1、基本要求基本要求对写话要求的解读：对写话要求的解读：能根据要求写不少于能根据要求写不少于60个词的常见文体个词的常见文体的短文的短文,在文中能对在文中能对人物人物、事件事件、物件物件和和场所场所等作简单的等作简单的描述描述和和议论议论。内容贴切，。内容贴切，意思连贯，语言基本正确。意思连贯，语言基本正确。写话总体要求：写话总体要求：v1 1）使用正确的时态）使用正确的时态v2 2）使用正确的词语）使用正确的词语v3 3）要有清晰的思路）要有清晰的思路v4 4）要有变化的句子）要有变化的句子v5 5）要有一定的连接）要有一定的连接1.1.审题立意审题立意2.2.结构安排结构安排3.3.语句组织语
2、句组织4.4.文采润色文采润色5.5.检查修改检查修改写作的基本步骤写作的基本步骤:1)1)审文体审文体2)2)审要求审要求3)3)审人称审人称4)4)审时态审时态审题立意审题立意 审什么审什么?审文体审文体v例如：例如：1）AhistoricaleventOurlastvisittotheagriculturalpark记叙文记叙文2）HowtobehonestMyattitudetowardstheuniformrule议论文议论文两种文体的结合物两种文体的结合物例如：例如：Writeane-mailtoyourparentsaboutyourstudytripinLondon1 1）记叙
3、文与）记叙文与e-maile-mail的两者结合的两者结合2 2）正文部分：记叙文体；）正文部分：记叙文体；开头和结尾部分：开头和结尾部分：e-mail e-mail 的格式的格式3 3）对一件事情在记叙之后给出些许的议论）对一件事情在记叙之后给出些许的议论审题立意审题立意 审要求（审要求（1）给出Key words：1.1.充分利用关键词，按逻辑运用到作文中充分利用关键词，按逻辑运用到作文中,紧扣主紧扣主 题。题。2.2.在此基础上加上自己的词汇和句式表达，让最后在此基础上加上自己的词汇和句式表达，让最后 的成文有自己的风格和想法。的成文有自己的风格和想法。*给出给出Question cue
4、s:（近两年常用形式）1.1.简单要求：把这些问题用完整句回答再加上适当简单要求：把这些问题用完整句回答再加上适当 的上下连接就可以成为一篇比较合格的作文了。的上下连接就可以成为一篇比较合格的作文了。2.2.想让文章出彩，就必须对它进行想让文章出彩，就必须对它进行“精雕细琢精雕细琢”。3.3.注意有无注意有无“短文须包含下列要素短文须包含下列要素”之类的要求。之类的要求。审题立意审题立意 审要求（审要求（2）给出Beginning:1.1.意味着接下去的下文一定是和给出的既定意味着接下去的下文一定是和给出的既定开头衔接自然。开头衔接自然。2.2.注意隐藏的人称和时态注意隐藏的人称和时态给出In
5、formation table:对文章的内容框钉地较对文章的内容框钉地较“死死”，内容的表述，内容的表述必必须符合表格中给出的信息。须符合表格中给出的信息。审题立意审题立意 审人称审人称v书信、书信、e-mail：we或或IvHisspendinghabits：hevTobealovelyShanghainese：we或或IvLeavingschool：we或或IvGrowingpainsandgains：we或或IvMybelovedperson：he或或she审题立意审题立意 审时态审时态1）A historical event Our last visit to the agricult
6、ural park文章主体用过去时2）How to be honest My attitude towards the uniform rule His spending habits文章主体用一般现在时3）A plan for the weekend A design for the study trip文章主体用一般将来时特殊情况特殊情况:1.两种或以上的时态在同一篇作文中混用 2.要求较高需对不同层次的时态情况具体 分析(建议:尽量避免)审题立意审题立意 1.有新意Peopleinbigcitiesusuallydislike workers from the country.Itsab
7、adhabit.Workersarethemenwhohelptobuildthecity.Theyalsohelptomakethecitybetter.Withoutthem,acitycantdevelop.Peopleneedtocareforthemandbefairtothem.Whatsmore,lawsshouldbemadetoprotectthemasacitizen.Inthisway,therelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbecomebetter.审题立意审题立意 立意立意(1)(1)2.有高度歧视外来务工者,视角独特A bad habit立意
8、立意(2)(2)误区误区:hate too much homework hate to take too many exams hate to have no time for fun hate to be made to go to tutors控诉大会,投诉信缺乏应有的健康立意，没有高度例如例如:The things I hate to do建议建议:反题正写反题正写例如例如:hate to waste time hate to waste water hate to tell lies hate to cheat in the exams审题立意审题立意 2.有高度*议论性命题写话主要类
9、型议论性命题写话主要类型1 1、“我认为我认为”型型如如“My view on fast food”（弊多利少）（弊多利少）2.2.“一分为二一分为二.”型型.如如:“Exam”（利多弊少）（利多弊少）3 3、“二选一型二选一型”如如:“Is it necessary for middle school students to own mobiles phones?”4 4、“怎样怎样（how tohow to）”型型如如:“Howtokeepfit?”5 5、“抒发感受抒发感受”型型如如:“0urJuniorSchoolLife”注重发表个人观注重发表个人观点，可以议论为点，可以议论为主主,
10、记叙为辅记叙为辅抒发个人生活感悟，可抒发个人生活感悟，可以夹叙夹议为主以夹叙夹议为主审题立意审题立意 正文正文第一层意思第二层意思开头结尾结构安排结构安排写什么？写什么？例:How can we relax(如何放松自己)v须包含须包含:1)HowdoyoufeelasyouareaGradeNinestudent?2)Writeatleasttwowayswecanusetorelax.3)Whatisyourfavouritewaytorelax?Andtellyourreason.结构安排结构安排 词词句句段段篇篇循序渐进循序渐进全全面面掌掌握握“考考纲纲”词词汇汇熟熟练练运运用用基基本
