1、专题十六 完形填空知识清单一、命题特点完形填空题是通过阅读考查学生语言知识及综合运用能力的一种测试形式。命题人在一段难度适度的文章中留出515个空白,要求考生从所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,使补足的短文意思通顺、结构完整。完形填空是介于单项填空和阅读理解之间的一种题型。可以说它是根据一篇文章所提供的情景进行的选择填空,也可以说它是在缺少个别单词情况下的阅读理解。完形填空既有对语法规则、习惯用法和词语搭配的考查,又有对文章内容的通篇理解。完形填空主要考查以下三个方面的内容:1. 词汇:此类题目考查的内容是:近义词的区别,词语的固定搭配和习惯用法。近几年陕西省中考题中的完形填空题
2、考查的词汇类别涉及到名词、代词、动词、介词、连词、形容词、副词和短语动词。2. 语法:此类题目考查的是:各种语法规则在文章中的运用。其中包括名词的单复数,形容词、副词的比较等级,动词的时态和语态,介词、数词、代词和连词的用法,主谓一致,各种从句的用法等。3. 结构:此类题目考查的是:文章中间句子与句子之间,段落与段落之间,上文与下文之间的逻辑关系。从设空的类型看可分为三个层次:(1)句子层次;(2)句组层次;(3)全篇层次。设空的难度,从句子层次到句组层次,再到全篇层次,依次增加。分析近几年各地区的完形填空题,我们可以看出设空主要以句子层次为主,以句组层次为辅,几乎没有全篇层次题目。因此总体难
3、度较低。二、考点分析完形填空题是一种旨在考查学生语法和词汇知识综合运用能力的典型题型。它结合了单项选择题和短文填空的优点,既考查词语搭配、近义词辨异、动词时态、句型结构、复合句的关联和习惯用法等,又考查了逻辑推理和事理推断能力。1. 完形填空题要求填入的词 (1)语法结构所要求的功能词,如连接词、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词、关系副词等;(2)具有语法变化的普通词,如动词的时态、语态、语气,名词的数,代词的格,形容词和副词的级等;(3)固定搭配短语或词组中的特定词;(4)同义词、近义词等易混淆词;(5)根据上、下文意思及结构必须填入的确定词。可见,完形填空是一种综合性较强的题型。它的突出特点是
4、起点高、容量大。同学们只有具备了扎实的语言基本功、较好的阅读能力及归纳判断能力,才能适应这一题型。2. 完形填空题的考查目的 (1)考查同学们阅读理解能力;(2)考查同学们语法知识;(3)考查同学们综合运用英语知识的水平和实践能力。提分策略一、解题步骤 近年来完形填空试题的考点已由在语篇中考查语法逐渐转向对语篇的整体理解。比如多数试题所设选项如单从语法角度来判定都是正确的,但一旦联系语篇内容,则只有一个正确答案。解答这类试题考生除必须掌握一定的语法、词汇知识外,还有赖于提高阅读理解能力。该题型的技巧如下:1. 通读全文,了解大意要着眼大局,速读全文。用34分钟,以略读方式快速浏览全文,从语篇整
5、体上了解文章的主题,文体特征,找出作者的观点,态度,思路,结合段首句、段尾句和含有连贯意义的词语,找到文章展开的,句与句以及段与段之间的逻辑关系。2. 瞻前顾后,逐步填空逐句通读全文,各个击破,做到通读与猜测并行。对含义明显的词汇,固定搭配或习惯用法,常用句式等纯知识问题,可以边读边随时猜测出答案。针对在通读过程中未能轻易猜测出答案的题目,利用上下文中、字里行间的线索猜测出答案。3. 认真复查,适当调整检查核实,通读选定答案后的全文。此时的文章应当是一个语法结构正确,用词准确,上下文逻辑关系严密,主题突出,内容充实,意思连贯的整体。如果发现个别填空使文章文理不通,语法结构有问题,就说明选答不正
6、确。对这样的填空应该认真推敲,进行调整。可以从以下几个方面对所选答案进行核查:(1)所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容,使上下文连贯和谐,与全文意义相协调;(2)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配;(3)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求;(4)所选词本身和附近的词有无特殊要求,如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。【例1】(2014山东枣庄)One Friday night, a poor young man stood at a gate of the railway station, playing his violin. Many people put mo
7、ney into the hat 1 in front of him. The next day, 2 young man came to the gate of the railway station again, and put his hat on the ground. But 3 what he always did in the past days, he took out a large piece of paper and laid it on the ground. It said, “Last night, a gentleman named George Sang put
