1、考研英语翻译考研英语翻译A1/79命题形式命题形式F主要考查考生准确了解概念或结构较复杂英语文主要考查考生准确了解概念或结构较复杂英语文字材料能力（即主要考查考生依据上下文帮助对字材料能力（即主要考查考生依据上下文帮助对于含有较大难度语句在于含有较大难度语句在了解了解和和书面书面表示方面能力。表示方面能力。）。要求考生阅读一篇约）。要求考生阅读一篇约400400（：420420）词文章，）词文章，并将其中并将其中5 5个画线部分（约个画线部分（约150150词）译成汉语，要词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。求译文准确、完整、通顺。详见纲领解读详见纲领解读2/79题型特点题型特点1、文章题
2、材：偏文倾向、文章题材：偏文倾向F03：人类学；：人类学；04：语言与思维关系；：语言与思维关系；F05：大众传媒；：大众传媒；06年：美国知识分子；年：美国知识分子；F07：法律学习；：法律学习；08：达尔文思维表示；：达尔文思维表示；F09：教育学；：教育学；10：自然与经济关系；：自然与经济关系；F11：书评；：书评；12：对普遍真理追求：对普遍真理追求3/79题型特点题型特点2、语法结构：关系复杂、语法结构：关系复杂F非谓语动词（形容词短语）非谓语动词（形容词短语）F逻辑关系逻辑关系F指代：代词指代：代词it,they,that,this,oneF从句：从句：4/79题型特点题型特点3
3、、词汇：上下文、词汇：上下文F一词多义，一词多义，F一词转义（详细场所特定含义）一词转义（详细场所特定含义）5/79英汉语言差异英汉语言差异F语态语态F连接词连接词F形式主语和宾语形式主语和宾语F定语位置定语位置F名词化名词化F非谓语动词非谓语动词6/79做题思绪与步骤做题思绪与步骤分清主次关系，注意“左邻右舍”n1 划动词，确定主谓，明确分句n2 缕清关系（主从），确定词意，按意群翻译n3 按逻辑，调整语序（每意群），写汉字表示n4 重新组合，删除多出，并查对检验7/79翻译技巧和方法翻译技巧和方法8/79I.分清主从分清主从 把握结构把握结构n分清主从是理清原文结构，拟出译文整体框架关键，
4、而辨析词义是确保译文准确前提。nIt is hard to believe that automobiles,radios,motion pictures,frozen foods,electric refrigerator,to mention only a few items,have come into common use within thirty years.n且举几件东西来说吧，汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱，这些东西在过去30年中得到了广泛应用，这简直令人难以置信。9/79n1.抓主谓结构nThe role of natural selection in evolutio
5、n was formulated only a little more than 100 years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.（）n自然选择在进化中作用仅在100多年前才得以说明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时选择作用则刚才开始被认识和研究。I.分清主从分清主从 把握结构把握结构10/79n2.抓关键信息nViews of
6、 the railings where doomed passengers and crew members stood evoked images of the moonless night 74 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.n看到那些栏杆，不由使人想起七十四年前这艘巨轮船体倾斜沉入波涛那个暗无星月夜晚，当初那些惨遭厄运乘客和船员也曾站在这些栏杆旁。I.分清主从分清主从 把握结构把握结构11/79n3.抓逻辑关系nThe isolation of the rural world because of dist
7、ance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.n因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是于外界隔绝。这种隔绝状态，因为通讯工具不足，就变得愈加严重了。I.分清主从分清主从 把握结构把握结构12/79II.遣词用字遣词用字 恰如其分恰如其分n1英汉词字对应关系n2词义辨析13/791英汉词字对应关系英汉词字对应关系n1）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词，技术词汇等，如:nMarxism=马克思主义nAspirin 阿斯匹林 n激光=lasern白血病=l
8、eukemia14/79n2）多词同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样，但色彩意义不一样对应词，如：n妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人nwife：n总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长 npresident:15/79n3）一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义不一样对应词，如：ncousin:n堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿.ncarry:n搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧.16/79n4）交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发生，也即是一组词义相近词，依据
9、不一样上下文，能够译作对应词语中任何一个，如英语中say,speak,talk,tell与汉语“说、讲、谈、诉”之间关系：n5）无对等词语。翻译中这种情况极少，偶有发生，普通用解释或音译方式来处理英汉之间对应关系。nteenager；hacker 17/792词义辨析词义辨析n1)依据构词法区分词义nMiniskirtnMicrosoftnSpaceshipnThermometernFuturist18/79n2)依据指代关系区分词义n(1)He father sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish h
