1、UNIT 1PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENTStephen Hawking was born on the 300th anniversary of Galileos death.He has come to be thought of as the greatest mind in physics since Albert Einstein. Hawking grew up outside London.His father was a doctor；his mother was active in politics.He was not a smart schoolboy，but
2、 knew from early on that he would study science.He became good at mathematics and in 1958 he and some friends built a simple computer that actually worked.In 1959 he won a scholarship to Oxford University.In 1962 he got his degree with honors and went to Cambridge University to get a PhD in cosmolog
3、y.There he became interested in black holes.After receiving his PhD, he stayed at Cambridge，becoming known even in his middle 20s for his pioneering ideas.In 1968 he studied in the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge.He published the very technical book，The Large Scale Structure of SpaceTime and aft
4、erwards made a great discovery.It had always been thought that nothing could escape a black hole.He continued working on the theory of the origin of the universe.At the age of 32, he was named a fellow of the Royal Society; at the same year he received the Albert Einstein Award.Five years later, in
5、1979, he was appointed Top Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, which was held by Sir Isaac Newton 300 years earlier.In 1988 Hawking wrote A Brief History of Time, which became a bestseller.He wrote other popular articles and appeared in movies and television.He remains extremely busy, and his wor
6、k hardly slowed by the disease that affects muscle control, for which he uses a wheelchair and speaks through a speech computer.He said，“My goal is simple.It is complete understanding of the universe，why it is as it is and why it exists at all.”开启快乐学习之旅斯蒂芬霍金生于伽利略去世的300周年纪念日。他是自阿尔伯特爱因斯坦以来物理学界最伟大的人物。霍
7、金是在伦敦郊区长大的。他的父亲曾是一位医生，而母亲是政治活动者。霍金在学校时并不很聪明，但他很早就立志要学习自然科学。他渐渐在数学方面展露特长，1958年他和一些朋友一起组装了一台简单的能够进行实际运算的计算机。1959年，他获得了牛津大学的奖学金。1962年，他以优异成绩获得了学位，并前往剑桥大学攻读宇宙学博士。在那里，他开始对黑洞感兴趣。在获得博士学位后，他继续留在剑桥，在他二十几岁的时候就由于他的开拓性的想法而闻名。1968年，他在剑桥大学的天文研究所做研究。他出版了一本非常专业的书时空的大尺度结构，之后又做出了一项重大发现。科学家们过去一直认为没有任何物质能逃离黑洞的捕捉。他继续研究宇
8、宙起源的理论。32岁的时候，他进入了皇家科学院；同年，他又获得了阿尔伯特爱因斯坦奖。五年后，也就是1979年，他被任命为剑桥大学数学系的首席教授，这个职位是萨克牛顿爵士在300年前所担任过的。1988年，霍金写了时间简史一书，这本书成了一本畅销书。他又写了其他一些受欢迎的文章，并在电影和电视上露面。他一直都相当忙碌，他的工作很少因为疾病而受到耽误，这是一种会影响到肌肉控制的疾病，也因为如此，他需要坐在轮椅上，并且通过一台语音电脑讲话。他说：“我的目标很简单。就是完全了解宇宙，为什么它是现在这样和为什么它存在。” 模块核心素养导航主题语境：人与社会主题群：历史、社会与文化语篇类型：记叙文文化知识
9、语言知识(1)词汇知识：crucial；vital；commit；evaluate；distinct；boil；obtain；acknowledge；defeat；analyse；insist；conclusion；flee等。(2)语法知识：学习非限制性定语从句。(3)语用知识：描写你钦佩的人。介绍对社会有突出贡献的人物的生平、事迹、成就、影响、成功的因素、面对荣誉的态度等，培养学生向著名人物学习的意识，并立志自己也要成为对社会有突出贡献的人。Section Reading and Thinking.重点单词1physiology n生理学；生理机能2crucial adj.至关重要的；关键
10、性的3vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的4commit vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等)vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的commitment n投入，奉献；承诺，许诺，保证5academy n(艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院；学会；专科院校academic adj.学业的；学术的6objective n目标；目的adj.客观的subjective adj.主观的7botanical adj.植物学的8evaluate vt.评价；评估evaluation n评价；评估9property n性质；特征；财产10di
11、stinct adj.清晰的；清楚的；有区别的distinction n区别，差别；特点，特性11extract n提取物；摘录vt.提取；提炼；摘录；(用力)拔出12boil vt.& vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开n沸腾；沸点boiling adj.达到沸点的；沸腾的13liquid n液体adj.液体的；液态的solid n固体adj.牢固的，可靠的14obtain vt.(尤指经努力)获得；赢得vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行15acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢acknowledgement n承认，确认；鸣谢16defeat n失败；挫败vt.击败；战胜