8、 an important thing into my hat by mistake. Please come soon, Mr Sang.” After about half an hour, a middle-aged man ran to the young man 4 and said “Its you! You do come here. I know that youre an honest man and will certainly 5 here.” The young man asked “Are you Mr George Sang? Did you lose anythi
9、ng?” “A lottery(奖券) ticket.” answered the middle-aged man. The young man took out a lottery ticket and gave it to the man. The prize of the lottery ticket was $ 500, 000. Yesterday when the middle-aged man knew he 6, he was very happy. He took out 50 dollars and put it in the hat. However, the lotte
10、ry ticket was also 7 in. Later, someone asked the young man, “You 8 the violin in the railway station every day to make money. Why didnt you just take the prize of the lottery ticket for yourself?” The young man said, “Although I dont have much money, I live 9. But I lose 10. I wont be happy forever
11、.”1. A. lyingB. sleepingC. bowingD. dropping2. A. 不填B. aC. anD. the3. A. far fromB. similar toC. different fromD. same as4. A. slowlyB. in a hurryC. stronglyD. sleepily 5. A. hideB. comeC. fleeD. leave6. A. lostB. wonC. fellD. chased7. A. filledB. pulledC. kickedD. thrown8. A. playB. sellC. buyD. re
12、pair9. A. sadlyB. happilyC. normallyD. lively10. A. jobB. pleasureC. honestyD. purse【主旨大意】本文是一篇记叙文,文章讲述了一名靠拉小提琴谋生的年轻人,无意中得到了别人的中奖奖券,然后归还了回去的故事。告诉我们在生活中诚实更重要。1. A解析: lying躺在,位于;sleeping睡觉;bowing鞠躬;dropping掉下。很多人把钱放进“位于”他前面的帽子。故选A。2. D解析:由上文中的“a poor young man”可知,第二次提到表示特指,使用定冠词the。3. C由下文中的“he took o
13、ut a large piece of paper and laid it on the ground”可知,“不同”前几天做的。different from表示“与不同”,符合文意。 4. B解析:由上文中的“a middle-aged man ran to the young man”和下文“Its you! You do come here.”可知,中年男子是“匆忙”跑去的。in a hurry表示“匆忙”,符合文意。5. B解析:hide藏;come来;flee逃跑;leave离开。我知道你是个诚实的人,一定会“来”这儿的。故选B。6. B解析:lost丢失;won赢得,获得;fell
14、倒下;chased追逐。由下文“he was very happy”和“He took out 50 dollars and put it in the hat.”可知,此处表示“当中年人知道他获奖的时候”。故选B。7. D解析:filled充满;pulled拉;kicked踢;thrown扔。然而,奖券也被“扔”进去了。故选D。8. A解析:由上文中的“One Friday night, a poor young man stood at a gate of the railway station, playing his violin.”可知,你每天在火车站“拉”小提琴赚钱。表示“拉小提琴
15、”使用play the violin。故选A。9. B解析:sadly悲伤地;happily高兴地;normally正常地;lively生动地。虽然我没有很多钱,但是我“快乐地”生活。故选B。10. Cjob工作;pleasure高兴;honesty诚实;purse钱包。但是我失去“诚实”,我会永远不快乐。故选C。【例2】(2013广西南宁)A man was driving his car on a country road. Suddenly two three-legged chickens ran across the road. “Wow! How 1 those chickens
