1、动词的被动语态语态的概述n语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。动词分为主动语态和被动语态。语的关系。动词分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。和被动语态可以相互转化。nShe typed a letter.nA letter was typed by her.nGranny takes care of the girl.nThe girl was taken care of by Ganny.
2、1、被动语态的概述被动语态的概述n被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般只有及物动词才也就是动作的对象，一般只有及物动词才有被动语态。有被动语态。nFarming tools are being sent to the countryside.nHe had been invited to teach at a university.2、被动语态的构成被动语态的构成n“be+及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词”。be有人称、数有人称、数和时态的变和时态的变化化。现以动词。现以动词see为例：为例：n注意：注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化
3、为被动语态含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由时，由“情态动词（情态动词（can,may must,have to等）等）+be+动词动词-ed。含有。含有“be going to,be to,used to,be about to”等结构的复合谓语等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to（be to,used to,be about to）+be+动词动词-ed”nI need one more stamp before my collection is completed.（一般现在时被动语态）（一般现在时被动语态）nIve been to
4、ld the sports meet might be put off.nThe water will be further polluted unless some measures are taken.nI was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.nHe must be prevented from going.nThe life of the milu is being studied there.nHe said that the books would be given to the stud
5、ents.3、被动语态的使用范围、被动语态的使用范围（1）不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者）不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者n这时这时不用不用by短语短语nThis jacket is made of cotton.nEnglish is spoken in Canada.（2）为了强调动作的承受者时）为了强调动作的承受者时nVisitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.nThe store is run by the old man.nThe song was composed by a student.（3）出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的
6、）出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者执行者nYou are said to be active recently.nThe plan was generally considered not practical.nIts said that he would come back soon.n常用于如下短语：常用于如下短语：nIts not known that 不得而知不得而知nIts said that nIts reported that nIts not decided thatnIts believed that 据认为据认为nIts announced that4、主动语态变为
7、被动语态、主动语态变为被动语态n遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语；主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；构的主语；主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；主动句中的主语变为主动句中的主语变为by介词短语介词短语，有时介有时介词短语可省词短语可省（1）含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句）含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句n一般将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，一般将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为by的宾语的宾语nEveryone likes the book.The book is liked by ev
8、eryone.nHe wrote a letter.A letter was written by him.（2）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句n有些动词后面可以跟有些动词后面可以跟“宾语宾语+补足语补足语”结构，结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。可以充当宾语这种结构被称作复合宾语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing和和V-ed等。等。n含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语
9、保留不动足语保留不动行为动词行为动词nThey advised her to take the medicine.She was advised to take the medicine.nThey named the boy John.The boy was named John.nWe found him working in the factory.He was found working in the factory.感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时 在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see,watch,hear等）
10、和使役动词（等）和使役动词（make,have）的宾语补足）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号语，通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了构后，要把省略了to再加上。再加上。nThey made him go there alone.He was made to go there alone.nI saw him cross the road and enter the bank.He was seen to cross the road and enter the bank.n注意：注意：动词是动词是let时，其被动结构中仍不带时，其被动结构中仍不带tonTh
11、ey let John go.John was let go.（3）含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句）含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句n直接宾语是名词、代词时直接宾语是名词、代词时n有些动词（有些动词（give,tell,buy等）在句中做谓语等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时动结构时，可以，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般将主动结构的间接另一个保留不动。一般将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变宾语变为被动结构
12、的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词词to（有时可以省去）或（有时可以省去）或for。nShe gave me the book.I was given the book.The book was given to me.nMy mother gave me a pencil.I was given a pencil by my mother.A pencil was given to me by my mother.nFather bought me a new coat.I was bought a new coat.A new c