10、imself.n他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。n(2)Health is above wealth,for this cannot give so much happiness as that.n健康比财富更主要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(或:因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。)19/793)依据上下文语境或词搭配区分词义n(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.n(2)It is quite another story now.n(3)Some reporters who wer
11、e not included in the session broke the story.n(4)Hell be very happy if that story holds up.n(5)The girls story is one of the saddest.20/79n4)依据不一样学科或专业类型区分词义n(1)The lathe should be set on a firm base.n车床应安装在坚实底座上。（机械）n(2)Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.nAB线是三角形ABC底边。（数学）n(3)The weary troops
12、 marched back to the base.n疲惫不堪士兵列队返回基地。（军事）n(4)He is on the second base.n他在二垒。（体育）21/79III.直译意译直译意译 抓住关键点抓住关键点nWhat easier way is there for a nurse,a policeman,a barber,or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?n对于护士、警察、剪发师或是服务员来说，还有什么比脱下制服更轻易方法使人们看不出他们职业身份呢？22/79直译意译直译意
13、译n1Every life has its roses and thorns.n直译：每个人一生都现有玫瑰，又有荆棘。n意译：人生总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。n2.Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft.n直译：把珍贵物品放在现眼处，等于是给小偷发请帖。n意译：应妥善保管珍贵物品，以防被盗。23/79n3.A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.n直译：礼品是打开把你关在门外房门钥匙。n意译：大门把你关在外，礼品送到门自开。（礼是敲门砖。）n4.What
14、 the tongue says,the neck pays for.n直译：舌头说话，脖子还账。n意译：舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。24/79IV.适当增添适当增添 清楚明了清楚明了n 普通来说，翻译时不应对原文内容随意增减。不过，因为英汉两种语言文字之间所存在悬殊差异，在实际翻译过程中极难做到词字上完全对应。普通情况是为意义完整而增译，25/79增词法惯用情况增词法惯用情况n1增添原文语法所省略词语n1)Matter can be changed into energy,and energy into matter.n物质能够转化为能，能也能够转化为物质。26/79n2 增添必要连接成份增加连词n
15、英语中并列连词和隶属连词大都是以单个单词出现，而汉语中联合连词和偏正连词大都是成对出现。所以，在将英语译成汉语时，应将汉语连词补充完整。如:if，假如，那么because因为，所以;although即使，不过;unless除非，不然n1)Heated,water will change into vapor.n水如受热，就会汽化。27/79n3用增词法表示出原文复数概念和数量词n英语中没有量词，而汉语表示中量词却是不可缺乏n1)He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.n他伸出双腿，露出腿上道道伤痕。28/79n2）The mo
16、untains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.n群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。n3)Note that the words“velocity”and“speed”require explanation.n请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。29/79n4用增词法把抽象概念表示清楚n1)Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.n氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。n2)After all preparations were made,the plane took off.n一
17、切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。30/79n5增加完善性或概括性词语n1)Air pressure decreases with altitude.n气压随海拔高度增加而下降。n2)According to scientists,it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.n依据科学家们看法，自然界要用500年时间才能形成一英寸厚表层土壤。n3)A runner from Kenya has won the 42 km Boston Marathonn肯尼亚一位长跑选手赢得了波士顿42公里马拉松赛冠军。31/79n6重复性增词
18、n1)Avoid using this computer in extreme cold,heat,dust or humidity.n不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大情况下使用此电脑。32/79n7修辞或连贯增词n1)This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.n这部打字机真是价廉物美。n2)They build roads,houses,bridges,ships,pipelines,and canals.n他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。n3)A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hyp
