1、NO江西中小教师英语考编历江西中小教师英语考编历年试题年试题二 否定的方式否定的方式三 肯定形式表示否定意肯定形式表示否定意义四 否定形式表示肯定意否定形式表示肯定意义一 否定否定词not 的位置和用法的位置和用法五 容易混淆的否定容易混淆的否定结构构 英语英语中的否定结构通常有否定词中的否定结构通常有否定词(如如not、no、never、nobody、no one、nothing、nowhere、neither、nor 等等)或者半否定词或者半否定词(如如hardly、barely、rarely、scarcely、seldom、few、little 等等)来表示。来表示。(1)1)若谓语部分
2、含有系动词、助动词或情态动词若谓语部分含有系动词、助动词或情态动词,就就直接把直接把not 放在这些词后面构成否定句。放在这些词后面构成否定句。例如:They havent come back from the disaster area.I cant hear a word.Im not American;Im Canadian.(2)2)若谓语部分没有系动词、助动词或情态动词若谓语部分没有系动词、助动词或情态动词,则则通通过加助动词过加助动词do 的具体形式和的具体形式和not来构成否定句。来构成否定句。例如:Oil and water do not mix.Pure gold does
3、not dread fire.一一、否定否定词not 的位置和用法的位置和用法 (3)祈使句否定时祈使句否定时,直接在动词原形前面加直接在动词原形前面加“Do not/Dont”。例如:Do not/Dont be late next time!Do not/Dont press us for an answer.(4)不定式、动名词和分词等否定时不定式、动名词和分词等否定时,直接把直接把not 放在放在它们的前面。它们的前面。例如:Try not to get your shoes wet.Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in lif
4、e.Not knowing how to do it,he asked his coach for help.一、一、否定否定词not 的位置和用法的位置和用法 否定否定分为全部否定、部分否定、双重否定分为全部否定、部分否定、双重否定等方式等方式。(一一)全部否定全部否定 全部全部否定可以用表示完全否定的词否定可以用表示完全否定的词no、not、none、never、neither、nor、nobody、nowhere、nothing 等构成。等构成。例如:Nobody was killed in the earthquake.No one told me that the meeting w
5、as put off.Nothing beats home cooking.Neither of you will be allowed to attend the party.None of my friends know/knows about the plan because it is a secret.My glasses are nowhere to be found.二、否定的方式二、否定的方式 (二二)部分否定部分否定 部分部分否定的含义是否定的含义是“不都是不都是,不全是不全是”,主要由表示全主要由表示全体意义的代词或副词如体意义的代词或副词如all、both、every、e
6、ach、everyone、everything、everywhere、everybody 等与等与not 搭配来构搭配来构成。成。例如:Not all birds can fly.(All birds cantfly.)Everybody wouldnt like it.Not every relationship will endure.All that glitters is not gold.Both of them are not hard-working students.二二、否定的方式、否定的方式 (三三)几乎否定几乎否定 由由barely、few、little、hardly、r
7、arely、scarcely、seldom 等半否定词与谓语动词肯定式连用构成等半否定词与谓语动词肯定式连用构成,语气比较语气比较弱弱,也称也称“半否定半否定”。例如:I hardly ever go to concerts.Lynch has few friends here,so he feels lonely.I can speak little French.Mill seldom,if ever,buys goods online.二、否定的方式二、否定的方式 (四四)双重否定双重否定 由由not 加上具有否定意义的词构成。双重否定相当于加上具有否定意义的词构成。双重否定相当于肯定肯
8、定,用来用来表示强调或表示委婉的表示强调或表示委婉的说法。说法。例如:Man cant live without air.Its never too late to learn.Nothing is impossible.You cant make something out of nothing.二二、否定的方式、否定的方式 (五五)接续否定接续否定 接续接续否定也称追加否定否定也称追加否定,它它是对前面的否定句是对前面的否定句,再再进一进一步补充否定。步补充否定。例如:Even grown-ups cantlift it,to say nothing of children.Tom can
9、t afford to buy a bike,much less a car.She doesnt like music,still less dancing.(六六)特指否定特指否定 谓语谓语动词被否定称为一般否定动词被否定称为一般否定,其他非谓语成分被否定其他非谓语成分被否定称为特指否定或局部否定。称为特指否定或局部否定。例如:He likes watching TV,but not often.I told her not to go out by herself at night.It is a good idea not to tell her the bad news.二、否定的方
10、式二、否定的方式 (七七)转移否定转移否定 转移转移否定是指某些复合句否定是指某些复合句,否定形式上出现在主句部分否定形式上出现在主句部分,但否定意义实际上转移到从句部分的现象。但否定意义实际上转移到从句部分的现象。(1)主要用于表示主要用于表示“判断、看法判断、看法”的动词的动词,如如assume、believe、expect、guess、imagine、reckon、suppose、think 等。等。例如:I dont believe that Jim will lose the game.I dont think Angell is a good teacher.Most of the
11、 students dont suppose the monitor is capable of his job.二、否定的方式二、否定的方式 (七七)转移否定转移否定 (2)appear、feel、seem、sound 等系动词的否定形式等系动词的否定形式,也常有否定意义后移的现象。也常有否定意义后移的现象。例如:The weather doesnt look very promising.Your idea doesnt sound great.It doesnt look like its going to rain.(3)在在not.because 句型中句型中,有时出现否定的转移有时
12、出现否定的转移现象现象。例如:He did not come to the hospital this morning because he was sick.She doesnt teach because she is interested in teaching.The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.二、否定的方式二、否定的方式 (八八)多余否定多余否定 多余多余否定指的是有些句子否定指的是有些句子,否定词否定词not 可有可无可有可无,即即有有无无not 意思不变意思不变,这个这个否定词是多余的否定词是多余的,通常通常不