12、17analyse vt.分析analysis n分析analyses npl.分析18apparently adv.显而易见；看来；显然apparent adj.显然的；表面上的19substance n物质；物品；事实根据20insist vi.&.vt坚持；坚决要求21scientific adj.科学(上)的；关于科学的scientist n科学家 science n科学22mostly adv.主要地；一般地23conclusion n结论；推论conclude vt.推断出，断定；终止，结束24flee vi.& vt.(fled，fled)迅速离开；逃跑25circumstanc
13、e nusually pl. 条件；环境；状况26novelist n小说家novel n(长篇)小说27flow n流；流动；流畅；供应vi.流；流动28chart n图表vt.记录；制订计划.重点短语1commit oneself to do承诺；保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)2insist on坚决要求3wear and tear(正常使用造成的)磨损；损耗4pay attention to 注意5lead to导致6die from死于病7graduate from毕业于8with the objective of以为目的9acknowledge defeat承认失败10get st
14、uck卡住，陷入11by chance偶然12draw out抽出；拖延，拉长13other than 除之外14relate to 与有联系15be distinct from与不同16change ones mind 改变主意17care about关心，在意18beyond ones control某人无法控制19under construction正在建设中20flow chart流程图.重点句型1Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is_thought_to_save 100,00
15、0 lives a year in Africa alone.青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的关键，人们认为青蒿素每年仅在非洲就能救十万人。2In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with_the_objective_of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen.1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。3Upon_
16、hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize，she said.当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说4It_struck_him_that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what_was_happening to their fellow countrymen.令他震惊的是，照片中的其他中国人显然并不关心他们的同胞发生了什么。5From this, he concluded that the crucial problem in China wa
17、s not physical illness, but the spiritual illness of people at that time.由此，他得出结论，那时中国的关键问题不是身体疾病，而是人们的精神疾病。6One medical text from the fourth century suggested_using the extract from sweet wormwood to_treat a fever.一本四世纪的医学文献推荐使用青蒿提取物来治疗发烧。7They then tried_boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liqui
18、d obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did_not_work either.然后，他们尝试煮沸青蒿，使用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但是也没管用。1 典型例句He wasnt there at the crucial moment(when he was needed most)紧要关头他却不在那里。 Parents play a crucial role in preparing their child for school.父母对孩子做好上学的准备起着至关重要的作用。 思维拓展crucial factor/ issue/decisi
19、on关键性的因素/问题/决定be crucial to/for sth.对至关重要be crucial that. 是极其重要的即时训练Winning this contract is crucial to the success of the company.2 典型例句If the injuries are second or third degree burns, it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.如果是二度或者三度烧伤，至关重要的是把伤者立刻送去看医生或送往医院。This matter is
20、of vital importance to us.这件事对我们来说至关重要。思维拓展be vital to/for sth.对极为重要的It is vital to do sth. 做很重要It is vital that. 是十分重要的Its vital that we (should) carry out the operation immediately.我们应立即开始手术，因为这是生死攸关的。误区警示It is vitalthat.句型中从句要用shoulddo虚拟结构，should可省略。即时训练It is vital to_keep(keep) an accurate recor
21、d of every transaction. commit vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等)vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)典型例句Borrowers should think carefully before committing themselves to taking out a loan.借款人应当慎重考虑之后再行借贷。思维拓展commit v犯(罪或错等)；承诺；保证commit sb./sth.to sth.将某人/事交给某处保留commit sb./oneself to sth./doing sth./to do sth.承诺(做)某事commitment n. 承诺
22、；交托；信奉committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚信的；坚定的committee n委员会即时训练Giving up my job to go back to fulltime education was a big commitment (commit)，but now I know it was the best decision I had ever made.Most crimes are_committed(commit) by young men.4 典型例句I cannot evaluate his ability without seeing his work.没见过他的工