11、本句句型型连连句句成成段段注注意意衔衔接接谋篇润色注意文采写作的基本过程写作的基本过程many ways to relaxQ2:listening to music,having ball gamesQ3:reading Q3:enrich my knowledge a pleasure Q1:busy and tired,need to relaxhave a good way to relax以词定基本结构(全面掌握全面掌握“考纲考纲”词汇词汇)结构安排结构安排I feel busy and tired as I am a Grade Nine student.We can have ma
12、ny ways to relax ourselves.句(连词成句，熟练运用基本句型熟练运用基本句型)We need to relax.We often listen to music and have ball games in our spare time.I like reading best.It can enrich my knowledge.It is a pleasure.We should have a good way to relax ourselves.语句组织语句组织Para 1:I feel busy and tired as I am a Grade Nine st
13、udent.So we need to relax.Para 2:We can have many ways to relax ourselves.For example,we often listen to music and have ball games in our spare time.But I like reading best,because it can enrich my knowledge.And I think reading is a pleasure as well.段(连句成段，注意连句成段，注意)Para 3:In one word,we should have
14、 a good way to relax ourselves.语句组织语句组织衔接衔接1、用于开篇引出：nowadays、It is adj.to do、I think2、有关“承”的常用词语.用来承接上文,表递进.also/too、besides、in addition、in fact、in other words、of course、more importantly、in addition、whats more3、有关“转”的常用词语.用来表示不同或相反.however、though/although、but、yet 4、用于总结的词语 generally speaking、in a wo
15、rd、as you can see常用的衔接词常用的衔接词语句组织语句组织v开头篇文采润色v结尾v修辞v副词的使用v句式变化v举例文采润色文采润色段开头1.开门见山式的开头文章一开头就可以直截了当交待清楚文章的主题文章一开头就可以直截了当交待清楚文章的主题是什么。是什么。ve.g.1)“Mylifeatschool”(我的校园生活我的校园生活)：Mylifeatschoolisbothbusyandcolourful2)“Howtobehonest”(怎样做到诚实怎样做到诚实)：HonestyisoneofthebestqualitiesAnhonestmanisalwaysreliablea
16、ndcanbetrusted2、交代几个“W”的开头（when,who,where,what 等）此类一般为记事性文章，先把时间、人物、地点此类一般为记事性文章，先把时间、人物、地点、事件等诸多要素交待清楚。、事件等诸多要素交待清楚。e.g.“AvisittoEastAgriculturePark”(去东方农业去东方农业园的一次参观园的一次参观)：LastFriday,ourclasspaidavisittoEastAgriculturePark.Wegatheredattheschoolgateandwenttherebyschoolbus.Ittookushalfanhourtogetth
17、ere.开头3、介绍场景式的开头即开头利用自然景物或自然场景引出要介绍的即开头利用自然景物或自然场景引出要介绍的事物。事物。e.g.“Anaturaldisaster”(一次自然灾害一次自然灾害)：Itwasaclearnight.Allthestreetswerenearlyempty.Thewholecityhadfallenasleep.Suddenly,adeadlyearthquakehitTangshan.开头4、交待写作目的的开头在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要谈论一个什么问题等。要谈论一个什么问题等。e.g.“Abadhabit
18、”(一个坏习惯)：Inthisarticle,Ishalldrawyourattentiontoabadhabitthatweusuallydoinourdailylife.开头5、用问句开头用问句的形式来吸引阅读者的眼球。e.g.“Whatisyourfamilyeducationlike?”（你（你们家的家庭教育方式是怎样的）：们家的家庭教育方式是怎样的）：Whatisyourfamilyeducationlike?Areyouinfavourofitornot?Idliketotellyousomethingaboutmyfamilyeducationtoday.开头v6、用名人名言开头
19、用名言开头是一种相当具有说服力的一种方用名言开头是一种相当具有说服力的一种方法。法。e.g.“Whatmakesagoodfriend?”：AnEnglishproverbsays“Afriendissomeonewhowalksinwhenotherswalkout.”Soyouseewhatmakesagoodfriend.开头1、首尾呼应式的结尾在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。e.g.“Water”(水水)：v开头：开头：Waterisoneofthemosti
20、mportantnaturalresourcesintheworld.v结尾：结尾：Inoneword,waterissoimportantthatweshouldsaveasmuchwateraspossibleinourlives.Tips:要避免同一句话在首尾的简单重复要避免同一句话在首尾的简单重复,没有变化。没有变化。结尾2、重复主题句式的结尾结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。句上，达到强调的效果。e.g.“Myfavouritecity”(我最喜爱的城市我最喜爱的城市)：Iloveitsancientbuildings.Il
21、oveitscolorfulculture.Iloveitshospitablepeople.AndIlovethisbeautifulcity,Beijing.结尾3、自然式的结尾随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。e.g.“MylastNewYearsEvedinner”(我的上一次我的上一次年夜饭年夜饭)：WecheeredfortheNewYearsluckandtalkedwitheachotherforalongtime.Itwasverylatewhenwegothome,butsmileoneveryfaceandhappinessineve