13、译出来。不译出来。例如:I want to know if it will not rain tomorrow.Im not sure if he could not come back.I wonder if I should wear a coat or not.二、否定的方式二、否定的方式 用用肯定形式表示否定意义一般有以下几种情况。肯定形式表示否定意义一般有以下几种情况。(一一)具有否定意义的句型具有否定意义的句型 (1)1)more than.can/could。例如:The problem is more than you can handle.The pain is more t
14、han I can stand.Dont bite off more than you can chew.(2)2)比较级比较级+than+不定式。不定式。例如:He is more considerate than to sit idle while others are busy.I am clever enough to have more sense than to tell him about our plan.You ought to know better than to be cheated.（3 3）the last.+不定式不定式/定语从句定语从句(the last 意为意
15、为“最不可最不可能能,最不合适最不合适,决不会决不会”等等)。例如:He is the last one to get here.He is the last person I want to meet in school.Thats the last thing Id expect you to do.三、肯定形式表示否定意三、肯定形式表示否定意义 (一一)具有否定意义的句型具有否定意义的句型 (4)too.to.(太太以致不能以致不能)例如:She is too young to tell right from wrong.George is too full to eat any mor
16、e.The child is too tired to go further.注注:too 与anxious、apt、eager、easy、ready、willing 等连用时等连用时,它表示肯定的意思。它表示肯定的意思。例如:We are too eager to do so.She is too willing to pay the price I ask.only/all/but too.to.意为意为“极极,非常非常”,”,表示肯定表示肯定的意思的意思。例如:The children are but too glad to play together with their teache
17、r.Hes only too excited to see you.三三、肯定形式表示否定意、肯定形式表示否定意义 (一一)具有否定意义的句型具有否定意义的句型 (5)have yet to+动词动词(相当于相当于have not yet+过去分词过去分词)例如:I have yet to decide which team I choose to join.I have yet to figure out what to do next.三、肯定形式三、肯定形式 (二二)含有否定意义的词和短语含有否定意义的词和短语 (1)动词型有动词型有avoid、cease、decline、deny、do
18、ubt、escape、exclude、fail、forbid、ignore、lack、miss、neglect、refuse、reject、resist、overlook、wonder、get rid of、give up、live up to、keep/protect/prevent/stop.from.等等。例如:They failed to pass the last CET-4.The students lived up to their teachersexpectations.The Coast Guard have given up all hope of finding the
19、 two divers alive.She quitted her job to join her husbands campaign.三、肯定形式表示否定意三、肯定形式表示否定意义 (二二)含有否定意义的词和短语含有否定意义的词和短语 (2)名词型有名词型有absence、failure、denial、refusal、ignorance、lack、shortage、reluctance、exclusion、loss 等。等。例如:What was the real reason for your absence?He was in an entire ignorance of what wa
20、s being done.Exclusion of air creates a vacuum in the bottle.Lack of current capital seemed the reason why they defeated their business.(3)形容词型有形容词型有absent、different、ignorant、reluctant、free of/from、far from、safe from、short of、clear of/from、foreign to、alien to、blind to、deaf to 等。等。例如:Dishonesty is fo
21、reign to his nature.She was blind to the silent worship in his eyes.Im short of cash right now.三三、肯定形式表示否定意、肯定形式表示否定意义 (二二)含有否定意义的词和含有否定意义的词和短语短语 (4)副词型有副词型有barely、hardly、little、rarely、never、scarcely、seldom、otherwise、in vain等等。例如:It became obvious that all her complaints were in vain.We rarely agree
22、 on what to do.Ive got hardly any money.I think it will rain this afternoon,but Jenny thinks otherwise.(5)连词型有连词型有before、unless、rather than 等。等。例如:Ill do it now before I forget it.You cant imagine how moving the story is,unless you read it.The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap.三三、肯定
23、形式表示否定意、肯定形式表示否定意义 (二二)含有否定意义的词和短语含有否定意义的词和短语 (6)介词型有介词型有above、against、before、below、beside、beyond、but、but for、except、off、past、with-out、instead of、regardless of、in spite of、at a loss、out of the question 等。等。例如:Ill take the job regardless of the pay.Life without the Internet had no savour,was tedious,
