1、NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesPart I Geography第1页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapter I A Brief Introduction to Physical Geography第2页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesI.Basicinform
2、ation1.DifferentNamesforBritainA.Geographical names:Great Britain,England,the British Isles.B.The official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.C.Sometimes people just call it Britain,the United Kingdom or simply UK.ChapterI第3页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEng
3、landDiscussionExercisesFullName:TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(theU.K.)NationalFlag第4页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesStGeorgeiswhitewitharedcross.ThewhitecrossonabluebackgroundofStAndrewThereddiagonalcrossofStPatrick2TheUnionJack(theNationalF
4、lag)ChapterIUnionJackisthenameofBritishnationalflag.Thecolorblueisthebackgroundanditselementarycolor.Thecrossesrefertotheunityofthisnationbymeansofreligion.第5页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercises第6页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExerc
5、isesWalesisnotrepresentedintheUnionFlagbecausewhenthefirstversionoftheflagappearedWaleswasalreadyunitedwithEngland,buttheWelshflagisinwidespreadusethroughoutthatcountry.ThenationalflagofWales第7页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapterI3.NationalMedal(Badge):Engl
6、andScotland(unicorn)Ireland(harp)Centerforanuclearshieldemblemdesign,thetopleftcornerandlowerontheshieldfortheredlion,thesymbolofthethreeonlyEngland;Forthefirsthalfofthetoprightcornergoldstand,thesymboloftheredlionScotland;Thebottomleftcornerofthegoldenharp,thesymbolofIreland.Shieldemblemoneachsideo
7、ftheheadbyawearcrowns,EnglandlionsandarepresentativeoftheScotlandunicornahold.ArmsaroundwritteninFrenchwithaquote,meaningevilforevil;Hangingbelowthemedaloffinelace,topwritedaywithgod,Ihavetheright.Shieldemblemonthetopisthesetwiththegoldsilverjewelryhelmet,andempirewearcrownsandheadofthecrownlion.第8页
8、NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapterI4.NationalFlower:rose5.TheNationalDay:Thursday of the second week in June.6.Anthem:GodSavetheQueen第9页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercises6.UKnationalsong(Anthem):GodsavethequeenGod save
9、our gracious Queen,Long live ournoble Queen,God save the Queen,Send hervictoriousHappyandgloriousLongtoreignoverus,GodsavetheQueen.Thychoicestgiftsinstore,onherbepleasedtopour.Longmayshereign,mayshedefendourlaws,andgiveusevercause,tosingwithheartandvoice,GodsavetheQueen.第10页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntro
10、ductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapterIII.Location:NorthwesternEuropewestofNetherlands&Denmarktotalarea:244100squarekilometersIntheNorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEuropetheEnglishchannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeastnorthofFrance第11页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotland
11、EnglandDiscussionExercisesTotalAreasU.K.244100 sq.kmEngland 130 400sq.Km.Scotland78 800 sq.km.Wales20 800 sq.km.Northern Ireland14 100 sq.km.第12页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesIII.Fourpoliticaldivisions:vEnglandvScotlandvWalesvNorthernIreland第13页NorthernIrelan
12、dTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercises1.England:vsouthernportionofBritainvthelargestpart(60%)vmostimportantpartinwealth,size,andpopulationvincludingLondon2.Scotland:vnorthernportionofBritainv1801,theActofUnionvdifferentScottishlegalprocedurevGaelicisspokeninsomeHighlands.vcapital:
