1、Mughal Empire 1Mughal EmpireSh h n-e Mo ulThe Mughal Empire1526 1858 FlagMughal Empire (green) during its greatest territorial extent, c. 1700Capital Agra; Fatehpur Sikri; DelhiLanguage(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai Turkic; later also Urdu)Religion Hinduism, Sunni Islam, and syncretismGovernme
2、nt Absolute monarchy, unitary statewith federal structureEmperor- 1526 1530 Babur- 1530 1539, 1555 1556 Humayun- 1556 1605 Akbar- 1605 1627 Jahangir- 1628 1658 Shah Jahan- 1658 1707 AurangzebHistorical era Early modern- First Battle of Panipat 21 April 1526- Indian Rebellion of 1857 20 June 1858Area
3、- 1700 3200000 km2 (1235527 sq mi)Mughal Empire 2Population- 1700 est. 150000000Density 46.9 /km2 (121.4 /sq mi)Currency RupeePreceded by Succeeded byTimurid dynastyDelhi SultanateSuri dynastyAdil Shahi dynastyDeccan SultanatesMaratha EmpireDurrani EmpireCompany RajBritish RajHyderabad StateToday pa
4、rt of AfghanistanBangladeshIndiaPakistanPopulation source:1The Mughal Empire (Persian: , Sh h n-e Mo ul; Urdu: ; self-designation: ,G rk n ),2 3 or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an imperial power in South Asia thatruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent. It began i
5、n 1526, invaded and ruled most of India by the late 17thand early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.4The Mughal emperors were descendants of the Timurids, and at the height of their power around 1700, theycontrolled most of the Indian Subcontinent extending from Bengal in the east to
6、 Balochistan in the west, Kashmirin the north to the Kaveri basin in the south.5 Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).1The “classic period“ of the Empire started in 1556 wi
7、th the accession of Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar, better knownas Akbar the Great. It ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu MarathaEmpire,6 although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During the classic period, the Empire was markedby a highly central
8、ized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of theMughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian culturalinfluence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural res
9、ults.Following 1725 the Mughal Empire declined rapidly, weakened by wars of succession, agrarian crises fueling localrevolts, the growth of religious intolerance, the rise of the Maratha, Durrani, and Sikh empires and finally Britishcolonialism. The last Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, whose rule was rest
10、ricted to the city of Delhi, was imprisoned andexiled by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.The name Mughal is derived from the original homelands of the Timurids, the Central Asian steppes once conqueredby Genghis Khan and hence known as Moghulistan, “Land of Mongols“. Although early Mu
11、ghals spoke theChagatai language and maintained some Turko-Mongol practices, they became essentially Persianized7 andtransferred the Persian literary and high culture7 to India, thus forming the base for the Indo-Persian culture.7Mughal Empire 3Early historyZahir ud-din Muhammad Babur learned about
12、the riches of Hindustan and conquest of it by his ancestor, TimurLang, in 1503 at Dikh-Kat, a place in the Transoxiana region. At that time, he was roaming as a wanderer afterlosing his principality, Farghana. In his memoirs he wrote that after he had acquired Kabul (in 1514), he desired toregain th
13、e territories in Hindustan held once by Turks. He started his exploratory raids from September 1519 whenhe visited the Indo-Afghan borders to suppress the rising by Yusufzai tribes. He undertook similar raids up to 1524and had established his base camp at Peshawar. In 1526, Babur defeated the last o
14、f the Delhi Sultans, Ibrahim ShahLodi, at the First Battle of Panipat. To secure his newly founded kingdom, Babur then had to face the formidableRajput Rana Sanga of Chittor, at the Battle of Khanwa. Rana Sanga offered stiff resistance but was defeated.Baburs son Humayun succeeded him in 1530, but s
15、uffered reversals at the hands of the Pashtun Sher Shah Suri andlost most of the fledgling empire before it could grow beyond a minor regional state. From 1540 Humayun becameruler in exile, reaching the court of the Safavid rule in 1554 while his force still controlled some fortresses and smallregio
16、ns. But when the Pashtuns fell into disarray with the death of Sher Shah Suri, Humayun returned with a mixedarmy, raised more troops, and managed to reconquer Delhi in 1555.Humayun crossed the rough terrain of the Makran with his wife. The resurgent Humayun then conquered the centralplateau around D
17、elhi, but months later died in an accident, leaving the realm unsettled and in war.Akbar succeeded his father on 14 February 1556, while in the midst of a war against Sikandar Shah Suri for thethrone of Delhi. He soon won his eighteenth victory at age 21 or 22. He became known as Akbar, as he was a
