1、Unit 15TOFELIn this unit you will learn how to write forTOEFLforTOEFLtesttest TOFEL写作为分析性写作(AnalyticalWriting)，分两部分。第一部分为综合写作(IntegratedWriting)，20分钟。先花3分钟读一篇学术话题的短文，然后听一篇与该话题相关的课堂讲解，再总结听到的短文中的要点并解释它们是如何与阅读短文中的具体方面相关的。第二部分为独立写作(IndependentWriting)，30分钟。根据个人知识和经历，就给出的话题阐述自己的观点。Task Objective综合写作的基本要素
2、包括：1、立论提出论点。总结概述听力材料与阅读材料的论点。2、论证提出论证。运用听力材料与阅读材料中论据进行论证。3、结论总结论证并重述观点。独立写作的基本要素包括：1、立论提出论点。根据材料，鲜明提出自己观点。2、论证结合提出的观点，运用理由与例子充分进行论证。3.结论总结论证并重述观点。Read Sample 1 and answer the questions as briefly as possible.Task Preparation 1Writing typesIntegrated WritingAuthors opinion Supporting details Speakers
3、 view Supporting detailsRead Sample 1 and answer the questions as briefly as possible.Task Preparation 1Writing typesIndependent WritingAuthors opinion Supporting details Conclusion KeyWriting typesIntegrated WritingAuthors opinionInvasive plants harm native plantsSupporting details They are introdu
4、ced to an area through gardening They escape from the garden and grow wild They push out native species,causing devastating effects on the local ecology.Speakers viewGarlic mustard is an invasive species that causes problemsSupporting detailsIt competes with other spring-blooming species.The West Vi
5、rginia white butterfly is threatened by this plant.Garlic mustard was introduced to the United States as a food source.KeyWriting typesIndependent WritingAuthors opinion Heavy exposure to various information is the right way to distinguish right from wrong.Supporting detailsDifferent media have thei
6、r own attributes,people can know the truth.(2)From different sources of news with different viewpoints,people can acquire adequate information.(3)Absorbing information from different sources will avoid the problem of being cheated.Conclusion It is reasonable for audience to get information from vari
7、ous sources.Read Sample 2 and answer the questions.Task Preparation 2Integrated writing:1.What is the thesis statement of the essay?2.What is the opinion of the author?3.What is the opinion of the speaker?Independent writing：4.Does the authors arguments make a cogent case for his opinion?5.How many
8、factors has the writer mentioned that government should spend more money on improving public transportation?6.Whats the most serious problems in modern society according to the passage?1.What is the thesis statement of the essay?2.What is the opinion of the author?Key The author reports that anti-sm
9、oking campaigns for teens have had“significant”success.The author tells us about a particular smoking prevention campaign aimed at young people that has been successful.In contrast,the speaker warns us that initial results of public health campaigns can be misleading.3.What is the opinion of the spe
10、aker?KeyThe speaker warns us that initial results of public health campaigns can be deceptive.4.Does the authors arguments make a cogent case for his opinion?Yes,it does.5.How many factors has the writer mentioned that government should spend more money on improving public transportation?6.Whats the
11、 most serious problems in modern society according to the passage?KeyThe writer has mentioned three factors that government should spend more money on improving public transportation:(1)Cars depend on oil and gasoline,which are nonrenewable resources(2)Cars cause pollution.(3)Cars tend to isolate pe
12、ople from each otherYes,it does.Environmental problems and increased isolation are some of the most serious problems of modern society.Read Sample 3 and judge whether the statements are true or false.Task Preparation 31.The author proposes that a good mood makes shoppers spend more time on shopping.
13、2.Retailers can improve shoppers mood by controlling the store environment.3.Slow music makes customers to stay at a restaurant shorter and order less food.4.People tend to shop longer and speak highly of the products in the store when heard popular and familiar music.TTFTRead Sample 3 and judge whe
14、ther the statements are true or false.Task Preparation 31.Artists and scientists make very different types of contributions to our society,and the contributions of both are valuable.2.Artists make contributions to our spiritual lives,while scientists make contributions to our material lives.3.Scient
15、ists make valuable contributions to society,but society seems to value artists more.4.The author thinks that the artists should get the recognition they deserve.TTFTData Bank Practice these patterns and expressions often used in writing TOEFL test1.1 Patterns and expressions in integrated writing 1.
