1、45#钢表面激光织构化及其干摩擦特性研究摘要为了提高45#钢干摩擦性能，本文采用激光表面处理技术对45#钢表面进行了改性，对比研究了原始样品和激光织构化样品的表面形貌、化学成分、硬度以及干摩擦性能等性质。结果表明，激光织构化处理后，45#钢表面形貌变化明显，表面粗糙度、润湿性和表面能显著提升；同时，激光织构化后的样品硬度也有所提高，说明其表面层的晶格结构发生改变；在干摩擦测试中，激光织构化后的45#钢样品与不织构化的样品相比，有更低的摩擦系数和更高的抗磨损性能，表现出优异的干摩擦性能。关键词：45#钢；激光表面处理；织构化；干摩擦性能；表面形貌Introduction45# steel is
2、a commonly used medium carbon steel material in industry, which has good strength, toughness and wear resistance. However, the surface of 45# steel is usually smooth and lacks surface texturing, making it difficult to exhibit good friction and wear resistance in dry friction conditions. In order to
3、improve the dry friction performance of 45# steel, laser surface modification technology can be used to texture the surface of the steel, which can change the surface morphology, microstructure and surface wettability of the steel, thereby enhancing its mechanical properties and friction resistance.
4、Experimental MethodsIn this study, the surface of 45# steel samples were treated by laser surface modification technology. The changes in surface morphology, wettability, chemical composition and mechanical properties before and after laser texturing were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SE
5、M), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface profiler and Vickers hardness tester. The dry friction properties of the samples were evaluated by a pin-on-disc tribometer.Results and DiscussionCompared with the smooth surface of the original sample, the surface of the laser-textured 45# steel s
6、ample showed a significant increase in surface roughness, with different sizes and densities of bumps and pits formed on the surface, which can effectively incr4ease the surface area of the steel and create a hydrophobic surface. The chemical composition of the steel surface was also changed after l
7、aser treatment, the carbon content and oxygen content increased, and the content of Fe decreased, indicating that the oxide layer was formed on the surface of the sample. The microhardness of the laser-textured sample was higher than that of the original sample, which indicates that the surface laye
8、r of the steel has been strengthened.In the dry friction test, the laser-textured 45# steel sample showed significantly lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance than the non-textured sample, indicating that the surface texturing can effectively reduce the contact area and adhesion betwe
9、en the sample and the friction surface, while creating a hydrophobic surface that reduces the surface energy of the sample and provides better dry friction performance.ConclusionIn this paper, the surface of 45# steel was treated by laser texturing and the dry friction performance of the textured st
10、eel was studied. The results showed that laser texturing can effectively improve the surface morphology, wettability, and mechanical properties of 45# steel, and effectively enhance its dry friction performance, exhibiting a lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance than the non-textured
11、 sample. This study provides a theoretical reference and technical support for the surface treatment and enhancement of 45# steel and other steel materials.Keywords: 45# steel; laser surface treatment; texturing; dry friction performance; surface morphologyIn addition to the advantages mentioned abo
12、ve, laser surface modification technology also has the benefits of high precision, flexibility and environmental friendliness. Laser can be used to selectively ablate or melt the surface layer of the material, and different laser parameters can be adjusted to achieve different surface textures, patt
13、erns or structures, which can meet various requirements for surface properties and enhance the functional performance of materials. Moreover, laser surface modification does not require additional coatings or chemicals, which reduces the production cost and environmental footprint.The application of
14、 laser surface modification technology is not limited to 45# steel, but also widely used in other metallic, ceramic and polymer materials. For example, it can be used to improve the anti-corrosion, anti-wear, anti-fouling and anti-icing properties of materials in various industries, such as automobi
15、le, aerospace, biomedical and energy sectors. With the development of laser technology and materials science, more advanced and complex surface structures can be achieved by laser texturing, such as hierarchical and gradient structures, functional and responsive surfaces, bio-inspired and biomimetic
16、 surfaces, etc.However, there are also some challenges and limitations in the application of laser surface modification technology, such as the optimized selection of laser parameters, the control of surface roughness and morphology, the reproducibility and scalability of the process, the integratio
17、n and compatibility with other manufacturing processes and materials, and the safety and health of operators and users. Therefore, further research and development are needed to overcome these challenges and expand the scope and impact of laser surface modification technology.Another advantage of la
18、ser surface modification technology is that it has low thermal effect on the substrate material. The laser energy is precisely controlled and localized to the surface layer, without causing significant deformation, cracking, or residual stresses in the bulk material. This ensures the integrity and s
19、tability of the material, while improving its surface properties. In contrast, traditional surface treatment methods, such as shot peening, sandblasting, or chemical etching, may cause mechanical damage, surface contamination, or residual strains, which can reduce the reliability and durability of t
20、he material.Moreover, laser surface modification technology can also enhance the tribological properties of materials. By adjusting the laser parameters, such as fluence, pulse duration, and overlap, one can create different types of surface textures and patterns, such as grooves, dimples, dots, or
21、lines. These structures can improve the lubrication, adhesion, and wear resistance of the material, especially under extreme conditions, such as high speed, high load, or harsh environment. Furthermore, laser surface modification can also introduce functional groups or coatings onto the surface, suc
22、h as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or self-healing molecules, which can further enhance the surface properties and prevent corrosion, fouling, or degradation.Despite these advantages, there are some challenges and limitations in the application of laser surface modification technology. The selection of
23、laser parameters is critical to achieve the desired surface morphology and chemical modification, and it requires extensive experimental testing and optimization. The reproducibility and scalability of the process also depend on the precision and stability of the laser system, and the control of env
24、ironmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, or contamination. In addition, the integration of laser surface modification with other manufacturing processes, such as machining, welding, or coating, must be carefully designed and evaluated to avoid interference or damage to the surface struc
25、ture and properties. Therefore, more research and development efforts are needed to overcome these challenges, and to explore the full potential of laser surface modification technology for various industrial applications.Another important aspect of laser surface modification technology is its abili