18、wiseruler, setting high but fair taxes. He was a more inclusive in his approach to the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire.He investigated the production in a certain area and taxed inhabitants one-fifth of their agricultural produce. He alsoset up an efficient bureaucracy and was tolerant of religiou
19、s differences which softened the resistance by the locals.He made alliances with Rajputs and appointed native generals and administrators. Later in life, he devised his ownbrand of syncretic philosophy based on tolerance.Jahangir, son of Emperor Akbar, ruled the empire from 1605 1627. In October 162
20、7, Shah Jahan, son of EmperorJahangir succeeded to the throne, where he inherited a vast and rich empire. At mid-century this was perhaps thegreatest empire in the world. Shah Jahan commissioned the famous Taj Mahal (1630 1653) in Agra which was builtby the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri as a
21、 tomb for Shah Jahans wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died giving birthto their 14th child. By 1700 the empire reached its peak under the leadership of Aurangzeb Alamgir with major partsof present day India, Pakistan, and most of Afghanistan under its domain. Aurangzeb was the last of what are nowreferred to
22、 as the Great Mughal kings, living a shrewd life but dying peacefully.Mughal dynastyGenealogy of the Mughal DynastyThe Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indiansubcontinent between the mid-16th century and the early 18th century.Founded in 1526, it officially survived until 1858, when it wa
23、ssupplanted by the British Raj. The dynasty is sometimes referred to asthe Timurid dynasty as Babur was descended from Timur.The Mughal dynasty was founded when Babur, hailing from Ferghana(Modern Uzbekistan), invaded parts of northern India and defeatedIbrahim Shah Lodhi, the ruler of Delhi, at the
24、 First Battle of Panipat in1526. The Mughal Empire superseded the Delhi Sultanate as rulers ofnorthern India. In time, the state thus founded by Babur far exceededthe bounds of the Delhi Sultanate, eventually encompassing a major portion of India and earning the appellation ofEmpire. A brief interre
25、gnum (1540 1555) during the reign of Baburs son, Humayun, saw the rise of the Afghan Suri Dynasty under Sher Shah Suri, a competent and efficient ruler in his own right. However, Sher Shahs untimely deathMughal Empire 4and the military incompetence of his successors enabled Humayun to regain his thr
26、one in 1555. However, Humayundied a few months later, and was succeeded by his son, the 13-year-old Akbar the Great.The greatest portions of Mughal expansion was accomplished during the reign of Akbar (1556 1605). The empirewas maintained as the dominant force of the present-day Indian subcontinent
27、for a hundred years further by hissuccessors Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The first six emperors, who enjoyed power both de jure and defacto, are usually referred to by just one name, a title adopted upon his accession by each emperor. The relevant titleis bolded in the list below.Akbar the
28、Great initiated certain important policies, such as religious liberalism (abolition of the jizya tax), inclusionof natives in the affairs of the empire, and political alliance/marriage with the Rajputs, that were innovative for hismilieu; he also adopted some policies of Sher Shah Suri, such as the
29、division of the empire into sarkar raj, in hisadministration of the empire. These policies, which undoubtedly served to maintain the power and stability of theempire, were preserved by his two immediate successors but were discarded by Emperor Aurangzeb who spentnearly his entire career expanding hi
30、s realm, beyond the Urdu Belt, into the Deccan and South India, Assam in theeast; this venture provoked resistance from the Marathas, Sikhs, and Ahoms.DeclineSikh and Maratha states gained territory after theMughal empires decline. Map showing territoriesin 1700 and 1792After Emperor Aurangzebs deat
31、h in 1707, the empire fell intosuccession crisis. Barring Muhammad Shah, none of the Mughalemperors could hold on to power for a decade. In the 18th century, theEmpire suffered the depredations of invaders like Nadir Shah of Persiaand Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan, who repeatedly sacked Delhi,the
32、 Mughal capital. Most of the empires territories in India passed tothe Marathas, Nawabs, and Nizams by c. 1750. In 1804, the blind andpowerless Shah Alam II formally accepted the protection of the BritishEast India Company. The company had already begun to refer to theweakened emperor as “King of De
33、lhi“, rather than “Emperor of India“.The once glorious and mighty Mughal army was disbanded in 1805 bythe British; only the guards of the Red Fort were spared to serve withthe King Of Delhi, which avoided the uncomfortable implication thatBritish sovereignty was outranked by the Indian monarch. None
34、theless,for a few decades afterward the BEIC continued to rule the areas underits control as the nominal servants of the emperor and in his name. In1857, even these courtesies were disposed. After some rebels in theSepoy Rebellion declared their allegiance to Shah Alams descendant,Bahadur Shah II, t