22、ryheart.结尾v4、含蓄式的结尾用含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而用含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考，但意义却非是让读者自己去领会和思考，但意义却非常之深刻。常之深刻。e.g.“Mybestfriend”(我最好的朋友我最好的朋友)：Wecanlivewithoutabrother,butwecannotlivewithoutfriends.结尾5、反问式的结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。e.g.“Schoolrules”(学校规章制度学校规章制度)
23、:Everystudentshouldobservetheschoolrules.Dontyouagree,boysandgirls?结尾6 6、与读者共勉式的结尾、与读者共勉式的结尾结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。e.g.“Pollution”(污染污染)：Everybody,dontputitoff.Letstakeactionstofightagainstpollutionandmakeourearthgreener!结尾7、夸张煽情式结尾这样的结尾希望得到读者的共鸣或引起大家的深这样的结尾希望得到读者的共鸣或引起大家的深思，得到心灵上
24、的震撼。思，得到心灵上的震撼。e.g.“Water”：vIfwedontsavewaternow,thelastdropofthewaterontheearthwillbeourtear.结尾展开句能为主题句所服务，紧扣中心论点，展开句能为主题句所服务，紧扣中心论点，句式、词汇有变化。句式、词汇有变化。如：如：一种意思多种表达法一种意思多种表达法Reading is fun.Reading is enjoyable.Reading is a pleasure.Reading makes us happy.Reading offers us a lot of fun.We can get gre
25、at fun by reading from books.Reading provides not only knowledge but also fun for us.句式变化又如：又如：被动语态的合理使用在适当的场合使用一定的被动句会让文章不单一，有波澜 如：Our monitor Our monitor is a warm-hearted,generous boy and he is welcomed by all the classmates.V.S.Our monitor is a warm-hearted,generous boy and all the classmates we
26、lcome him.(太平淡)句式变化常用句型常用句型1、表示现象表示现象 Nowadays,more and more people like to surf the net.2、发表观点发表观点 1)It is pleasant to go on a trip.2)I think it is necessary for students to take exams from time to time.3)In my opinion,students should wear school uniform because they look neat and tidy.3 3、其它：、其它：句
27、式变化做某事能收益做某事能收益1）Volunteering is a good way of gaining experience.2)Volunteering makes us promote personal growth.3)We can learn a lot by volunteering.4)Volunteering is one of the most popular and important ways，which can help us a lot.句式变化表示转折表示转折1）Although we need recreation,we shouldnt spend too
28、much time relaxing.2)The internet is so useful,but we have to be careful with it when we surf the net because there are some unhealthy websites.3)Homework is really important to students,however,teachers should give us proper amount of homework.句式变化表示目的表示目的1）In order to improve ourselves,we can read
29、 many different kinds of books,which are helpful to our study.2)We should study hard so that we can do something better for our city in the future.句式变化表示因果表示因果1)As the entrance exam is coming,all the students are busy with their study.2)Almost all the students like maths lessons because Mr Lei alway
30、s makes his lessons interesting.3)Pollution has become a serious problem,so we teenagers should also try our best to fight against it.句式变化 表示条件表示条件 1）If you want to learn English well,you have to practice it as much as possible.2)We cannot learn better unless we have good study habits 句式变化 表示结果表示结果
31、1)Football is such an interesting sport that most people enjoy it.2)Now we have got so much homework that almost everyone doesnt go to bed until 11.句式变化表示和表示和/不但不但.而且而且 1)Reading is not only interesting but also helpful to us.2)Both study and recreation are important.3)Almost all the boys like takin
