续产品生产线。Topic Above Next 英 End 第26页Section II Translation 普通而言，从20世纪20年代以来，尽管当代工业已经实现了高度机械化，然而通常机械化部分还没有联络在一起。机械化工厂生产了电灯泡、瓶子和大量生产产品元件，这些机械化工厂自动化程度日益得到了加强。20世纪40年代电子计算机发展，意味着在机械控制领域内将出现大量比计算机更简单、更廉价产品。这些装置机械装置、气动装置、液压装置，在近些年内已经有了很大发展，并将继续发展下去，通常认为这有利于自动控制发展。电子设备对当前自动控制发展依然处于举足轻重地位，无疑在今后自动控制
28、发展方面还继续会发挥不可估量作用。Topic Above Next 英 End 第27页Section III ExercisesI.依据课文填空依据课文填空 1.Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century.2.The current developments of automatic processes are,however,differen
29、t the old ones.3.The“automation”of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries mechanization was applied to individual operations,whereas“automation”is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit.4.And in many,though not all,instances
30、the element of control is so great that mechanization displaces muscle,“automation”displaces as well.Topic Above 答Next End 第28页5.An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulate;that is,it can regulate or control the system or process the need for constant human attention or adju
31、stment.6.The system is based an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue which any deviation in the system from desired conditions can be detected,measured,reported and corrected.7.The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted a centrifugal governor,two balls on levers.8.The,mechanization,which wa
32、s introduced with the Industrial Revolution,because it was limited individual processes.Section III ExercisesTopic Above 答Next End 第29页Section III Exercises9.The components of innumerable mass-produced articles are made in mechanized factories which a degree of automatic control has gradually been b
33、uilding up.10.The development of the electronic computer in the 1940s suggested that there were a number of other devices less complicated and expensive the computer which could share the field of mechanical control.Topic Above 答Next End 第30页Section III ExercisesII.将以下短语和句子译成汉字将以下短语和句子译成汉字 1.Industr
34、ial Revolution,mechanization and automatization,self-regulating system,feedback,mass-produced articles,hydraulic control,component,load and unload.工业革命，机械化和自动化，自我调整系统，反馈，大量生产产品，液压控制，元件（部件），装卸和卸载。Topic Above 答Next End 第31页2.Now people often talk about“feedback”as being an essential factor of the new
35、industrial techniques,upon which is based an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired conditions can be detected,measured,reported and corrected.当代工业技术关键原因就是当前人们经常提起反馈（控制），它是以自动调整系统为基础，借助于系统偏差与期望值之间偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到。第32页3.The mechanizat
36、ion,which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution,because it was limited to individual processes,required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another.机械化引入工业革命，因为仅局限于单个生产过程。所以，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一
37、个地方运到另一个地方。第33页Section III Exercises.将以下句子译成英文将以下句子译成英文1.普通来说，自从20世纪80年代计算机技术和信息技术就已经发展很快。In general,computer technology and information technology have rapidly developed ever since the 1980s.Topic Above 答Next End 第34页2.借助自动调整系统，这个生产线生产产品质量已经越来越高，生产成本越来越低。By virtue of the automatic self-regulating s
38、ystem,the quality of products made by this mass-produced line has become higher and higher,and lower and lower in the productive cost第35页3.机械化引入工业革命，因为仅局限于单个生产过程。所以，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。The mechanization,which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution,because it was limited to indi
39、vidual processes,required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another第36页4.自动机械装置是一个能够自行调整，不需要人工调整系统。An automatic mechanism is a system which has a capacity for self-regulate without the need for human adju
40、stment第37页5.这台机器人装备有先进智能控制元件。5.This robot is fitted with the advanced intelligent control components.第38页Section III AnswersI.依据课文内容填空依据课文内容填空1.ever since 2.from 3.in as much as 4.brain 5.without 6.of 7.with 8.to 9.in 10.thanII.将以下短语和句子译成汉字1.工业革命，机械化和自动化，自我调整系统，反馈，大量生产产品，液压控制，元件（部件），装卸和卸载。2.当代工业技术关键
41、原因就是当前人们经常提起反馈（控制），它是以自动调整系统为基础，借助于系统偏差与期望值之间偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到。3.机械化引入工业革命，因为仅局限于单个生产过程。所以，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。Topic Above Next Return End 第39页Section III Answers.将以下句子译成英文将以下句子译成英文1.In general,computer technology and information technology have rapidly developed ever since th
42、e 1980s.2.By virtue of the automatic self-regulating system,the quality of products made by this mass-produced line has become higher and higher,and lower and lower in the productive cost.3.The mechanization,which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution,because it was limited to individual pro
43、cesses,required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another.4.An automatic mechanism is a system which has a capacity for self-regulate without the need for human adjustment.5.This robot is fitted with the advanced intelligent control components.Topic Above Next Return End 第40页