13、Edinburgh3.NorthIreland:v6IrishcountiesvIn1921othercountriesgotautonomy.vpopulation:Protestantmajority(English&Scottishorigin)andRomanCatholicminority(Celticorigin)vcapital:Belfast4.Wales:vwestpartvItjoinedBritaininthe14thcentury.vWelshisalsoSpoken.vCapital:CardiffChapterI第14页NorthernIrelandTheUKInt
14、roductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesIVTopography14physiographicprovincesvThenorthandwest-highlands.vTheeastandsoutheast-lowlands1.Scotland:threenaturalzonesA.ScottishHighlands:easttonortheast,intheNorth,mountainousBenNevis-thehighestmountainClyde-themostimportantriveruNorthernIrelandfert
15、ile,drumlin county(BelfastLoughandLoughNeagh)north:a broad plateau(GiantsCauseway)第15页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapterIB.Midland Valley:central lowlands,east to northeast,lower hills&rolling countryC.Southern Uplands:broad rounded hills2.Wales:mountainou
16、s north part:hills&moorland central part:plateau for sheep and cattle3.NorthernIreland:fertile,drumlin(鼓鼓丘丘)country and a broad plateau in the North第16页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapterI4.England:PenninesThebackboneofEnglandLakeDistrictlowhillsuplandsplat
17、eaucultivatedplain第17页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercises2.ClimatesFeaturesofclimatevType:Amaritimeclimate,moderate,milderthanthatofmanyplacesinthesamelatitude.wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.vTemperatures:varieswithinasmallrange,rarelyrange,rarelyfalli
18、ngbelow-5fallingbelow-5inwinterorrisingabout24inwinterorrisingabout24ininsummersummervRainfall:asteadyrainfallthroughthewholeyear.rainineverymonth.Annualrainfallrangesfrom26inches(67cm)intheeasternandsoutheasterndistrictstomorethan100inches(254cm)insomenortheasternmountainsareas.vSurfacerunoff:consi
19、derable第18页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesvSunshinehoursarefewerthaninmoresouthernlyclimates-averagingbetween3and4hoursadayyear-roundandbetween4.5and6fromJunetoAugust.vThecalamities:Fog,smog,frostandseveregalesoftencausegreatdamagetocropsandpeopleslife.In1952t
20、hesulphurdioxideinthefour-dayLondonsmogleft4000peopledeadordying.vTheunsteadyandchangeableweatherprovidesanunchangeabletopicofconversationmorningmiddayevening第19页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesTheReasonswhyitismild?vBytheAtlanticGulfStream:whichisawarmcurrent,
21、passedthewesterncoastofBritishislesandwarmthem.vTheWesterlies:whichblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundandbringwarmandwetairfromtheAtlanticOcean.vSeawaters:whichcanbalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer.第20页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDisc
22、ussionExercisesChapterIVI.Rivers1.longest-theSevernRiver2.secondlargest-theThamesRiver3.FeaturesvThemainriversparting(河道分汊河道分汊)runfromnorthtosouth,keepingtothewestuntilthebasinoftheRiverSevernvWestwardflowingstreamsattaintheAtlanticinrelativelyshortreaches.vTheriversdrainingeastfromthemainwaterparti
23、ngarelonger.第21页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesSome run generally across impermeable rocks,and their discharges increase rapidly after rain.The rivers flowing into English Channel are mainly short.Rivers in Britain do not freeze in winter.The largest lake in B
24、ritain is the Lough Neagh(内伊湖内伊湖)in Northern Ireland.ChapterI第22页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesRiverSevernRiver Severn is the largest river in UK.(338km)第23页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesTheRiverThamesReturnThe second
25、largest(336 km)(the largest is the Severn)and the most important river in Britain.It is favorable for transportation.第24页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesTopicsfordiscussionvWhyistheclimateofBritainmuchmilderthanthatofmanyplacesinthesamelatitude?第25页NorthernIrel