32、g part in sports as well as playing computer games.句式变化愿愿 望望 1)I hope to get good marks in the following exam.2)I hope we can realize our dreams.3)My hope is to become a volunteer for the 2010 Expo.句式变化举例e.g.He is a warm-hearted boy and always ready to help others.For example,when I meet with any di
33、fficulty in my study,he always gives me a helping hand.可使用词组：To take as an example for example for instancesuch as让文章中提出的一个观点更具说服力，举例！用伟人、专家的话来证明自己的观点，来扩容正文部分也不失为一种好方法。e.g.Many experts say if we dont protect our environment,some precious animals will die out and natural resources will be used up som
34、e day.引用正反对比 巧妙运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思，因此恰当运用反义词语必不可少。一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，就应尽量选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。修辞1)如“Owning a private car”一文中可以有这样的表达：Owning a private car brings us a lot of convenience but trouble as well.1)如“The advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad”，可以这样表达：If we get the chance t
35、o study abroad,we can have friends similar to us and friends different from us.句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调如:“My best friend”可以有这样的表达：He gives me help when I am confused;he gives me faith when I am weak;he gives me smile when I succeed.修辞排比 为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。如“What makes a good friend?”，可以有这样的表达：Frien
36、ds are silver.Friends are gold.Friends are the most precious treasure in our whole life.修辞重复适当的比喻能让语句更形象生动，刻画更深刻1)如“My life of Junior Three”：Having more classes，doing more homework，taking more exams become the main melody in my life of Junior Three.2)如“The person I admire most”：He is a giant in my h
37、eart.修辞比喻使用与人不同的表达方式，打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子更受欢迎。这样的句子从哪里来？课文中、平时阅读中的精彩句是我们最好的资源。描写一个人愉快的心情，我们可以用:He is happy.V.S.There is a song in his heart,cheer on his face,and a spring in his step.模仿自模仿自马克马克吐温的吐温的”TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”，新世纪英语新世纪英语九上九上:There was a song in every heart,cheer on every face,and a spri
38、ng in every step.好句摘用适当的副词使用可以增强句子的语气和表达的力度，突显语言使用和描述能力。比较:I needed help at that time.()I needed help very much at that time.()I badly needed help at that time.()副词的使用文章润色的原则1.选择2-3种方法对文章进行润色,让全文有几个“亮”点。2.使用要自然不能生搬硬套,否则会象装上假肢。e.g.UnderstandingThe person who gets well along with others and loves all
39、things around me is me.(繁复罗嗦,生搬硬套定语从句)动手改一改I feel busy and tired as I am a Grade Nine student.So we need to relax.We can have many ways to relax ourselves.For example,we often listen to music and have ball games in our spare time.But I like reading best,because it can enrich my knowledge.And I think
40、 reading is a pleasure as well.In one word,we should have a good way to relax ourselves.How can we relax?Grade Nine is a very important year to us.It may decide our future.Having more classes,doing more homework and taking more tests become the main melody.I feel busy and tired.So we need to relax f