23、作，我无法评估他的能力。Learn to evaluate all situations you find.学着去评估你发现的所有情况。即时训练Our research attempts to evaluate(evaluation) the effectiveness of the different drugs.Ones contributions and mistakes will be_evaluated(evaluate) by later generations.5 典型例句His voice was quiet but every word was distinct.他说话声音不
24、大，但字字清晰。思维拓展distinction n差别；区分；卓著We should learn to make a distinction between right and wrong.我们应该学会分清是非。She had the distinction of being the first woman to fly the Atlantic.她不同凡响，是第一个飞越大西洋的女子。即时训练The new law makes no distinction(distinct) between adults and children.6 典型例句(1)vt.& vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开The
25、 water is beginning to boil.水开始沸腾。Boil the egg for three minutes.把鸡蛋煮三分钟。(2)n.沸腾；沸点Bring the soup to the boil, then allow it to simmer for five minutes.把汤煮开，然后文火煮五分钟。思维拓展boiling water 沸水(即处于100的开水)boiled water 白开水(烧开过的水)即时训练Boiling(boil) water cracked a cup across the bottom.典型例句I finally managed to
26、 obtain a copy of the report.我终于设法弄到了这份报告的一个副本。These conditions no longer obtain.这些条件不再适用。思维拓展obtain advice/information/promise得到忠告/信息/应许obtainable adj.可获得的；可得到的即时训练The perfect body has always been difficult to_obtain(obtain)典型例句Do you acknowledge that youve been wrong?你承不承认你错了？We wish to acknowledg
27、e the support of the university.我们希望对这所大学所提供的支持表示感谢。思维拓展acknowledge doing sth.承认做了某事It is universally acknowledged that.是大家公认的acknowledge oneself beaten承认失败acknowledge sb.向某人打招呼，问候acknowledge sb.s letter向某人表示信已收到acknowledge sb./sth.to be.承认某人/某物是；认为是acknowledge that承认acknowledge sb.as.accept sb.as认为
28、/接受某人是/成为acknowledge sb.with sth.以感谢某人acknowledgement n承认；感谢即时训练Professor Edward is widely acknowledged(acknowledge) as the best tutor in teaching the students how to revise essays.9 典型例句JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”(1)vt.打败；战胜；使受挫Li Na defeated her opponent and won the first in the fi
29、nal of the French Open in 2011.在2011年法国网球公开赛决赛中，李娜击败对手获得了冠军。The proposal was defeated by 16 votes to 6.因16票反对，6票赞成，该提议未能通过。(2)n.C，U失败The Brazil national football team suffered a defeat in the World Cup.巴西国家足球队在世界杯上被击败了。易混辨析defeat, beat, windefeat击败，强调过程和结果宾语是对手beat打败；(连续)击打宾语是对手win赢得；获胜宾语是game或prize
30、等即时训练The navy played a limited but significant role in defeating(defeat) the rebellion.10 典型例句We should analyse what they said and not just agree with everything.我们应该对他们的意见加以分析，不要随声附和。思维拓展analysis n分析，它的复数形式是analyses。analysable adj.可分析的；可分解的His analysis was always convincing.他的分析总是令人信服的。I want a det
31、ailed report of all the analyses.我想要一份所有分析的详细报告。Many compounds are analysable.许多化合物是可分解的。即时训练They collect blood samples for analysis(analyse) at a national laboratory.11 典型例句Apparently, they are getting married soon.很显然，他们要结婚了。I thought he had found a new job, but apparently he hasnt.我原以为他找到了新工作，但显然
32、还没有。思维拓展apparent adj.显而易见的；明白易懂的；显然的；表面上的It was apparent from her face that she was really excited.从她脸上一眼就可以看出她的确很兴奋。It soon became apparent to all that he couldnt solve the problem.很快大家就明白了他无法解决这个问题。即时训练Apparently(apparent) they are getting divorced soon.12 典型例句They always insist on high quality.他们
33、一贯坚持高质量。Her parents insisted on speaking to the headmaster.她父母坚持要和校长谈话。She insisted on him wearing a suit.她坚持要他穿西装。He insisted that he had seen a ghost.他坚持说自己见到鬼了。思维拓展insist on sth.坚决要求某事；坚持说某事insist on/upon doing sth.坚持要做某事insist on/upon ones doing sth.坚持要求某人做某事特别提示insist的词义不同，其后的宾语从句形式也不同：词意宾语从句坚持
34、要求宾语从句使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语是“(should)do”结构。坚持认为；坚持说宾语从句使用陈述语气。Insisting that Tom had stolen his car, Smith insisted that Tom (should) be put in prison.由于坚持认为汤姆偷了他的车，史密斯坚持要求把汤姆送进监狱。即时训练If you insist on/upon leaving now, please go ahead.He insists that she come(come)13 典型例句We can safely draw some conclusions f