19、otheses,his theories,and his conclusion.n科学家经常设法否定自己假设，推翻自己理论，并放弃自己结论。33/79V.词语省略词语省略 言简意赅言简意赅n普通来说，汉语较英语简练，所以，许多在原文中必不可少词语要是原原本当地译成汉语，就会成为无须要冗词，译文会显得十分累赘。省略法在英汉翻译中使用得非常广泛，其主要目标是删去一些可有可无、不符合译文习惯表示法词语。34/79省略技巧惯用情况省略技巧惯用情况n1代词省略 nHe put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.n他将双手
20、放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。nThey went in to dinner.It was excellent,and the wine was good.Its influence presently had its effect on them.n他们进入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴，顿受感染。35/79n2.冠词省略n The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow.n力方向能够用箭头表示。36/79n3.介词连词省略n(1)If I had known it,I would not have joined in it.n早知如此，我就不参
21、加了。n(2)Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.n同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。37/79n4.动词省略nWhen the pressure gets low,the boiling point becomes low.n气压低，沸点就低。38/79n5.非人称代词“It”省略n Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs.n外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。39/79VI.转换变通转换变通 自然流畅自然流畅n在翻译过程中，因为两种语言在语法和表
22、示习惯上差异，我们有时必须改变原文一些词语词类或句子成份才能有效地传达出原文准确意思。40/79nMy point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.n我看法（观点）是，一代人对下一代人经常埋怨，这一点是在所难免。41/79英译汉词类转换方法技巧英译汉词类转换方法技巧n1.各种词类转换成动词n汉语动词使用频率比英语高,所以将英语各种词类转换成汉语动词是最常见词类转换。42/79n1)Rockets have found app
23、lication for the exploration of the universe.n火箭已经用来探索宇宙。（名词转为动词）n2)Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at what he saidn听他一说，房间里每个人都大吃一惊。（介词转为动词）n3）In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.n在这种情况下，炉温就升高。(副词转为动词)43/79n2各种词类转换为名词nThe new contract would be good for ten years.n新协议使用期为10年
24、。（形容词转为名词）n He is physically weak but mentally sound.n他身体虽弱，但思想健康。（副词转为名词）44/79n3各种词类转为形容词nEarthquakes are closely related to faulting.n地震与断裂运动有亲密关系。（副词转为形容词）45/79n4.各种词类转换成副词n1)Below 4,water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.n水在4度以下就不停地膨胀，而不是不停地收缩。（形容词转为副词）n2)I have the h
25、onor to inform you that your request is granted.n我荣幸地通知您，您请求已得到同意。（名词转为副词）46/79句子成份转换形式句子成份转换形式n在很多情况下，英语中不一样句子成份也能够依据翻译需要进行相互转换；譬如，主语转为宾语，宾语转为主语，主语转为谓语，主语转为定语，状语转为主语等等。47/79n1)As the match burns,heat and light are given off.n火柴燃烧时发出光和热。(主语转为宾语)n2)This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.n这种
26、石头相对密度是2.7。(宾语转为主语)n3)Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.n应该一直注意保护仪器，不使其沾染灰尘和受潮。(主语转为谓语)48/79n4)Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.n只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发觉不一样之处。(主语转为谓语，宾语转为主语)n5)The baby doubled its weight in a yearn这婴儿体重一年中长了一倍。(主语转为定语)n6)Th
27、ousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fastn成千上万观众目瞪口呆，心嗵嗵直跳。(定语转为谓语)49/79n7)The test is intended to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks.n本测验目标是强化你们过去几个月内所学知识。(谓语转为表语)n8)Mathematics is well taught at that schooln那个学校数学教得好。（状语转为主语）n9)The ocean was filled with