13、oat was bought for me.n注意注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词的介词to不可省略。不可省略。nThis apple is given to me,not to you.直接宾语是从句时直接宾语是从句时n一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。nSomeone told me where the accident had happened.I was told where the accident had happened.nHe asked me whether the meeting was
14、 to be put off.I was asked whether the meeting was to be put off.（4）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句n通常用通常用it作为被动结构的形式主语作为被动结构的形式主语nNobody knew whether there was gold left in the mine.It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine.nWe believed that he was ill.It was believed that he was ill.n
15、带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构改为不定式结构nHe said the play was very interesting.The play was said to be very interesting.nHe reported that they had finished the project.They were reported to have finished the project.（5）带有情态动词或）带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换的主动句换为被动句为被动句n如果主动句带有情态动词或如果主动句带有情态动词或be
16、 going to(be about to,be to,used to,have to)等，变为被等，变为被动句时，情态动词或动句时，情态动词或be going to等不变，只等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。是后面的主动词变为被动语态。nHe is going to give me a book.I am going to be given a book.nWe must take measures to stop pollution.nMeasures must be taken to stop pollution.5、被动结构的时态、被动结构的时态n由由be的不同时态的不同时态+及物
17、动词及物动词-ed形式构成形式构成（1）一般现在时）一般现在时n一般现在时的被动结构由一般现在时的被动结构由“be的一般现在时的一般现在时（am/is/are）+及物动词及物动词-ed形式形式”构成构成nIn some parts of the world,tea is served with milk and sugar.nFootball is played all over the world.nJack,you are wanted on the phone.nI am asked to do the work.（2）一般过去式）一般过去式n一般过去式的被动结构由一般过去式的被动结构由
18、“be的一般过去式的一般过去式（was/were）+及物动词及物动词-ed形式形式”构成。构成。nShortly after we were seated,a waiter came over to our table with a smile.nThe building was built in 1559.nHis leg was broken in an accident.（3）一般将来时）一般将来时n一般将来时的被动结构由一般将来时的被动结构由“be的一般将来时的一般将来时（shall/will be）+及物动词及物动词-ed形式形式”构成构成nMore factories will b
19、e built in my hometown.nHe will be taken to the park on Sunday.（4）现在进行时）现在进行时n现在进行时的被动结构由现在进行时的被动结构由“be的现在进行时的现在进行时（am/is/are being）+及物动词及物动词-ed”构成构成n-Have you moved into the new house?-Not yet.The rooms are being painted.nThe life of the milu is being studied at present.nA teaching building is bein
20、g built now.（5）过去进行时）过去进行时n过去进行时的被动语态由过去进行时的被动语态由“be的过去进行时的过去进行时（was/were being）+及物动词及物动词-ed”构成构成nWhen I got there,a new road was being built by them.nLast time I went back to my hometown,a big factory was being built there.（6）现在完成时）现在完成时n现在完成时的被动语态由现在完成时的被动语态由“be的现在进行时的现在进行时（has/have been）+及物动词及物动词
21、-ed形式形式”构成。构成。nIve been told the sports meet might be put off.nNo permission has been given for anybody to enter the building.nAll the preparations for the task have been completed and were ready to start.（7）过去完成时）过去完成时n过去完成时的被动语态由过去完成时的被动语态由“be的过去完成时的过去完成时（had been）+及物动词及物动词-ed形式形式”构成。构成。nHe asked
22、me how many English words had been learned by that year.nBy the end of last year,about 2 million Chinese characters had been translated into English.（8）将来完成时）将来完成时n其其被动语态由被动语态由“be的将来完成时（的将来完成时（will/shall have been）+及物动词及物动词-ed”构成。构成。nThe new book will have been finished by the end of the month.nThe
23、building will have been completed before he comes.（9）过去将来完成时）过去将来完成时n过去将来完成时的被动语态是由过去将来完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去的过去将来完成时（将来完成时（would/should have been）+及及物动词的物动词的-ed形式形式”构成。构成。nHe said the articles should have been translated by six oclock.nHe told me that the dam would have been completed by December.n注意：注意：
24、将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用于被动结构，完成进行时没有被动结构。于被动结构，完成进行时没有被动结构。6、含有情态动词或、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态的被动语态n含有情态动词的被动结构是由含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或情态动词或be going to(be about to,used to,be to,have to等等)+be+及物动词的及物动词的-ed形式形式”构成。构成。nThis bike can be mended in two hours.nThe trees may be planted in spring.（可以）（
25、可以）nThe room must be kept clean.nThe flowers should be watered often.nThey have to be given a lot of money.7、短语动词的被动语态、短语动词的被动语态n只有及物动词才有被动语态，有些短语动词只有及物动词才有被动语态，有些短语动词相当于及物动词，相当于及物动词，也也可以有被动语态，但可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。副词。nHave you sent for
26、the doctor?Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生派人去请医生了吗了吗?nThey often made fun of her.She was often made fun of.nShe has been laughed at by her classmates.nI promise that the matter will be taken care of.我答应把这事放在心上。我答应把这事放在心上。n注意：注意：主动结构的谓语动词为主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词不及物动词+名词名词+介词介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，构成的及物的短语动词时，通常
