1、UnitThirteenWriting StrategiesIn this unit you will learn how to incorporate basic writing strategies in your academic writing process.论文写作，尤其是文献综述写作部分，需要对已发表文献进行综合分析、归纳疏理、总结和评论，因此需要作者在已有文献解读的基础上，进行科学引用。为避免抄袭(plagiarism)的发生，需要在写作过程中学会使用缩写(summary)、改写(paraphrase)和引用(quotation)，才可以规范引用文献。1.缩写(summary)
2、用简练的语言对原文进行高度概括，在篇幅上应小于原文，但内容上应忠实原文。2.改写(paraphrase)重组语言对原文进行改写，在篇幅上与原文基本相符，并且内容忠实原文。3.引用(quotation)指引用原文原话，须严格标明出处页码引证(citation).Task Objective总而言之，引用他人观点及研究结果需要引证，否则就会涉嫌抄袭。而“引用”通常用于经典文献中经典段落、语句的引用，如下定义是最常见的原话引用，但因其“原话引用”的性质，在论文中使用频率和数量，远低于缩写和改写，本章重点介绍的是“缩写”和“改写”两种写作技巧，二者贯穿于写作过程中。以下在Sample1基础上设计三个递
3、进式，分析该段文字的缩写和改写范文，在Sample 1中学习缩写和改写的具体技巧，并运用已学技巧分析Sample 2的练习部分，Sample 3 简略介绍引用技巧。Learn to write a summary by following the guidelines below in writing a summary,and then write a summary on your own.Task Preparation Sample1Exercise IGUIDING QUESTIONSANSWERSTIPS1)What are the keywords and commonterms
4、inthepassage?Key words and common termsmight be used in a summary ofparaphrase writing,without theneedtodocumentthesource.2)Whatisthemajorproblem proposed inthepassage?Jotdownthemajorproblemandincludeitinthesummarywriting.3)What solution isproposed?This part is also very importantelement,whichmustbe
5、includedinsummary.4)What are keypointsyouwillinclude in summarywriting?A brief introduction of topic,aclear statement of the problemandafinalsolutionwillmakeupagoodsummary.5)What are lessimportantelementsinthepassage?Lessimportantdetails,examples,illustration,data,anecdotes,etc.can be excluded in a
6、goodsummary.KeyKeyGUIDING QUESTIONSANSWERSTIPS1)What are the keywords and commontermsinthepassage?Key words and common termsmight be used in a summary ofparaphrase writing,without theneedtodocumentthesource.2)Whatisthemajorproblem proposed inthepassage?Jotdownthemajorproblemandincludeitinthesummaryw
7、riting.3)What solution isproposed?This part is also very importantelement,whichmustbeincludedinsummary.4)What are keypointsyouwillinclude in summarywriting?A brief introduction of topic,aclear statement of the problemandafinalsolutionwillmakeupagoodsummary.5)What are lessimportantelementsinthepassag
8、e?Lessimportantdetails,examples,illustration,data,anecdotes,etc.can be excluded in a goodsummary.patent,patent law,patent ownership,first-to-file,first-to-invent,WIPO,economy,etc.S7 is the proposed problem associated with the variation in patent laws.The last paragraph,from S18-20,serves as the solu
9、tion part of this problem-solution essay.Introduction,problem,solutionS1 definition,S5-6 examples,S12-14 further explanation,etc.are less important Read the following condensed draft of the above text,and discuss with your neighbor based on the following questions.with your neighbor based on the fol
10、lowing questions.Task Preparation Sample I Exercise II1.Does the following text contain all the necessary information from the original text?2.Does this rewritten text commit plagiarism?Please justify your point.3.Do you think it is a satisfactory summary?Why or why not?1.Does the following text con
11、tain all the necessary information from the original text?2.Does this rewritten text commit plagiarism?Please justify your point.KeyGenerally this rewritten text contains all the necessary information from the original text.This rewritten text serves as a good example of plagiarism.All the sentences
12、 are taken from the original text with few slight changes.(The whole text is made up of S2,3,5,6,7,8,11,15,17,18,19 from the original text).Furthermore,the source is not documented.3.Do you think it is a satisfactory summary?Why or why not?This is a poorly written summary.It is a plagiarized version