16、1.1 论点点1)The author explains that understanding learning styles can improve learning and training.The speaker,however,suggests that understanding learning styles does not always provide a solution.2)The author asserts that advances in technology do not always lead to increased productivity.The speak
17、er,in contrast,suggests that investment in technology is paid back in increased productivity.3)The author states that invasive plants harm native plants and the speaker explains that garlic mustard is an invasive species that causes problem.4)The author believes that TV viewing has negative effects
18、on childrens school performance.The speaker on the other hand proposes that TV watching can actually improve school performance.1.1.1 论点点5)The author tells us about particular smoking prevention campaign aimed at young people that has been successful.In contrast the speaker warns us that initial res
19、ults of public health campaigns can be misleading.6)The author proposes that a good mood makes shoppers buy more.Similarly the speaker explains that studies show that music can make consumers spend more time shopping.7)In the passage,doubts are cast on whether the Venetian Marco Polo traveled to Chi
20、na.However,the lecture totally disagrees and questions the doubt in the following three aspects.8)In the lecture,the professor argues that“early retirement”is by no means inevitable,conflicting the main opinion in the reading text that early retirement trend will continue for sure.Doubts is casted o
21、n points in the reading text by points in the lecture in aspects below.1.1.1 论点点9)The lecture do not agree that dinosaurs are cold-blooded,challenging what is stated in the reading text that dinosaurs are warm-blooded animals,like todays mammals and birds.10)In the text,the author worries about the
22、negative aspects on the food supply of the widely use of bio-fuels.However,according to the professor,the saying that the production of bio-fuels brings negative effects on food supply is totally ungrounded and weak.1.1.2 论证1)First of all,the professor thinks that Persian was popular in trade betwee
23、n Asia and Europe in the 13th and 14th century.2)Secondly,according to the lecture,tea was mainly popular in southern China and tea culture wasnt developed in northern China.3)Thirdly,doubting the economic benefit claimed in the passage,the professor provides the fact that salvage logging is actuall
24、y very expensive in a long run.4)Last but not the least,it is true that prescribed fire is expensive to carry out;however,the professor maintain that it is only 1/10 of the cost of fighting fires exclusive the loss of peoples property.1.1.2 论证 5)In addition,even though older workers cant work as fas
25、t as younger co-workers do,it does not mean they have to quit their job thoroughly.They can still take part-time jobs in which they will undoubtedly play important roles.6)There is no denying the fact that mass media have a powerful influence in shaping peoples life.7）Admittedly,it costs an astronom
26、ical sum of money and a huge portion of human resources to carry out the space research.But I still think the returns from space exploration will be enormous.8)Despite the fact that prescribed fire may cause air pollution and global warming as mentioned in the passage,it could also strengthen the ec
27、ological recycling in forests,help new growths and decrease the fir fuel when a wildfire strikes.1.1.2 论证9)Although dinosaurs are traditionally believed to be cold-blooded reptiles,such as crocodiles,lizards and sea turtles,evidences recently discovered have implied a picture on quite opposite side.