35、rom our discussion.从讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论。思维拓展make a conclusion下结论come to/draw/arrive at/reach a/the conclusion得出结论in conclusion(to conclude)最后，总之(常作插入语)jump/leap to conclusions/the conclusion that.匆忙下结论，贸然断定conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出conclude (sth.)以结束()conclude(从)推断出/断定conclude.(to be).断定(是)Let us conclud
36、e our meeting with a song.请让我们用一首歌来结束我们的会议。What do you conclude from the facts?从这些事实中你得出了什么结论？即时训练Ive come to the conclusion(conclude) that hes not the right person for the job.14 典型例句He spent six months in prison before fleeing the country.他在逃离那个国家之前坐了六个月的牢。Many German artists fled to America at th
37、e beginning of World War .二战开始时，很多德国艺术家逃到了美国。易混辨析flee与escapeflee只说明动作，不强调结果；escape逃离，结果是成功的。The enemy fled in disorder but only a few of them narrowly escaped death.敌人纷纷逃跑，但只有少数侥幸逃生。即时训练All the teachers and students managed to_flee(flee) the burning teaching building.He applied for asylum(政治庇护) in 1
38、987 after fleeing(flee) the police back home.15 典型例句In/Under the circumstances he felt unable to accept the job.在这种情况下，他觉得无法接受这项工作。I know I can trust the woman in any circumstances.我知道我在任何情况下都能信任那个女人。思维拓展in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下，既然如此in/under no circumstances 决不，无论如何都不(置于句首时，句子部分倒装)即时训练Can I
39、 use the telephone on the table，sir?Under no circumstances is (be) anyone allowed to use the telephone in the office for personal affairs.The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances(circumstance)考点集训一1They insisted upon being_given(give) every detail of the case.
40、2The conclusion(conclude) of the book was disappointing.3The President is committed to reforming(reform) health care.4It was vital to_show(show) that he was not afraid.5Heres some boiled(boil) water.Have a drink whenever youre thirsty.1 to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词，而且 attention 可被形容词 close, much, little 等修饰。pa
41、y attention to 中的 attention 常前置用作“被动句的主语”或者用作“定语从句的先行词”等。如：典型例句Pay close attention to what you are doing.密切注意你现在所做的。思维拓展give/pay attention to(doing).注意catch/attract ones attention 引起某人的注意bring sth.to ones attention 使某人注意某事(物)draw/call ones attention to sth.使某人注意某事(物)fix ones attention on sth.把某人的注意力
42、集中在某事(物)上即时训练You must pay attention to protecting(protect)the environment.2 典型例句Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。思维拓展导致/造成某人做某事即时训练This storm led to a heavy loss.3 典型例句We all live with the objective of being happy.我们活着是为了幸福。思维拓展the main/primary/principle objective主要/首要
43、/重要目标meet/achieve your objective实现你的目标set objectives设立目标with the hope of怀有的希望with the purpose of怀有的目的with the aim of怀有的目的with the intention of有的意向即时训练Many people went to California with the objective of getting rich.4 典型例句This drawer keeps getting stuck.这个抽屉动不动就卡住。思维拓展get lost 迷路get punished 受惩罚get
44、divorced 离婚 get washed 洗脸get separated 被分开 get paid 得到报酬get dressed 穿衣服 get married 结婚get engaged 订婚 get drunk 喝醉即时训练Her car got stuck(stick) in the mud and couldnt move.5 典型例句I met an old friend at the airport by chance yesterday.昨天我在机场偶然遇见了一位老朋友。思维拓展take a chance 冒险take ones chances 碰运气We took a c
45、hance on the weather to have the party outside.我们冒着天气变化的危险到户外聚会。He took his chances to find a job in a big city.他到一座大城市去碰运气找工作。即时训练An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered by chance a long lost antique Greek vase.6 典型例句He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan.除了日本之外，他访问了所有的亚洲国家。Theres nobody here other than me.除了我这里没别人。I have not studied foreign languages other than English.除了英语外，我没学过其他外语。思维拓展rather than意为“而不是，而没有”，侧重客观上的差别，还可以表示“与其，倒不如”，前后两端所连的词性是一致的，侧重句子主语或说话人主观上的选择。句中rather than前后一般应为名词、代词、动名词、形容词、谓语动词、动词不定式、介词