13、 of the original text.Furthermore,the language is not condensed and allows no insight of the writer.But it has captured the major points of the original text.Questions on paraphrase writing:Task Preparation Sample I Exercise III1)Does the paraphrase summary present the main idea of the original text
14、 in Sample 1?2)What changes has the writer employ to rewrite the summary?3)Which vocabulary items are not paraphrased in the paraphrased paragraph?Questions on paraphrase writing:Task Preparation Sample I Exercise III1)Does the paraphrase summary present the main idea of the original text in Sample
15、1?2)What changes has the writer employ to rewrite the summary?3)Which vocabulary items are not paraphrased in the paraphrased paragraph?Yes,the rewrite paragraph includes the problem and solution of the original text.The writer uses some vocabulary changes and sentence structure changes in rewrite p
16、aragraph.Patent,patent law,first-to-invent,first-to-file,Paris Convention on Industrial Properties,World Intellectual Properties Organization(WIPO).Read the following texts written based on the original text above and decide which is a legitimate summary and paraphrase of the original text.Try to ju
17、stify yourself with the skills you have acquired in Sample 1.Task Preparation Sample IIExercise VText 1 is a plagiarized version of the original text,because most of these sentences do little more than substitute one phrase for another.An additional problem with this passage is that the only citatio
18、n occurs at the very end of the paragraph.The reader might be misled into thinking that the earlier sentences were not also based on Sacks.Text 2 is a legitimate paraphrase.Text 3 is a legitimate summary.Are there any common terms?Are there any unique or key words that we borrowed from the original
19、writer?Task Preparation Sample IIIExercise VICommon terms include“paraphrase”,“quote”.“Quoting too much”and“talk”are borrowed from the original writer.Data Bank Practice these patterns and expressions often used in writing strategies.1.1 综述学者述学者观点点：1)He coined the term conspicuous consumption todesc
20、ribespendingundertakenmainlytodemonstratetoothersthespendersabilitytopay.2)Further,Sczesny(2003)foundthatfemales,althoughtheyreportedthattheypossessedmoreperson-orientedtraitsthanmales,describedthemselvesassimilarlytask-orientedasmales.3)Theseresultssupporttheideaofgenderstereotypesasdynamicconstruc
21、tsasproposedbyDiekmanandEagly(2000)and reflect more recently reported changes inmasculinegenderedbehavior(Twenge,1997,2001).4)Fiedlers LPC contingency model(1967,1978)describeshow the situation moderatesthe relationshipbetweenleadereffectivenessandatraitmeasurecalledtheleastpreferredco-workerscore.5
22、)As described in the literature review,women havebeen found to embrace transformational leadershipqualitiestoagreaterextentthanmen,whilementendtoembracemoretransactionalstyles(Bass&Avolio,1993;Druskat,1994;Eagly&Johannesen-Schmidt,2001;Eagly,Johannesen-Schmidt&vanEngen,2003).6)Findings from the rece
23、nt literature that describesdifferences in the way females and males lead theirorganizations(Billing&Alvesson,1994;Rosseretal.,2003).7)The literature and research reveal that women andmen exhibit dissimilar leadership styles and reactdifferentlywhenplacedin similar situations(Astin&Leland,1991;Benis
24、mon&Neumann,1993;Eagly&Carli,2003).8)AlthoughnotheoryonoffercanfullyexplainTauandKappaeffects(Sarrazinetal.,2004),thetheorythatappearstoexplainthemajorityofavailabledataisthe“imputedvelocityhypothesis”(Jones&Huang,1982),accordingtowhichTauandKappaeffectsarisebecause“subjectsimputeuniformmotiontodisc
25、ontinuousdisplays”(pp.128;seealsoAnderson,1974).9)JohnLocke(1995)arguedthatspaceandtimearemutuallyinextricableinourminds,concludingthat“expansionanddurationdomutuallyembraceandcomprehendeachother;everypartofspacebeingineverypartofduration,andeverypartofdurationineverypartofexpansion”(p.140).10)Asign
