1、Unit SixteenGREIn this unit you will learn how to write for GRE tests s.GRE写作的分析性写作(AnalyticalWriting)分两部分。第一部分为观点题(issuetask),内容通常是对于社会、科学、历史、哲学、政治等方面的观点进行评论；第二部分为回应题(argumenttask)，内容通常是对给定情景中推理的驳斥。观点题的基本要素包括：1.立论：提出论点。总结作者的观点，某种程度肯定该观点，并指出该观点的片面性。2.论证:提出论证。结合作者的观点，表达自己的观点并给出理由和例子进行论证。3.结论:总结论证并重述观
2、点。回应题的基本要素包括：4.立论:找出逻辑错误，归纳论点；判断逻辑推理过程中的隐含假设；概括论据中的他因。5.论证：论证具体的他因及反例；加条件讨论；提出改进方案，攻击逻辑错误。6.结论：通过论证说明作者的论点漏洞，指出其在作出结论前需考虑其他情况。Task Objective观点题有短有长，没有具体字数限制，注重的是观点、逻辑和语言。短的有400字左右，长的有600字左右，通常在550字左右，高分作品平均在660字左右。一般分为4段来写。回应题也没有具体字数限制，同样注重的是观点、逻辑和语言。短的有400字左右，长的有500字左右，通常在450字左右，高分作品平均在600字左右。一般分为5
3、段来写。Read Sample 1 and Fillinthefollowingtableusingonekeysentence.Task Preparation 1Writing typesIssueArgumentAuthors opinion Writers view Conclusion KeyWriting typesIssueArgumentAuthors opinionTechnology cannot change the condition of humanity.It makes financial sense for employers to make the workp
4、lace safer.Writers viewThe authors opinion appears to be an incorrect statement.There are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument.Conclusion We should not ignore the obvious tremendous advances that have been made over the past one hundred years by the human race in a nar
5、row sense.Financial sense may not be the only issue a company faces.Other types of analyses must be made such as the social ramifications of an unsafe work environment and the overall ability of a company to improve that environment(i.e.,coal mine)Read Sample 2 and answer the questions.Task Preparat
6、ion 21.Issue：1.What is the issue of the essay?2.What is the opinion of the author?3.What is the conclusion of the essay?Argument：4.Does this authors argument make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use?5.How many other factors has the writer mentioned that government may decide to
7、invest in improving riverside recreational facilities?What are they?6.Is there a concrete connection between the residents lack of river use and the rivers current state?Issue:1.What is the issue of the essay?2.What is the opinion of the author?3.What is the conclusion of the essay?Key Education cho
8、ice between contemporary cultural courses and past ones.Colleges and universities should offer more contemporary cultural courses,because they have much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past.A properly educated university student must find a balance between studying
9、contemporary culture without neglecting the study of arts and literature of the past.Argument:1.Does this authors argument make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use?2.How many other factors has the writer mentioned that government may decide to invest in improving riverside recre
10、ational facilities?What are they?3.Is there a concrete connection between the residents lack of river use and the rivers current state?No,it does not.The writer has mentioned three factors that may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities.They are the scope and validity of tha
11、t survey,uncertain complaints from a wide range of people,or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints and the real reason caused the strong smell of the river.There is no concrete connection between the residents lack of river use and the rivers current state.Read Sample 3 an
12、d judge whether the statements are true or false(1-5forissues,6-10for(1-5forissues,6-10forarguments)arguments).Task Preparation 31.People work more productively in teams rather than as individual is going to vary greatly only because of the types of teams that are organized and the end reward or mot
13、ivation for both the team.()2.“Type A”personalities refer to people who are born with the desire to succeed,no matter what the situation or task that they are facing.()3.People who are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort will be most
14、effective when working as part of a team.()4.One persons performance inside of a team will be productive with respect to the entire team,whether how the performance is rewarded.()FTFTTask Preparation 35.From a pure productivity standpoint,the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional lead
15、er can make no differences whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual.()6.The decision to restore the time devoted to weather and local news to its former level is one that should be made with more careful consideration of evidence,and viewer/client feedback by
16、 the business manager of this television station.()7.Many assumptions have been made on the business managers part about the exact cause of the problems with the program.()FFTTask Preparation 38.The memorandum stated that more complaints received from viewers were concerned with the stations coverag
17、e of weather and local news,but it did not state the nature of the complaints.()9.Sometimes it is the personalities and the chemistry of the business manager that govern peoples decisions about which stations news they watch.()10.The station cannot expect to go back to the programming it once had an
18、d be successful.()TFTData Bank Practice these patterns and expressions often used in GRE writing.1.1 Patterns and expressions in issues1.1.1论论点点1)The speaker claims that society should make efforts to save endangered species only caused by human activities.I agreed with the speaker insofar as saving
19、 endangered species is the responsibility of human beings.2)The arguer asserts that most people choose a career not on the basis of his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work but only on pragmatic considerations.As far as I am concerned,I concede that there are quite a few o
20、f people choose a career on pragmatic consideration in this pragmatic world.However,there are still so many individuals choose a career based on their natural talents and interest.3)The optimal approach,in my view,is a balanced one that imposes a basic curriculum yet leaves the rest up to each state
21、 or community.4)I fundamentally agree with the speaker that the real“truly educated”should be based on the learning a wide scope of knowledge.However,close scrutiny reveals that overstate either the importance of the professional knowledge or the information outside will lead into jeopardized situat
22、ion.5)Admittedly,fundamental knowledge,social skills and moral education should be instilled in every school before university.6)It is true that the general welfare of its all people is a reliable indicator of a great nation.7)On the other hand,however,the achievements of its rulers,artists and scie
23、ntists are of equal importance,which by their way bring the aim of welfare of its people into fruition.8)I concede that undue discord can impede/hamper learning.Otherwise,in my view,we learn far from discourse and debate with those ideas we oppose than from people whose ideas are in accord with our
24、own.9)In this statement,the arguer actually has a dual claim.First,no matter in which profession,those in power should step down after five years.Second,revitalization through new leadership is the surest way to success for any enterprise.10)The discussion of this statement turns on what meant by“li
25、ttle real progress”from the first sentence.1.1.2 论证 1)First of all,the phrase“little real progress”from the first sentence must be defined.Secondly,the phrase“the overall condition of humanity”and“the condition of humanity”must be defined.2)Secondly and most obviously,the compounds were only tested