28、turtles and fish,ready for the net.n海洋里鱼鳖成群，张网可得。（宾语转为主语）50/79VII.结构调整结构调整 顺理成章顺理成章n结构调整是英汉互译中又一惯用翻译技巧。因为英汉不一样造句结构和表示习惯，英语中有些句子词序、语序在译成汉语时，应加以调整，使其符合汉语表示习惯。51/79nAdditional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves
29、 made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.（）n因为人口猛增或大量人口流动（当代交通工具使这种方式相对轻易）造成种种问题也会对社会造成新压力。52/79结构调整惯用方法技巧结构调整惯用方法技巧n1次序法;即按原文句子次序翻译。n1)It was strange that a day of war was a day we stood still.We couldnt move-that must have been the whole idea-so we had no choice but to watch.n奇怪
30、是战争那天我们却原地按兵不动。我们不能动弹这就是这次战争整个含意除了监视敌人，我们别无他法。53/79n2逆序法；即颠倒原文次序，将句首内容放到句尾，句尾内容放到句首。n1)He was dumb-founded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gonen她非要他讲清楚他津贴中每一分钱都到哪儿去了，他哑口无言。54/79n3.时序法；按事件发生时间先后次序翻译。n1)We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural c
31、alamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.n我们于1959年离开了中国。今后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在家里读到这方面消息时，心情颇为低沉。55/79n4.拆分法；将句中插入成份提取出来单独翻译，另起一句放在句末。n1)They,not unexpectedly,did not respond.n他们没有回复，这完全是意料之中事。n2)Illogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.n她满认为会有某种
32、奇迹般处理方法，这显然不合情理。56/79VIII.语态转换语态转换 约定俗成约定俗成n英语中被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其以科技英语最为常见。考试中阅读内容中有相当量科技题材，所以翻译题目也往往少不了被动语态处理。57/79nThe behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to fi
33、nd.（）n行为科学之所以发展迟缓，部分原因是用来解释行为依据似乎往往是直接观察到，部分原因是其它解释方式一直难以找到。58/79 翻译被动语态惯用方法技巧翻译被动语态惯用方法技巧n汉语中被动结构不那么惯用，因为从习惯上讲，汉语中“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等字眼总是给人以不那么舒适感觉，所以在英汉翻译时，我们应尽可能将被动语态化为主动结构59/79n1将英语被动直接转为汉语主动n1）Every moment of every day,energy is being transformed from one form into another.n每时每刻，能量都在由一个形式变为另一个形式。（
34、保持原主语不变）n2）The picture was painted by Professor Smith.n这幅画是史密斯教授画。（转换为系表结构）60/79n2将英语被动转为汉语无主句n1)The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.n必须马上终止这种噪音。n2)Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.n已经注意到采取防腐新办法。61/79n3 英语被动语态保持不变n英语被动语态翻译，在必要时候（尤其是用以表示令人不快事件）也能够译作汉
35、语被动结构，分别译作“被”、“给”、“遭”、“受”、“让”、“为所”等字眼。n1)Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.n我们随时都会被出入机场敌机发觉。n2)At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.n月底，他因自己无能而给辞退了。62/79n4英语被动语态用意译法表示 n英语被动语态谓语都是及物动词，有时候汉语中没有类似表示法。在这种情况下，就只能依据原文意思进行意译。n1)The vil
36、lage is populated by about 13,000 farmers.n这个村子里住着大约13,000农民。n2)Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter.n大多数树木冬天要落叶。63/79IX.正反交替正反交替 相得益彰相得益彰n英语中否定按语言学家们划分大致上有4类：完全否定（带no词语，如nothing,none等）、半否定（hardly,scarcely等）、部分否定（not all,not every等）及带否定意义词语（fail,without等），翻译时普通情况下能够对号入座。不过也并非见到yes便是“是”，no便是“不”
37、，有很多情况需要依据详细问题酌情处理，64/79nUntil these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（）n字面翻译：直到这些问题被处理，研究行为技术伎俩就会继续被排斥，处理问题唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。n（假如）这些问题得不到处理，研究行为技术伎俩就会继续受到排斥，处理问题唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。n（正说反译）65/79正反交替普通处理方法正反交替普
38、通处理方法n1.英语为必定式，汉语译作否定式n1)It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.(prep.)n他无权签署这种协议。n(介词beyond由“超出”之意转译为“无”)n2)Time is what we want most,but what,alas,many use worst.(adv.)n时间是我们最缺乏，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。(副词worst由“最糟”之意转译为“最不善于”)66/79n2 英语为否定式，汉语译作必定式 n1)Dont lose time in posting this letter.n赶快把