16、run!” said the man. He was really curious (好奇的) about these chickens, 2 he followed the road where the chickens had just come from. Finally, he came to a farm. There were many three-legged chickens running around. The farmer came out to greet him. “How is it possible to breed (繁殖) these chickens?” a
17、sked the man. The farmer explained, “Our family all love eating chickens legs. We tried and created the three-legged chickens, so that we could eat even 3 chicken legs every day!”“Interesting! How does the chickens 4?”asked the man. “Well, there is a 5 we havent been able to catch one yet!” said the
18、 farmer. 1. A. slowlyB. quickC. suddenD. fast2. A. butB. asC. soD. or3. A. manyB. muchC. moreD. several4. A. runB. tasteC. breedD. come5. A. problemB. topicC. chanceD. story【主旨大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是一个农场主因为家人喜欢吃鸡腿,而奇迹般的创造了“三只腿”的鸡,然而却因为鸡跑得太快,至今都没吃到这种“三只腿”的鸡。1. D解析:根据最后一句“we havent been able to catch one
19、yet!”,“到现在为止,我们一只鸡也没抓住”可推知,鸡跑得很快,故答案选D项。2. C解析:根据上句“他对这些鸡非常好奇”可推知,“所以他就沿着鸡来的方向沿路寻找,最后他来到了一家农场”,故答案选C项。3. C解析:由上文“家人都爱吃鸡腿”可推知,创造出“三只腿”的鸡是为了吃到“更多的”鸡腿,故答案选C项。4. B解析:联系上文可知,这个好奇的人已经知道了这种“三只腿”的鸡怎么繁殖来的,也知道了这种“三只腿”的鸡跑得有多快,接下来就想知道味道如何了,故答案选B项。5. A解析:由“we havent been able to catch one yet!”,“到现在为止,我们一只鸡也没抓住”
20、可推知,要想知道这种“三只腿”的鸡的味道如何,还真是个难题呢,故答案选A项。二、 技巧点拨在实际考试过程中,考生可以借鉴以下几种解题策略:1. 运用语篇知识完形填空不同于单项选择,作为一个意思连贯,结构完整的语篇,利用篇章知识是做完形填空的非常重要的技巧和手段。(1)利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取信息。通常,完形填空的第一句话甚至前几句话都是完整的,为考生提供足够的信息,去挖掘文章思路,而且,这里往往包含主题句,或为理解文章的大意和主要内容提供必要的线索。(2)把握文章发展的基本线索,搞清段落和句子之间的逻辑关系。完形填空是一篇有完整内容且按照一定思路发展的文章,各段各句之间都有逻辑上的必然联
21、系。应熟记表达不同逻辑关系的连词:表示列举的连词:first, second, third.表示原因的连词:because, since.表示结果的连词:so, therefore.(3)利用上下文寻找解题信息。完形填空的文章都是一个意义相关联的语篇。它围绕一个话题论述,在行文中词语重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则,某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的有关词,我们可以根据这些动词之间的联系确定答案。所以,解题时,应联系上下文,寻找相关线索。2. 运用词汇、语法等方面的语言知识词意理解和辨析以及语法结构是完形填空的测试重点,因此可以充分发挥积累的语言基础知识
22、,利用搭配知识解题。3. 运用背景知识、社会常识解题解答完形填空题时,考生的英语语言知识和有关社会的知识都发挥着重要的作用。完形填空的文章的内容经常与日常生活相关,有的内容是我们头脑中已经了解的常识。当对语言的把握不很准确时,可充分利用社会知识和科普常识来帮助判断。【例1】(2014 江苏镇江)Recently, I felt like I reached a very low point in life. My relationships werent good, I wasnt enjoying my classes, and I felt like I had nothing to1.