24、insupportable.The islanders use a system of barter instead of money.三、肯定形式表示否定意三、肯定形式表示否定意义 (二二)含有否定意义的词和短语含有否定意义的词和短语 (7)习惯用语型有习惯用语型有anything but、leave much to be desired、much/still/even less、other than、to say nothing of/not to speak of/not to mention/let alone 等等。例如:That kind of person is anything
25、 but a Marxist.Schooling and hospitals also leave much to be desired.He cant discipline himself,much less set a good example for his children to follow.I dont know any French people other than you.三、肯定形式表示否定意三、肯定形式表示否定意义 有些有些句型和短语尽管形式上看是否定的句型和短语尽管形式上看是否定的,但但意义上却意义上却是肯定的。是肯定的。(一一)带有肯定意义的句型带有肯定意义的句型 (
26、1)cannot help but do sth.、cannot keep from、cannot refrain from、cannot help doing sth.、have no choice/alternative but to do sth.例如:Black cant but tell the teacher the truth.We couldnt keep from laughing,when Jane finished the story.We had no choice but to do what we were asked.People cannot refrain f
27、rom recalling their contribution to the development of the Chinese culture and traditions.四、否定形式表示肯定意四、否定形式表示肯定意义 (一一)带有肯定意义的句型带有肯定意义的句型 (2)2)cannot.too(over/enough)例如:Firms cant be too cautious about hiring new workers.While you are doing your homework,you cant be careful enough.I cannot over empha
28、size how important this first step is.(3)cannot wait to do 例如:The children cant wait to see their mother.We are very hungry and cant wait to have dinner.。(4)否定词否定词+until/till/before/unless/but(that)等。等。例如:Draw not your bow till/before your arrow is fixed.There is no one but knows him.No one believes
29、 but that Selma will succeed.四四、否定形式表示肯定意、否定形式表示肯定意义 (一一)带有肯定意义的句型带有肯定意义的句型 (5)否定词否定词+比较级比较级(+than),否定词否定词+so+形容词形容词+as,表示表示肯定肯定,相当于相当于最高级。最高级。例如:I couldnt feel more hungry.Ive never seen a nicer bird than this one.Nobody is so well qualified for the position as he.No one is so blind as those that w
30、ont see.四四、否定形式表示肯定意、否定形式表示肯定意义 (二二)反问句反问句 形式上是否定疑句形式上是否定疑句,但实质上并不表示疑问但实质上并不表示疑问,而表示强而表示强烈的肯定。例如烈的肯定。例如:Who does not know the story?Cant we just stand here?Isnt the answer obvious?What does not he know?(三三)具有肯定意义的短语具有肯定意义的短语 常见常见的有的有in no time、none but、not half、nothing but、none/no other than,nothing
31、 else than、leave nothing to be desired 等。等。例如:It isnt half windy today.Last evening Mond did nothing but repair his telephone.His lecture left nothing to be desired.She is none other than Professor Wang.Shell have them eating out of her hand in no time.四四、否定形式表示肯定意、否定形式表示肯定意义 (一一)no more than 与与not
32、more thanno more than 指确定的数目指确定的数目,强调强调“少少”,译译为为“只只不过不过,仅仅仅仅,才才”;not more than 陈述客观事实陈述客观事实,意意为为“不不超过超过,不多于不多于”。例如:There is room for no more than three cars.This main avenue is not more than eight feet wide.(二二)no less than 与与not less than no less than 强调数目之多强调数目之多,意为意为“多达多达,高达高达”,相当相当于于as much/many
33、 as,与与no more than意思刚好相反意思刚好相反;not less than。例如:Briefly,no less than nine of our agents have passed information to us.Write a narrative of not less than 300 words.五五、容易混淆的否定、容易混淆的否定结构构 (三三)no better than 与与not better than A is no better than B 表达表达A 和和B 都很坏都很坏(差差);而而A is not better than B 只是客观地进行比较只
34、是客观地进行比较,意意为为“A 不比不比B 好好(强强)”。例如:Her English is no better than mine.John is not better than Tom.Jim is no more careful than you.He who listens to truth is not less than he who utters truth.(四四)not a bit 与与not a little not a bit 表示表示“一点也不一点也不”(not at all);not a little 意意为为“非常非常,很很”(much)。例如:Benge is
35、not a bit brave.Tom is not a little brave.五、容易混淆的否定五、容易混淆的否定结构构 (五五)I am no.与与I am not a/an.I am no.意为意为“我绝不是我绝不是”“我不善于我不善于”“我不是我不是的材料的材料”等等,说话说话人在职业上可能是人在职业上可能是,也也可能不是可能不是;而而 I am not a/an.表示表示“我不是我不是”(在职业上在职业上),表明表明身份身份。例如:I am no doctor.I am not a doctor.Simon is no lawyer.Bertha is not a lawyer.五、容易混淆的否定五、容易混淆的否定结构构