26、ificantamountofpastresearchhasexaminedhowindividualspurchaseanddisplaystatus-conveyingproductsinordertopresentaparticularimageandtoshowthattheyarebetterthanothers(Bagwell&Bernheim,1996;Mason,1992;Veblen,1899).11)Onesuchavenueistoexaminetherelationshipbetweenraceandgenderandhowactivatingoneortheother
27、characteristicaffectsbehaviors.1.2介介绍研究目的和内容研究目的和内容:1)Thispaperdescribessixpsychophysicalexperimentsthattestedtheseparabilityofdistanceanddurationinhumanjudgments.2)Thestrongestandmostconsistentfindingsfromthisstudy reveal that transformational leadership andinstitutionalcontextarethemostimportantel
28、ementsinratingsofleadereffectiveness.3)Thesefindingssupporttheclaimthatleadershiprolesare widely perceived as aligning with stereotypicallymasculinetraits.4)This result may imply that increasing diversity oncampushasbeenastruggleforalltypesofleadersatalltypes of institutions,regardless of gender,rac
29、e,andleadershipstyle.5)Patternsofcross-dimensionalinterferencewereanalyzedtorevealrelationshipsbetweenspatialandtemporalrepresentations.6)Myresultssuggestthattheseindividualsutilizetheactofpayingmoneyforproducts(ingeneral)asastatusenhancingstrategy.7)Iexaminehowindividualswhohave(donothave)highstatu
30、s,eitherachievedthroughpersonalmeritorendowedthroughbirth,engage(donotengage)incertainbehaviors(e.g.,waitlongerforexclusiveservices,paymoreforproducts)inordertoaffirmortoenhancetheirstatus.8)Inthispaperwehavediscussedmanydifferentwaysthatlanguagecanhaveanimpactonmessagepersuasion.9)Asdiscussed,thisr
31、esearchextendspreviousbilingualresearchbyexploringcontent-relatedfactorsthatshouldguide language choice in advertising to bilingualmarkets.10)Ourresearchshowshowtheeverydayusageofalanguage in different contexts can lead to greateraccessibilityofwordsinthevariouslanguagesspokenbybilingualswhentheword
32、srelatetothosecontexts.11)Thepurposeofstudyistoinvestigatewhetheradsthat use the appropriate language for the languagedomaincontentareawillbepreferredoveradsthatdonot use the appropriate language for the languagedomaincontentarea.12)ThisarticleexamineschangesinattitudestowardmarriageandchildreninAus
33、tria,(West)Germany,GreatBritain,Ireland,theNetherlands,andtheU.S.usingthedatafromthe1988,1994,and2002wavesoftheInternationalSocialSurveyProgram(ISSP).13)ThisarticlediscussestheevolutionofscienceandpoliciestocontrolacidraininEuropeandtheUnitedStatesoverthepastseveraldecades.14)ThispaperanalyzesUSgeog
34、raphicdifferencesovernineregionsinpatternsofoccupationalmobilitybetween1880and1900amongtheNationalPanelStudyofwhitemenintheagecohorts5-14and25-34.15)ThisstudyinvestigateshowChineseundergraduatecollegestudentsstudyingEnglishasaforeignlanguagelearnednewvocabularywithinference-basedcomputergamesembedde
35、dineBooks.2.2.Read the following tips for writing strategies.Read the following tips for writing strategies.1)Skimthetext,notingdownthemajorpoints.2)Rereadtheoriginalpassageuntilyouunderstanditsfullmeaning.3)Settheoriginalaside(otherwiseyouwillbeledbytheoriginaltext),and write your summary or paraph
36、rase on anotecard.4)Jot down a few words to remind you later how youenvisionusingthismaterial.5)Graspthemainideaandthencaptureinyourownwordsthemostimportantelementsfromtheoriginalpassage.6)Useaone-sentencethesisstatementthatsumsupthemainpointofthesource.Thisthesisstatementisnotyourmainpoint;itisthem
37、ainpointofyoursource.7)Introducethetexttobesummarized,bygivingthetitleofthe source(following the citation guidelines of whateverstyle)orprovidingthenameoftheauthorofthesource.8)Dontmerelyparaphrase.Analyzeandaddyourowninsightintothereading.9)Distinguishbetweenmainandsubsidiaryinformation.Dontinclude