23、My life seemed to be full of endless homework, tests and loneliness. Nothing anyone said seemed2 to me. I wasnt sure what to do about myself. All I wanted was to be happy again, but I didnt know who or what would3 that. During these days, I had trouble sleeping. I had to take sleeping pills but stil
24、l woke up in the midnight. I had no4 but to tell my dad. He5 the book The Secret. I immediately bought the e-book online and read the whole thing that night. Im6 quite a stubborn person, but the effect on my mood after finishing the book was7. Suddenly, I felt like life was beautiful again. I had ne
25、ver felt such a deep and quick8 in my life before. In fact, the books message was very simplethink positively(积极地). The book had many success stories about how people were able to9 money, soul mates(心灵伙伴)and old friends back into their lives. I started learning to thank everything in my life like th
26、em. Little by little, I realized that The Secret could only work10 I believed these peoples success stories. Now Im sure I can bring myself happiness. 1. A. take care ofB. come up withC. look down onD. look forward to2. A. helpfulB. colourfulC. peacefulD. powerful3. A. serveB. offerC. answerD. preve
27、nt4. A. problemB. ideaC. needD. doubt5. A. borrowedB. collectedC. returnedD. recommended6. A. normallyB. mainlyC. finallyD. probably7. A. realisticB. commonC. obviousD. serious8. A. breathB. noticeC. surpriseD. change9. A. attractB. controlC. imagineD. mention10. A. untilB. WhenC. unlessD. before【主旨
28、大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者遭遇了人生的低谷时期。包括糟糕的人际关系、不喜欢上课、没完没了的作业、考试、孤独感和失眠等。后来作者的父亲给孩子推荐了一本电子书秘诀,读完这本书后作者的生活发生了彻底的改变,重新给自己找回了快乐。1. D解析:考查动词短语辨析。take care of照顾;come up with想出;look down on看不起;look forward to期待。根据上文“人际关系很糟,不愿意上课”提示空格处,用look forward to,修饰nothing作定语,表示“没有什么可期待的”,说明生活失去目标。故选D。2. A解析:考查形容词辨析。helpful有
29、帮助的;colourful色彩鲜艳的;peaceful和平的;powerful有力量的。否定意义的nothing和前文“没完没了的作业、考试和孤独感”提示用形容词helpful,意为“任何人说的话对我都没有帮助”。故选A。3. B解析:考查动词辨析。serve服务;offer提供;answer回答;prevent阻止。根据句意:我所需要的就是开心起来,但是我不知道什么人或什么事能让我开心。故选B。 4. B解析:考查名词辨析。problem问题;idea主意;need需要;doubt疑惑。根据下文“告诉我父亲”提示可知,句意为:除了告诉父亲外我没有其他主意。故选B。5. D解析:考查动词辨析。
30、borrow借;collect收集;return归还;recommend推荐。根据句意他给我推荐了秘诀这本书。故选D。6. A解析:考查副词辨析。normally一般地,通常地;mainly主要地;finally最后地;probably可能地。根据句意:通常我是一个很固执的人,这和下文but表达的转折句意贯通。故选A。7. C解析:考查形容词辨析。realistic现实的;common普通的;obvious明显的;serious严肃的,认真的。句意为:但是读完这本书之后对我的情绪影响是明显的。故选C。8. D解析:考查名词辨析。breath呼吸;notice通知;surprise奇迹;chan
31、ge变化。形容词deep和quick修饰名词change,说明“生活发生了迅速的、深刻的改变”。故选D。9. A解析:考查动词辨析。attract吸引;control控制;imagine想象;mention提到。句意为:这本书有很多成功的故事,这些故事是关于人们如何能把金钱,心灵伙伴和老朋友吸引回到生活中来。故选A。10. B解析:考查连词辨析。until直到;when什么时候;unless除非;before在以前。句意:我意识到,当我相信这些人的成功的经历时,秘诀这本书才会发挥作用。故选B。【例2】(2013四川遂宁)Do you know how to listen to teachers
32、 better in class? When your teacher 1 in class, do you catch every word? If you miss many words, how can you learn well? So you need to learn how to listen carefully. Sit near the front of the classroom and clear your mind. That is, dont think about 2. Follow the teachers every minute. Look at your
33、teacher. By doing so, it will be 3 for you to follow the teachers. If you cant understand anything, ask a question. You can also talk to the teacher about what 4. Dont talk to other students around you or play with something when the teacher isnt looking at you. 5 until they become something you alw
34、ays do in class. 1. A. teachB. teachesC. teaching2. A. new somethingB. something strangeC. anything else3. A. more difficultB. the most difficultC. less difficult4. A. do you thinkB. you thinkC. you thought5. A. Remember theseB. Forget theseC. Read these【主旨大意】 本文是一篇说明文,说明了如何在课堂上更好地听讲。具体介绍了一些方法,如课堂上要
35、仔细听,不可开小差;不会的要问老师,提出自己的疑问等等。1. B解析:考查谓语动词的形式。由本句的主语your teacher可知为第三人称单数,故谓语用三单形式,故选B。2. C解析:考查不定代词。由上下文的含义可知是告诉你不要想其他的任何东西,故选C。3. C解析:考查形容词的比较级。由上下文的含义可知如果你做到了上面的那些,你就会比较容易的跟上老师的讲课,所以在理解老师上就会有更少的困难。4. B解析:考查名词词意辨析。根据上下文可知应该是跟老师交谈一下自己的想法,故选B。5. A解析:考查词意辨析。remember these记住这些;forget these忘了这些;read the