26、on rats.Rats may have a similar genetic structure to humans,but they are most certainly not the same as humans.3)Additionally,the arguer begins his or her argument by stating that“as people grow older”,PEP breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory.4)When facing a questio
27、n,people are inclined to talk with those who are in accord with them instead of with those opposing them.5)What about the coverage of a single event in someones life,for example,a wedding or the birth of a baby?Is the media coverage of the heroic death of a firefighter or police officer in the line
28、of duty ever going to diminish that persons reputation?It seems highly unlikely that in the examples,although these people may have been subjected to media scrutiny.6)There is no doubt that there are a large number of people who have been hurt in one way or another by particularly intense media scru
29、tiny.7)Looking back to the past to see the various effects of various human behaviors on the environment can show valuable lessons on what can happen if proper precautions are not taken.8)Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian culture are much more likely to develop this type of col
30、lective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associate with Western cultures.9)This is an attempt to shift the burden of proof back on to the nonbelievers of the argument.10)At times,it is difficult to determine what exactly is the difference between contemporary culture and the
31、arts and literature of the past.1.1.31.1.3结论1)Yet the achievements of artists and scientist,while integral,are insufficient.The military and diplomatic accomplishment of its leaders could neither be ignores in the general welfare of a nation.2)The most reasonable way of decision making concerning ca
32、reer seeking is to best fulfill ones pragmatic concerns without violating ones value,talent and interests.If we cannot fulfill both,we must choose the one which we concern much more more than the other.3)Take a balance.A university should offer various disciplines to students while ensure that the s
33、tudents can learn their major well.4)The restrictions placed by government on scientific research should be judged according to the different nature of various research projects.5)In summary,from what has been discussed above,it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that to strengthen the argument
34、,the arguer must show a direct link between the breaking apart of neuropeptides and loss of money and learning ability.6)Being skeptic is not a radical way of thinking,but a logical thought process.It is important for healthy skepticism to keep our minds open to new ideas,and to prevent us from beco
35、ming unthinking dogmatists with no individuality.7)To make the argument convincing,the author would have to provide evidence that Mayor Durant approved a faulty bridge design or an unqualified construction company that caused the bridges damage and traffic problems.8)There is no proof given either t
36、hat television violence of any kind causes teenage crime or that a reduction in prime time violence will keep teenagers from breaking the law.9)But not all governmental proceedings should be televised.There are times when secrecy is an absolute requirement for making sure that the correct decisions
37、are made.1.2Patternsandexpressionsinarguments1.2.1论论点点1)This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees.2)This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physica
38、l injury increases,the wages paid to employees should also increase.3)However,there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument.4)It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river,but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions,and thus,not stron
39、g enough to lead to increased funding.5)While the argument appears superficially plausible,there are certain crippling objections that must be raised as to its logic,particularly regarding the conclusion.6)Even the most cursory of examinations reveals these assumptions to be wholly unreliable.7)Unfo
40、rtunately,the writer makes a number of unreliable assumptions that undermine his argument.8)The argument above is well-presented and appears to be relatively sound at first glance:because of the hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after roller-skating accidents.9)Howeve
41、r,as more light is shed on the issue and more detailed facts are concerned,it is easy to see that the argument suffers from several grave fallacies in its assumptions as well as commits a false analogy.10)It assumes that lack of protective gear is the main cause of severe injury in roller skates,whi
42、ch is not necessarily true under any circumstance.1.2.2 论据据1)The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large capital expenditures to improve the work environment.2)I also feel that although a cost benefit analysis should be the determining factor with regard to these d
43、ecisions making financial sense,it may not be the determining factor with regard to making social,moral and ethical sense.3)This argument also relies on the idea that companies solely use financial sense in analyzing improving the work environment.4)Additionally,the author implies that residents do
44、not use the river for swimming,boating,and fishing,despite their professed interest,because the water is polluted and smelly.5)For example,Toyota spends large amounts of money improving its environment because while its goal is to be profitable,it also prides itself on high employee morale and an al
45、most perfectly safe work environment.6)Finally,one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer.7)While a polluted,smelly river would likely cut down on river sports,a concrete connection between the residents lack of river use and the rivers current state is not effectively made
46、.8)Though there have been complaints,we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people.9)Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the rivers water and the smell,the author suggests that a river clean up will result in inc
47、reased river usage.10)Regardless of whether the rivers quality is able to be improved or not,the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage.1.2.3 总结总结1)In conclusion,while at first it may seem to make financial sense to improve the safety of the work environm
48、ent sometimes it truly does not make financial sense.2)The station cannot expect to go back to the programming it once had and be successful.3)Obviously,something about the previous programming must not have been working;otherwise they would not have changed their structure the last time.4)Careful a
49、nalysis of all the factors I have presented is the best first step to making a change in the structure of their news program.5)Overall,the argument is far from forceful enough to persuade the roller skaters should invest in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment in order to reduce the
50、ir risk.6)As it stands,the argument has too many holes with which it can be torn apart.7)Clearly,then,we need to have additional evidence in order to get a more complete understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of Dr.Karps article.8)They need to look carefully at actual numbers,both of viewersh