38、allthedetailsfromtheoriginalpassagewhenparaphrasing.10)Youdontneedtochangeeveryword.Commonkeytermsareconsistentlyusedinwriting.11)Anyuniquetermorphraseologycoinedbytheoriginalwritershouldbeputinquotationmarks.12)Citethesourceattheend(followingthecitationguidelinesofwhateverstyle).13)Dontdistorttheor
39、iginalmeaningandreferbacktotheoriginaltextafterwriting.14)Gothroughtheprocessagain,andmakesomechangesasappropriate.1.Read the following text carefully,and write a summary and a paraphrase based on it.Remember to follow the tips listed above.Task RealizationStudentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationint
40、akingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinalresearchpaper.Probably only about 10%of your final manuscriptshould appear as directly quoted matter.Therefore,youshould strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing ofsource materials while taking notes.Lester,James D.WritingResearchPapers.2
41、nded.(1976):46-47.KeyKeySummaryStudents should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper(Lester 46-47).ParaphraseIn research papers students often quote excessively,failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable lev
42、el.Since the problem usually originates during note taking,it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim(Lester 46-47).2.Read the following two texts and decide whether the paraphrase is a legitimate one.Original TextStudents frequently overuse direct quotation in takingnotes,andasaresu
43、lttheyoverusequotationsinthefinalresearchpaper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribing of source materials while taking notes.Lester,James D.Writing Research Papers.2nd ed.(1976):46-47.2.Read the f
44、ollowing two texts and decide whether the paraphrase is a legitimate one.Rewritten TextStudentsoftenusetoomanydirectquotationswhentheytake notes,resulting in too many of them in the finalresearchpaper.Infact,probablyonlyabout10%ofthefinalcopyshouldconsistofdirectlyquotedmaterial.Soitisimportanttolim
45、ittheamountofsourcematerialcopiedwhiletakingnotes.The rewritten text is a plagiarized version.The rewritten text simply changes some words in the original text,without changing the structure of the text.Furthermore,it doesnt cite the source.KeyKey3.On a separate piece of paper,write a paraphrase of
46、each of the following passages.Try not to look back at the original passage.1)Thetwentiesweretheyearswhendrinkingwasagainstthe law,and the law was a bad joke because everyoneknewofalocalbarwhereliquorcouldbehad.Theyweretheyearswhenorganizedcrimeruledthecities,andthepolice seemed powerless to do anyt
47、hing against it.Classical music was forgotten while jazz spreadthroughouttheland,andmenlikeBixBeiderbecke,LouisArmstrong,and Count Basie became the heroes of theyoung.Theflapperwasborninthetwenties,andwithherbobbed hair and short skirts,she symbolized,perhapsmorethananyoneoranythingelse,Americasbrea
48、kwiththepast.FromKathleenYancey,English102SupplementalGuide(1989):25.KeyKey1)Duringthetwentieslawlessnessandsocialnonconformity prevailed.In cities organized crimeflourished without police interference,and in spite ofnationwideprohibitionofliquorsales,anyonewhowishedtobuyadrinkknewwheretogetone.Musi
49、cianslikeLouisArmstrong become favorites,particularly among youngpeople,as many turned away from highly respectableclassicalmusictojazz.Oneofthebestexamplesoftheanti-traditional trend was the proliferation of youngflappers,womenwhorebelledagainstcustombycuttingofftheirhairandshorteningtheirskirts(Ya
50、ncey25).3.On a separate piece of paper,write a paraphrase of each of the following passages.Try not to look back at the original passage.2)Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year,three-fourthsarecausedbyheadinjuries.Halfofthosekilledareschool-agechildren.Onestudyconcludedthatwearingabikehel