35、he British decided to abolish the institutionaltogether. They deposed the last Mughal emperor in 1857 and exiledhim to Burma, where he died in 1862.List of Mughal emperorsCertain important particulars regarding the Mughal emperors is tabulated below:Mughal Empire 5Emperor Birth ReignPeriod Death Not
36、es ZaheeruddinMuhammad BaburFeb 23,14831526 1530 Dec26,1530Founder of the Mughal Dynasty.NasiruddinMuhammadHumayunMar 6,15081530 1540 Jan1556Reign interrupted by Suri Dynasty. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his beingregarded as a less effective ruler than usurper, Sher Shah Suri.Sher Sha
37、h Suri 1472 1540 1545 May1545Deposed Humayun and led the Suri Dynasty.Islam Shah Suri c.1500 1545 1554 1554 2nd and last ruler of the Suri Dynasty, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah wereeliminated by Humayuns restoration.NasiruddinMuhammadHumayunMar 6,15081555 1556 Jan1556Restored rule was more
38、unified and effective than initial reign of 1530 1540; left unifiedempire for his son, Akbar.JalaluddinMuhammad AkbarNov 14,15421556 1605 Oct 27,1605Akbar greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of theMughal Dynasty as he set up the empires various institutions; he
39、marriedMariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. One of his most famous construction marvels wasthe Lahore Fort.NooruddinMuhammadJahangirOct 1569 1605 1627 1627 Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened firstrelations with the British East India Company. Reported
40、ly was an alcoholic, and his wifeEmpress Noor Jahan became the real power behind the throne and competently ruled inhis place.ShahaabuddinMuhammad ShahJahanJan 5,15921627 1658 1666 Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal,Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir
41、mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Deposedand imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb.MohiuddinMuhammadAurangzebAlamgirOct 21,16181658 1707 Mar 3,1707He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured thediamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent more than 20 yea
42、rs of his lifedefeating major rebel factions in India; his conquests expanded the empire to its greatestextent; the over-stretched empire was controlled by Nawabs, and faced challenges afterhis death. He made two copies of the Quran using his own calligraphy.Bahadur Shah I Oct 14,16431707 1712 Feb17
43、12First of the Mughal emperors to preside over a steady and severe decline in the territoriesunder the empires control and military power due to the rising strength of theautonomous Nawabs. After his reign, the emperor became a progressively insignificantfigurehead.Jahandar Shah 1664 1712 1713 Feb17
44、13He was highly influenced by his Grand Vizier Zulfikar Khan.Furrukhsiyar 1683 1713 1719 1719 In 1717 he granted a firman to the English East India Company granting them duty freetrading rights for Bengal and confirmed their position in India.Rafi Ul-Darjat Unknown 1719 1719Rafi Ud-Daulata.k.a Shah
45、Jahan IIUnknown 1719 1719Nikusiyar Unknown 1719 1743MuhammadIbrahimUnknown 1720 1744Muhammad Shah 1702 1719 1720,1720 17481748 Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.Ahmad ShahBahadur1725 1748 54 1754 Mughal forces massacred by the Maratha during the Battle of Sikandarabad;Mughal Empi
46、re 6Alamgir II 1699 1754 1759 1759Shah Jahan III Unknown In 1759 1770s consolidation of the Nizam of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, during the Battle of Buxar.Hyder Ali becomes Nawab of Mysore in 1761;Shah Alam II 1728 1759 1806 1806 Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761 defeated the Marathas during the Third Battl
47、e of Panipat;The fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799;Akbar Shah II 1760 1806 1837 1837 Titular figurehead under British protectionBahadur ShahZafar1775 1837 1857 1862 The last Mughal emperor was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following theIndian Rebellion of 1857.Influence on the India
48、n subcontinentThe Taj Mahal in Agra, India built by the Mughalemperor Shah JahanThe Red Fort in Delhi was the main palace of theempire during the reign of Shah Jahan.Lalbagh Fort, constructed in the mid 17th centuryin Dhaka during the reign of AurangzebA major Mughal contribution to the Indian subco
49、ntinent was theirunique architecture. Many monuments were built by the Muslimemperors, especially Shahjahan, during the Mughal era including theUNESCO World Heritage Site Taj Mahal, which is known to be one ofthe finer examples of Mughal architecture. Other World Heritage Sitesincludes the Humayuns Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Agra Fort,and Lahore Fort.The palaces, tombs, and forts built by the dynasty stands today inDelhi, Aurangabad, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Jaipur, Lahore, Kabul,Sheikhupura, and many other cities of India, P