26、ty to optimize the performance and efficiency of various industrial processes, such as machining, welding, additive manufacturing, or surface coatings. By tailoring the surface properties of the workpiece or substrate, laser surface modification can improve the cutting, drilling, and milling perform
27、ance of tools, reduce the friction and wear on the contact surfaces, enhance the bonding and adhesion of coatings, and increase the corrosion resistance and durability of components.For example, in the field of machining, laser surface modification can be used to induce compressive residual stresses
28、, reduce surface roughness, and enhance the lubrication and cooling properties of the cutting tools. This can lead to longer tool life, faster cutting speeds, and better surface finish of the machined parts. In the field of welding, laser surface modification can be applied to prepare and clean the
29、joint surfaces, improve the wetting and contact angles of the filler material, and enhance the metallurgical bonding and strength of the weld seam. This can result in higher quality and reliability of the welded components.In the field of additive manufacturing, laser surface modification can also p
30、lay an important role in improving the adhesion and bonding of the deposited layers, reducing the porosity and cracking of the printed parts, and achieving better mechanical and functional properties of the final products. By using laser surface modification before or after the printing process, one
31、 can control the morphology, texture, and chemistry of the surface layer, and thus, enhance the overall performance and quality of the additive manufactured parts.Overall, laser surface modification technology has diverse and promising applications in various industries, such as aerospace, automotiv
32、e, biomedical, energy, and electronics. Its unique advantages, such as precision, versatility, and low thermal effect, make it a valuable tool for optimizing the surface properties of materials and components, and improving the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of industrial processes. How
33、ever, further research and development are necessary to overcome the challenges and limitations of this technology, and to expand its scope and impact in the future.One of the key challenges in laser surface modification technology is to achieve a precise and uniform treatment of the surface, especi
34、ally for large and complex geometries. This requires advanced scanning and monitoring techniques that can control the laser beam size, shape, fluence, and frequency, and ensure a consistent coverage and depth of the modified layer. Moreover, the laser parameter optimization needs to take into accoun
35、t the material properties, such as composition, microstructure, and surface roughness, as well as the desired surface properties, such as hardness, roughness, wettability, and adhesion.Another limitation of laser surface modification is its relatively slow processing speed, compared to other surface
36、 treatment methods, such as plasma spraying, electroplating, or ion implantation. This is due to the fact that laser surface modification typically involves a localized heat treatment of the surface layer, which can induce residual stresses, phase transformations, and microstructure changes that req
37、uire careful control and monitoring. However, recent advances in high-power and ultrafast lasers have enabled faster and more efficient laser surface modification, with reduced thermal impact and improved surface quality.Finally, laser surface modification also raises concerns about the environmenta
38、l, health, and safety implications of the process, particularly in terms of the potential emissions of hazardous fumes, particles, or radiation. Proper handling, ventilation, and waste management procedures are needed to ensure the compliance with the regulatory standards and the protection of the w
39、orkers, the public, and the environment.Despite these challenges and limitations, laser surface modification technology offers significant benefits in terms of improving the performance and durability of industrial components, reducing the maintenance and replacement costs, and enhancing the overall
40、 efficiency and sustainability of the production processes. Therefore, the continued research and development of laser surface modification technology is crucial for addressing the growing demand for advanced materials and functional surfaces in various industries.In addition to the challenges menti
41、oned earlier, laser surface modification research also faces issues related to surface characterization and evaluation. Accurate and reliable surface analysis techniques are essential for understanding the effects of laser treatment on the surface properties, identifying the optimized laser paramete
42、rs, and assessing the performance and quality of the modified surfaces. Common surface analysis techniques include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and microhardness testing.Moreover, the choice of the laser source and the selection of the s
43、uitable laser wavelength, pulse duration, repetition rate, and energy density can also affect the outcome of the surface modification process. For example, laser surface cleaning and ablation can be achieved using short pulse lasers, while longer pulse lasers are used for laser surface alloying, cla
44、dding, and deposition. The development of new laser sources and toolkits that can provide a broader range of laser parameters and beam shapes can further extend the capabilities of laser surface modification technology.Finally, the application of laser surface modification technology is not limited
45、to a specific industry or material type. It can be used for various purposes, such as improving wear resistance, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, thermal stability, or optical properties of metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and composite materials. Some of the industries that have adopted laser s
46、urface modification techniques include aerospace, automotive, biomedical, electronics, energy, and machinery. However, the scalability and cost-effectiveness of laser surface modification processes for large-scale manufacturing applications are still under investigation and require further optimizat
47、ion and integration with other manufacturing processes.In summary, laser surface modification technology presents numerous opportunities for enhancing material and surface properties, but it also poses various challenges related to precision, speed, safety, and environmental impact, as well as surfa
48、ce characterization and laser parameter optimization. Continued research and development efforts to address these challenges can lead to a broader and more efficient application of laser surface modification technology in various industries.One of the significant challenges in laser surface modifica
49、tion is the safety issues associated with laser radiation. Although laser exposure can enhance the surface characteristics of the material, it can also cause severe injuries and health hazards if not handled safely. To prevent such hazards, various safety measures, such as laser safety glasses, protective gear, and proper training, need to be implemented.Another challenge in laser surface modification is related to the environmental impact of the process. The use of certain laser systems p