27、把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。nYou should pay more attention to your pronunciation.More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.8、Get型被动语态型被动语态n被动语态的基本形式由被动语态的基本形式由“be+及物动词的过及物动词的过去分词去分词”构成。但构成。但也有也有“get+及物动词的过去及物动词的过去分词分
28、词”构成的被动语态，这叫构成的被动语态，这叫get型被动语态。型被动语态。get型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个动词或比较简单的动词短语。常为单个动词或比较简单的动词短语。（1）get+及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词get常常与与marry,beat,break,damage,tear,strike,hurt,paint,invite,repair,dress,pay,wound等动词的等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构指动作的结果而非动作本身，态。这种结构指动作的结果而非动作本身，指指“最后终于，突然发生最后终
29、于，突然发生”等意义。等意义。nCleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.nHe got wounded in the battle.nThe boy got hurt on his way home.nBe careful when you cross this very busy streetIf not，you may get run over by a carget-型被动语态一般不可接型被动语态一般不可接by短语引出动作短语引出动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+
30、及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词”的形式。的形式。n误：误：The boy got hurt by a car on his way to school.n正：正：The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school.get-型被动语态一般不用在含有双宾语的结型被动语态一般不用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不与构中，也不与see,hear,watch,listen to等感等感官动词构成被动语态。官动词构成被动语态。nThe old man was offered a large sum of money.（正）（正）nThe old man got of
31、fered a large sum of money.(误误)nSome farmers were seen working in the fields.（正）（正）nSome farmers got seen working in the fields.(误误)get-型被动语态有言外之意或具有感情色彩型被动语态有言外之意或具有感情色彩nHe got taught a lesson.他被教训了一顿。他被教训了一顿。（有（有“活该活该”之意）之意）nHow did the window get closed.窗户怎么关窗户怎么关上了？（有上了？（有“不该关上不该关上”之意）之意）get-型被动
32、语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而而be+动词的动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。形式只表示存在的状态。nShe got tired.她感到累了。（有开始感到疲她感到累了。（有开始感到疲劳的含义）劳的含义）nShe was tired.(只表示只表示“她累了她累了”)（2）seem,appear+动词动词-ed形式形式或或stand,rest,grow,become+动词动词-ed也可表示被动语态。也可表示被动语态。nHe seemed annoyed by his words.nTheir curiosity grew aroused.9、by短语在被动语态
33、中的用法短语在被动语态中的用法n从主动句变为被动句以及被动句的使用，都从主动句变为被动句以及被动句的使用，都涉及涉及了了“by+行为者行为者”(即即by短语短语)，by短语有短语有时可省略，有时不可省略时可省略，有时不可省略（1）省略）省略by短语的情况短语的情况主动句是主动句是“主主+谓谓+宾宾+状状”结构结构nThey built the school in 1962.The school was built in 1962.主动句中含有双宾语时。主动句中含有双宾语时。nTom gave me a book.A book was given to me.主动句中含有复合宾语。主动句中含有复
34、合宾语。nThey heard him come.He was heard to come.主动句中含有宾语从句时。主动句中含有宾语从句时。nWe expect that Mary will win.Mary is expected to win.或或:It is expected that Mary will win.当动作的施事者不可知或不易说出时。当动作的施事者不可知或不易说出时。nA great number of new books will be published next year.n在特定的语境或上下在特定的语境或上下文文中，施事者为双方中，施事者为双方所共知，没有必要说出来
35、时。所共知，没有必要说出来时。nHe was made monitor of the class.说话人本身是行为者，但出于某种考虑说话人本身是行为者，但出于某种考虑（为了表示礼貌、措辞婉转等），不愿说（为了表示礼貌、措辞婉转等），不愿说出自己是动作的行为者时。出自己是动作的行为者时。nYou have been told many times not to touch the pictures.n主动句中的主语是句子的强调成分时。主动句中的主语是句子的强调成分时。nEven a child can answer this question.This question can be answe
36、red even by a child.（2）不省略）不省略by的情况的情况如果省去如果省去by短语，句子意思就不完整短语，句子意思就不完整nMr.Brown wrote the letter.The letter was written by Mr.Brown.汉译英时，用英语表达汉语的汉译英时，用英语表达汉语的“被、由、为被、由、为所所”等意思时。等意思时。n America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.nThe telephone was invented by Bell.主动句是以疑问代词作主语的问句时主动句是以疑问代词作主语的问句时nWho
37、discovered America?nWho was America discovered by?n典型例题典型例题 1.An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week A.are to be held B.is to be held C.are holding Dwill hold 2The question he asked is hard _ A.for answer B.to answer Cto be answered D.answering3By the end of last year,another new gymna
38、sium _ in Beijing.A.would be completed B.was being completed C.has been complete D.had been completed 4More than a dozen students in that school abroad to study medicine last year.A.sent B.were sent C.had sent D.had been sent5.After a fire broke out in the lab,a lot of equipment.A.is damaged B.had d
39、amaged C.damaged D.was damaged6.Great changes _in the city,and a lot of factories_.A.have been taken placehave been set up B.have taken placehave been set up C.have taken placehave set up D.were taken placewere set up 7.Do you like the material?Yes,it_ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt 8.Why did you leave that position?I a better position at IBM.A.offer B.offered C.am offered D.was offeredB B D B D B C D