41、rom time to time.We can have many ways to relax ourselves.For example,we often listen to music and have ball games in our spare time.But reading is my favourite way of relaxing,because I find it rewarding to read varieties of books.Books are so instructive that I can learn a lot from them.And I thin
42、k reading is a pleasure as well.It often makes me lose myself in the beautiful descriptions.Sometimes my feelings change with the characters in the book.When I am reading a good book,I feel that all the worries and stresses have gone.In one word,we should have a good way to relax ourselves.Remember:
43、“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”v红色红色字体为修改润色部分字体为修改润色部分1)1)查内容。查内容。检查要点是否缺漏，各要点是否有检查要点是否缺漏，各要点是否有助于主题等。助于主题等。2)2)查词汇。查词汇。检查名词的单复数是否正确，动词检查名词的单复数是否正确，动词选择是否恰当，动词使用形式是否正确，动选择是否恰当，动词使用形式是否正确，动词短语和习惯是否正确等。词短语和习惯是否正确等。3)3)查句型。查句型。查句式是否恰当，主谓是否一致，查句式是否恰当，主谓是否一致，表达是否符合英表达是否符合英 语习惯等。语习惯等。4)4)查文采
44、。查文采。谋篇润色，注意文采，再检查。谋篇润色，注意文采，再检查。句子要有一定的变化句子要有一定的变化 学会用串联词，注意句与学会用串联词，注意句与句，段与句，段与 段之间的过渡段之间的过渡5)5)书写端正。书写端正。检查修改写话常见错误写话常见错误v(1)Accuracy：（准确性）（准确性）v内容：内容：1）偏题甚至离题）偏题甚至离题v2）素材没有典型性、缺乏说服力）素材没有典型性、缺乏说服力v3)意思重复、文章思路混乱、意思重复、文章思路混乱、缺乏层次感缺乏层次感v4)漏缺要点或语气不连贯漏缺要点或语气不连贯v语法：语法：1）名词的单复数）名词的单复数v2）冠词遗漏或使用不当）冠词遗漏或
45、使用不当v3）人称、时态、语态、句型、主谓不一致等）人称、时态、语态、句型、主谓不一致等v4）副词位置或选用不当）副词位置或选用不当v词汇：词汇：单词拼写，名词单复数，动词形式，同义词，单词拼写，名词单复数，动词形式，同义词，v近义词、漏词等近义词、漏词等v其他：其他：大小写错误，大小写错误，标点符号错误（缺漏或使用不标点符号错误（缺漏或使用不v当），字数过少等当），字数过少等（2）Appropriateness（恰当性）（恰当性）1）受中文思维的干扰，写出这样一些句子，）受中文思维的干扰，写出这样一些句子，比如：比如：IverymuchlikeEnglish.Myworkisbusy.Imv
46、erymuchthankyou.2)文化上的错误（表达的内容不符合英美文化上的错误（表达的内容不符合英美文化传统等）文化传统等）3)短语搭配短语搭配不当不当写话常见错误写话常见错误作文中常见错误分析（1）不一致所谓不一致不仅指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致，时态的不一致及代词不一致等。例如：例如：Shealwayshavewonderfulideas.剖析：剖析：she是单数第三人称，但是因为在主是单数第三人称，但是因为在主语与谓语之间夹了一个频度副词语与谓语之间夹了一个频度副词always，就会忽略了就会忽略了she是第三人称这个要点，本句是第三人称这个要点，本句是典型的主谓不一致。是典型
47、的主谓不一致。改为：改为：Shealwayshaswonderfulideas.（2）、修饰语错误英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。v例如：例如：Iverylikethiskindoffamilyeducation.v剖析：剖析：这是典型的中国式句子，这句话的修饰词这是典型的中国式句子，这句话的修饰词应该是应该是verymuch而不是而不是very，且应该置于句末。，且应该置于句末。v改为：改为：Ilikethiskindoffamilyeducationverymuch.作文中常见错误分析
48、（3）、句子不完整在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。但书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，此情况常常发生在主句写完以后，作者又想加些补充说明时发生。v例如：例如：Iusuallyspend30percentofmypocketmoneyonbooks.Another40percentonmobilephonecards.v剖析：剖析：后半句部分缺少谓语不是一个完整的句子，仅为后半句部分缺少谓语不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。v改为：改为：Iusuallyspend30percentofmyp
49、ocketmoneyonbooks.Another40percentisspentonmobilephonecards.v或者或者Iusuallyspend30percentofmypocketmoneyonbooks,another40percentonmobilephonecards.作文中常见错误分析（4）、词性误用“词性误用”常表现为 使用时只注意它的意思而忽略了它在句子中的文法结构。例如：例如：Myteacherisamanofgreathumourous.剖析：剖析：此处的此处的of之后应使用名词而不是形容词。之后应使用名词而不是形容词。改为：改为：Myteacherisamano
50、fgreathumour.作文中常见错误分析（5）、指代不清指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。例如：例如：Maryismysistersnet-palandshealwayschatswithheronline.剖析：剖析：读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断she指代谁。如果我们把易于引起误解的代指代谁。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。了。改为：改为：Maryismysistersnet-palandshealwayschatswithmysist