39、这封信寄出去。（不要丧失赶快）n2)Some people can eat what they like and get no fattern有些人爱吃什么就吃什么，照样瘦。（不长胖照样瘦）67/79n3同一词语，既可译作必定式，又可译作否定式 n1)Im new to the work.n这工作我是生手。（这工作我不熟悉。）n2)He is free with his money.n他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬。）68/79n4英语中双重否定结构n1)There is no rule that has no exception.n全部规则都有例外。（没有不例外规则。）n2)There i
40、s not any advantage without disadvantage.n有一利必有一弊。n3)It never rains but it pours.n不雨则已，雨必倾盆。n4)It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.n人不会不犯错误。（人总会犯错误。）69/79n5否定转移n英语动词think，believe，suppose，notbecause等否定结构，在译成汉语时，须将否定部位由句子前面转移到后面，这就叫做“否定转移”。如：n1)I dont think we need waste much time
41、on this.n我想我们无须在这个问题上浪费许多时间。n2)She didnt believe that such things mattered much.n她认为这种事情无关紧要。70/79n6.翻译中否定陷阱 nallnot（并非都）n1)All that glitters is not gold.n发光不一定都是金子。n2)All cities did not look like as they do today.n在过去，城市并不都像今天这么个个千篇一律。nbothnot（并非二者都）n1)But you see,we both cannot go.n不过我告诉你，我们俩不能同时都
42、走。n2)Both the instruments are not precision ones.n这两件东西不都是精密仪器。71/79ncannottoo（怎么也不足以）n1)The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated.n这次会议主要性不论怎么强调也不。n2)I shall never be able to stress too much for your kindness.n不论我怎么感激你，都不足以报恩于万一。n3)You cannot be too careful in proofreading.n校对时，越仔细越
43、好。72/79nfor all（尽管；不；说不定）n1)He seemed as fresh as ever,for all that I never saw him drink or eat.n尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎依然精神饱满。n2)You may leave at once for all I care.n你尽可马上离开，我才不论呢。73/79nIt be+adj.+noun+that（再也会）n1)It is a good workman that never blunders.n智者千虑，必有一失。（再聪明工匠也难免犯错。）n2)It is a long lane
44、 that has no end.n路必有弯。（再长胡同也有尽头。）n3)It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.n坏事未必对人人都有坏处。（再坏事也不是对人人都有坏处。）74/79X.定语从句定语从句 合分替换合分替换nThey are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his co
45、nduct and given credit for his achievements.（）n自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义自主人所拥有，是要求一个人对自己行为负责并因其业绩而给予必定必不可少前提。75/79 翻译定语从句惯用方法技巧翻译定语从句惯用方法技巧n1.合并法译例n1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.n污染是我们必须处理一个迫切问题。n2)In the room where the electronic computer is kept,there must be no dust at all.n在存放
46、电子计算机房间里，不能有一点灰尘。76/79n2.分译法译例nThey are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.n他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己生命。77/79n3.兼有状语功效定语从句译例n1)We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many mo
47、re rays than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.n我们知道，因为猫眼睛比我们人眼睛能吸收更多光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。（表示原因）78/79n For any machine whose input and output forces are known,its mechanical advantage can be calculated.n对于任何机器来说，假如知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效益。（表示条件）n Ill try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical glossary,which will enable me to translate scientific literature more exactly.n我要设法弄一本有插图技术名词词典，方便把科学文件译得更准确。（表示目标）79/79