28、10)There is no doubt that older employees tend to have greater difficulties in dealing with younger colleagues.1.2 Patterns and expressions in independent writing1.2.1论点论点1)I certainly agree that the most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns.2)I disagree strongly with the idea that
29、the same amount of money should go to university sports activities as to university libraries.3)In my opinion,the priority should be given to pursuing ones interest rather than obtaining a job.4)As far as I am concerned,reading fiction is definitely more enjoyable than watching movies.5)I do not thi
30、nk it is a good idea for teenagers to have jobs while they are still students.6)There is no question that the automobile has improved modern life.1.2.1论点论点7)There would be both advantages and disadvantages to having a shopping center built in my neighborhood.8)Although many people prefer to eat at r
31、estaurants because it is easier than cooking at home,I prefer to prepare food at home.9)This controversial action arouses great responses in society-some universities applaud and follow through while others challenge it.Personally,I think that university students should specialize in one subject.10)
32、Many of us believe that young people have nothing valuable to teach older people.However,that is not always the case.Young people can teach older people about technology,popular culture and current social issues.1.2 Patterns and expressions in independent writing1.2.2 论据论据1)To begin with,the stateme
33、nt depends on the hasty assumption that the kinds of tasks robots perform in space are similar to the ones.2)First of all,you will enjoy learning your major only when you are truly interested in it.3)Whats more,by limiting school children to watch TV and movies,parents could help children focus on s
34、tudy.4)Admittedly,movies that can teach us about real life are valuable because they could provide us with a lot of helpful experience.5)Although watching TV and movies has a lot of disadvantages,it also benefits school children.1.2.2 论论据据6)When it comes to the natural science,however,some new ideas
35、 are truly original while others put established ideas together in new ways.7)It is more sensible decision that universities require students to specialize in one subject.8)Another problem with the statement is that it overlooks other factors that might have contributed to the amount of pain these p
36、atients experienced.9)A final problem involves the assertion that no new electric power plants are needed because the three existing plants,which are 20 years old,have always been adequate for the areas electric needs.10)Also questionable is the claim that the use of robots would increase factory ou
37、tput because robots do not make errors.1.2 Patterns and expressions in independent writing1.2.3 总结总结1)In sum,emotions can serve as important catalysts for academic accomplishment in the arts.2)In conclusion,the recommendation is not well supported.To better evaluate the recommendation,I would need m
38、ore information about Mesas profitability over a longer time period.3)To recap,audience need to be patient to get information from various sources to be reasonable.4)In the final analysis,it seems that in every endeavor where success depends to some degree on persuasion,marketing,or salesmanship,ima
39、ge has indeed become the central concern of those who seek to persuade.1.2.3 总结总结5)To sum up,in terms of how to live together as a society I agree that studying the past is of some value.6)In short,we need to watch different kinds of movies to learn more knowledge and to cultivate abilities for futu
40、re.7)All in all,television shows such as the comedies give people laughter and they can both help youth and elderly people to enjoy their life more comfortably.8)A factory would be helpful in some ways,but the dangers outweigh the benefits.I cannot support a plan to build a new factory here.9)Conseq
41、uently,find a subject of your interest and choose it as your major.Only in that way will you be able to lead a fulfilled and happy college life and get truly well-prepared for your future.10)In the whole,if students time and energy allowed,universities could allow students to take as many subjects a
42、s possible.2.Read the following tips for writing an abstract.Integrated WritinglSuccessfully selects the important information from the lecture.lCoherently and accurately presents the information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading.lThe response is well organized.lOccasi
43、onal language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.Independent WritinglAddress the writing topic effectively(有效地阐明主题)lWell-organized and well-developed(条理清楚，发展充分)lUse specific details and examples to support your view(论据具体明确)lWord ch
44、oices and sentence variety(遣词造句能力)1.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with the choice.Task RealizationIntegrated writing:The author explains why global warming is a serious problem.(1)_,the speaker explains the impact of global warming in the northeastern United States.(2)_.Greenhouse gases,su
45、ch as carbon dioxide,hold heat in the atmosphere and result in rising temperatures on Earth.As average temperatures rise,there are a number of effects.(3)_,scientists predict that weather patterns will change.In addition,snow and ice will melt and sea levels will rise.This can lead to flooding,droug
46、ht,and powerful storms.It can also affect the economy,particularly agriculture and transportation.(4)_.The speaker explains the effects of global warming in the northeastern part of the United States.This is a cold and snowy area.(5)_.There are also fewer days with snow on the ground than there used
47、 to be.This has an effect on the economy because many people in this part of the world depend on the ski industry to make a living.The predicted effects of global warming that the author described are already coming true,at least in the northeastern United States.2023/2/251.Choose the best way to co
48、mplete the thesis statement.A.In contrast B.As a result C.Likewise2.Choose the best main idea for this paragraph.A.The author explains that human activity,such as industry and cutting down forests,has resulted in an artificial increase in greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere,with serious results.B.
49、The author explains that it is difficult for scientists to come to agreement about whether or not global warming is actually occurring in the world today.C.The author explains that some people believe that greenhouse gases are very harmful,while others are sure that global warming is not such a very
50、 serious problem.2023/2/253.Choose the best transition word for this sentence.A.Nevertheless B.First C.However4.Choose the missing supporting detail.A.People will be better off economically,especially farmers.B.Economists predict that global warming will lead to a drop in gross national product and