26、andTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesExercisev1.Answerthefollowingquestions:v(1)WhereistheU.K.?Andwhatisitmadeupof?Whatsthetotalarea?v(2)WhatarethepresentfeaturesoftheclimateofBritain?v2.Explainthefollowingterms.v(1)TheEnglishChannelv(2)theActofUnionof1801第26页NorthernIrelandThe
27、UKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapterIINaturalResourcesWithinitssmallareas,theU.K.isrichincoal,iron,tin,copper,lead,andsilver.TheproximityofthesenaturalresourcestowatertransportationenabledthecountrytoplayacentralroleintheRevolution.vWater:abundantsurfacewater;watersupply;unde
28、rgroundsources.vFuels:thegreatcoalfieldsoftheworld;thediscoveryofoilintheNorthSea.vMetalOres:Tinore,leadores,zincores,lead-zine.vUsefulRocks:clays,limestone,hardrocks,sandandgravel.第27页ChapterIIIEconomyBritainisfortunateinhavingastablepoliticalsituationandwell-developedeconomy.第28页NorthernIrelandThe
29、UKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercises第29页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesI.TheCharacteristicsoftheBritishEconomyvTheworldsmostadvancedmanufacturingandtradingnations.vThefirsttohavebeenfullyindustrializedvAgriculturedoesntproduceenoughfoodtomeett
30、hecountrysbasicneeds,vitalfoodstuffshastobeimported.vIndustryisoperatedbymanydifferenttypesoffirms.vLaborforceisremarkablyhomogeneous.第30页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesII.IndustryBeforeWWII,theindustrialstructurewasbasedonexporttrade:cotton,wool,linen,shipbui
31、lding,ironandsteelandchemicals.1.Differentindustriesa.Coalmining:In1960s,fueleconomydiversifiedcoal,oil,naturalgas,atomicenergy,andcoalindustrywithered.b.Iron-oremining:declinedandironandsteelproducersdependonimportedoresforthreefourthsoftheirrequirements.c.Textiles:encountereddifficulties.Cottonind
32、ustryundergoneaseverecontraction;Woolindustryretainsasacraftindustryandmostproductionareinthehandsofsmall,specializedfirms.第31页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesd.Motorvehicles:majorenterprise,sincelate1940sbecamechiefexportingindustry,fourlargegroupsareaccounted
33、for97%oftheoutput.e.chemical:growfaster,oneofthemostcapital-intensive,thevalueofoutputpermanishigher,productionmostlyfromlargefirmsf.Ironandsteel:grewrapidlyafterwar,firstnationalizedin1974,thenreturnedtoprivateenterprisesandnationalizedagainin1967,nowwhollystate-ownedg.Shipbuilding:nolongerBritains
34、majorindustry,remainedcraftindustrywithtraditionalmethodsofconstructionafterthelate1950srapidlydeclined,第32页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesIII.Agriculture10%Forestry10%Urban3%MountainsandOthers77%AgricultureLandUseinU.K.Britishagriculturalindustryisoneofthemos
35、tefficientinEurope;Britishfarmersproduceenoughfoodtosupplytwothirdsoftheneedsofapopulation.第33页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercises28.8%TotalCrops9.1%GrasslandUnder5YearsOld4.1%AllOtherLandIncludingBareFallow30.4%GrasslandOver5YearsOldTotalAgriculturalArea27.2%Roug
36、hGrazing第34页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercises28.1%Barley10%OtherCrops4.1%PeasandBeans40%WheatCrops8.9%OilseedRape3.9%SugarBeet4%HorticultureCropProductionDifferentbranchesA.Crops:70%animalproducts;30%cropsforpeoplea.Wheat:fromexportedtohalfimportedforloafb.Barle
37、y:Britainsmaincerealcrop,mainingredientofanimalfeedandbeer,exporttotheContinent第35页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesvLivestockvCommercialProductionofmeatsandPoultryinBritainhasrisennotonlyinabsolutetermsbutalsoinproportiontorisingdomesticconsumption.Cattle,sheep