36、se读到这些,由含义可知A为正确选项。专项训练完形填空一(2014山东菏泽)Happiness is for everyone, and you dont need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with 1 and swimming pools or those who have nice cars 2 a lot of money and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often 3 lonely and those who have cars
37、may want to walk on the country roads in their free time. In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in 4 at school, your friends will help you; when you study at your lessons, your parents are always 5 good care of your life and your health; when you get 6,
38、your friends will say congratulations to you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to 7 it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your happiness. If you notice those things, you can see that happiness is always 8 you. Happiness is n
39、ot the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor,you can also say you are very happy because you have something else that cant be bought with money. When you meet difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy because you have more chances to 9 yourself. So you cannot alwa
40、ys say you are poor or you have bad luck. As the saying goes: Life is like a revolving(转动的)door. When it 10, it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person. 1. A. treesB. flowersC. gardensD. cars2. A. andB. withC. butD. for3. A. beB. feelC. seemD. live4. A. wron
41、gB. troubleC. problemD. danger5. A. makingB. talkingC. feelingD. taking6. A. regretB. troubleC. decisionD. success7. A. correctB. forgetC. changeD. know8. A. beforeB. aroundC. followD. for9. A. developB. progressC. challengeD. exercise10. A. goesB. sleepsC. movesD. closes完形填空二(2014江苏扬州二模)Dear Laura,
42、I just heard you tell an old story of gift giving and unselfish love in your program. You doubted that such unselfish love would happen in todays world. Well, Im here to give you 1. I wanted to do something very 2 for my fifteen-year-old son, who has always been the perfect child. He 3 all summer to
43、 earn enough money to buy a used motorcycle. Then, he spent hours and hours on it 4 it looked almost new. I was so 5 of him that I bought him the shiniest helmet and a riding outfit (一套服装).I could 6 wait for him to open up his gift. In fact, I hardly slept the night before. Upon awakening, I went to
44、 the kitchen to start the coffee, tea, and morning food. In the living room was a beautiful keyboard with a 7: “To my wonderful mother, all my love, your son.” I was so 8. It had been a long-standing (长期存在的) joke in our family that I wanted a piano so that I could 9 lessons. “Learn to play the piano
45、, and Ill get you one.” was my husbands response(反应).I stood there shocked, crying a river, asking myself how my son could 10 this expensive gift. Of course, the house awoke, and my son was excited with my reaction. Many kisses were 11, and I immediately wanted him to 12 my gift. As he saw the helme
46、t and outfit, the look on his face was not 13 what I was expecting. Then I 14 that he has sold the motorcycle to get me the keyboard. Of course I was the proudest mother ever on that day, and my feet never hit the ground for a month. So I wanted you to know, that kind of love still exists(存在) and li
47、ves even in the ever-changing world of me, me, me!I thought youd love to 15 this story with me. Yours,HilaryP. S. The next day, my husband and I bought him a new “used” already shiny motorcycle.1. A. an exampleB. adviceC. supportD. courage2. A. politeB. similarC. specialD. private3. A. playedB. studiedC. traveledD. worked4. A. afterB. beforeC. unlessD. until5. A. sureB. fondC. proudD. confident6. A. perhapsB. reallyC. almostD. hardly7. A. noteB. noticeC. wordD. sign8