38、,pigs,andPoultryaretheimportantindustries.第36页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesvIVTradeandFinancevForeigntradeplaysanimportantroleintheBritisheconomy.vOverseascommoditytradeaccountsforaboutonesixthofthecountrysnationalincome.vTradinglinksconnectBritainwithallmaj
39、orpartsoftheworldandprovidenotonlyanaccesstthevitalfood-stuffsandrawmaterialthatBritainneedstosurvivebutalsothefinancialresourcesneededtobuythem.第37页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesvTradevImportsandExports:BritishmanufacturedExportsincreaseyearbyyear,butitsshar
40、eofworldmanufacturedexportsfallendramaticallysincethewar.ImportshavegrownfasterthanexportsvInvisibleTrade:hasshownasubstantialsurplus.vTheinflowofinterest,profits,anddividendshaskeptupbestvServicesasawholehavedeclinedvEarningsfromfinancialservicescontinuetobesignificant.vCapitalinvestmentabroadincre
41、ases.第38页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesvFinancevA.TheBankofEnglandisthecentreofBritishfinancialsystem.vItwasfoundin1694andnationalizedin1946.vRole:toprotectthegoldandcurrencyreserveandmaintaintheinternationalvalueofpound.vTwofinancialpolicies:bankrateandfisca
42、lpolicyvB.Economicproblems:adversepaymentbalanceandinflation第39页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapterIVThePeoplevMixedracevImmigrationvAging第40页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesChapterV.TheMainCities1.CitiesinEngland uEng
43、landisahighlyurbanizedcountry.第41页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesLondonTheCapitalcity,alsothelargest.Inthesouthofthecountry,andisdominantintheUnitedKingdominallsortsofways.Itisthepoliticalculturalandbusinesscenter,headquartersofthevastmajorityofBritainsbigcomp
44、anies,ItisthefinancialcentersinUK,itisalsooneofthethreemajorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld.(theothertwoareTokyoandNewYork)vScenicSpotandHistoricalSitevBuckinghamPalaceNo.10downingstreet WestminstervSt.PaulsCathedral TheBritishMuseumTrafalgarSquarevBigBenvTheLondonEyevTheTowerofLondonvRoyalO
45、bservatoryGreenwichvTheLondonEyevHydePark第42页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesuPopularlyknownasBuckHouse,uservedasthemonarchspermanentLondon residence onlysince the accession ofVictoria.Buckingham第43页第44页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscus
46、sionExercises白金汉宫后面ChangingofguardmonumentofQueenVictoria第45页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesuNo.10-thePrimeMinisteruNo.11DowningStreettheChancelloroftheExchequerNo.10downingstreet第46页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesWestmi
47、nsterAbbeyvPoetsCornervaregularplaceofworshipandthesettingofmanyRoyalcelebrationsandgrievances.vKingsandotherstatelyfiguresareburiedhere.第47页StPaulsCathedralItsmosteye-catchingfeaturesisthishugespectaculardome第48页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesSt.PaulsCathedra
48、lalsoknownasst.paulschurchmuseum,locatedinLondon,England,inLondon,ThamesStreetandthenorthshoreNiugaiTeangleattheNewYorkmoneyKatStreet,representativeofBaroquearchitecture,withitsknownforthespectaculardome,istheworldssecondlargestdomeofthechurch,whichmimicRomesSt.PetersBasilica,istheUKrepresentativeof
49、classicalarchitecture.第49页NorthernIrelandTheUKIntroductionWalesScotlandEnglandDiscussionExercisesAcomprehensivemuseum,theworldslargestandoneofthemostfamousmuseum,foundedin1753.Mainentranceonbothsides,eachwitheightthickandhighRomanesquecolumns.BritishMuseumEgyptMuseum,GreekandRomanMuseum,MuseumofWest
50、ernAsia,Europe,theMiddleAgesMuseumandtheMuseumofOrientalArt.Amongthem,theEgyptianMuseum,Greco-RomanMuseumandthecollectionofOrientalartheritagemostcompellingproducts.Atpresentthemuseumhasacollectionofmorethan600millionpieces.ThesunneversetsfromaroundtheworlddenouncedtheEmpireseizedthetreasure,nowbrou
