1、personify the vanishing aristocracy of the South, still maintaining a black servant and being ruthless betrayed by a moneymaking Yankee. Sometimes a part of a characters body or an attribute may convey symbolic meaning, for example, a baleful eye in Edgar Allan Poes “The Tell-Tale Heart.” 4. Symbol
2、used in works of fiction is the symbolic act Another kind of symbol commonly employed in works of fiction is the symbolic act: an act or a gesture with larger significance than its literal meaning. Captain Ahab in Melvilles Moby-Dick deliberately snaps his tobacco pipe and throws it away before sett
3、ing out in pursuit of the huge whale, a gesture suggesting that he is determined to take his revenge and will let nothing to distract him from it. Another typical symbolic act is the burning of the barn by the boys father in Faulkners “Barn Burning”: it is an act of no mere destroying a barn, but an
4、 expression of his profound spite and hatred towards that class of people who have driven his family out of his land. His hatred extends to anything he does not possess himself and, beyond that, burning a barn reflects the fathers memories of the “waste and extravagance of war” and the “element of f
5、ire spoke to some deep mainspring” in his being.5. A symbol is a tropeIn a broad literary sense, a symbol is a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an necessary or suggestive aspect. However, in literary criticism it is necessary to distinguish symbol from image, metaphor, and, es
6、pecially, allegory.An imageAn image is a literal and concrete representation of a sensory experience or of an object that can be known by one or more of the senses. It is the means by which experience in its richness and emotional complexity is communicated. (Holman and Harmon, A Handbook to Literat
7、ure, 1986) Images may be literal or figurative, a literal image being one that involves no necessary change or extension in the obvious meaning of the words. Prose works are usually full of this kind of image. For example, novels and stories by Conard and Hemingway are noted for the evocative power
8、of their literal images. A figurative image is one that involves a “turn” on the literary meaning of the words. For example, in the lines “It is a beauteous evening, calm and free; /The holy time is quiet as a nun,” the second line is highly figurative while the first line evokes a literal image. We
9、 consider an image, whether literal or figurative, to have a concrete referent in the objective world and to function as image when it powerfully evokes that referent; whereas a symbol functions like an image but differs from it in going beyond the evocation of the objective referent by making that
10、referent suggest to the reader a meaning beyond itself. In other words, a sysmbol is an image that evokes an objective, concrete reality, but then that reality suggests another level of meaning directly; it evokes an object that suggests the meaning, with the emphasis being laid on the latter part.
11、As Coleridge said, “It partakes of the reality which it renders intelligible.Metaphor A metaphor is an implied analogy imaginatively identifying one object with another and ascribing to the first object one or more of the qualities of the second, or investing the first with emotional or imaginative
12、qualities associated with the second. It is not an uncommon literacy device in fiction, though it is more commonly used in poetry while simile is more commonly used in prose. A metaphor emphasizes rich suggestiveness in the differences between the things compared and the recognition of surprising bu
13、t unsuspected similarities. Cleanth Brooks uses the term “functional metaphor” to describe the way in which the metaphor is able to have “referential” and “emotive” characteristics, and to go beyond those characteristics to become a direct means in itself of representing a truth incommunicable by ot
14、her means. When a metaphor performs this function, it is behaving as a symbol. But a symbol differs from a metaphor in that a metaphor evokes an object in order to illustrate an idea or demonstrate a quality, whereas a symbol embodies the idea or the quality.AllegoryAn allegory is a story in which p
15、ersons, places, actions, and things are equated with meanings that lie outside of the story itself. Thus it represents one thing in the guise of anotheran abstraction in the form of a concrete image. A clear example is the old Arab fable of the frog and scorpion, who me one day on the bank of the Ni
16、le, which they both wanted to cross. The frog offered to ferry the scorpion over on his back, provided the scorpion promised not to sting him. The scorpion agreed so long as the frog would promise not to drown him. The mutual promise exchanged, they crossed the river. On the far bank the scorpion st
17、ung the frog mortally. “Why did you do that?” croaked the frog, as he lay dying. “Why?” replied the scorpion. “Were both Arabs, arent we?” If we substitute for the frog a “Mr. Goodwill” and for the scorpion “Mr. Treachery” or “Mr. Two-face”, and we make the river any river, and for “Were both Arabs”
18、 we substitute “Were both men,” we can make the fable into an allegory. In a simple allegory, characters and other ingredients often stand for other definite meanings, which are often abstractions. We have met such a character in the last chapter: Faith in Hawthornes “Young Goodman Brown.” A classic
19、al allegory is the medieval play Everyman, whose protagonist represents us all, and who, deserted by false friends named Kinddred and Goods, faces the judgment of God accompanied only by a faithful friend called Good Deeds. In John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress, the protagonist, Christian, struggles alo
20、ng the difficult road towards salvation, meeting along the way with such persons as Mr. Worldly Wiseman, who directs him into a comfortable path (a wrong turn), and the resident of a town called Fair Speech, among them a hypocrite named Mr. Facing-both-ways. One modern instance is George Orwells Ani
21、mal Farm, in which (among its double meanings) barnyard animals stand for human victims and totalitarian oppressors. Allegory attempts to evoke a dual interest, one in the events, characters, and setting presented, and the other in the ideas they are intended to convey or the significance they bear.
22、 Symbol differs from allegory, according to Coleridge, in that in allegory the objective referent evokes is without value until it acquires fixed meaning from its own particular structure of ideas, whereas a symbol includes permanent objective value, independent of the meanings that it may suggest.I
23、n a broad sense, all stories are symbolic, that is, the writer lends the characters and their actions some special significance. Of course, this is to think of symbol in an extremely broad and inclusive way. For the usual purpose of reading a story and understanding it, there is probably little poin
24、t in looking for symbolism in every word, in every stick or stone, in every striking fo a match, in every minor character. But to refuse to think about the symbolic meanings would be another way to misread a story. So to be on the alert for symbols when reading fiction is perhaps wiser than to ignor
25、e them.How, then, do we recognize a symbol in fiction when we meet it? Fortunately, the storyteller often givens the symbol particular emphasis. It may be mentioned repeatedly throughout the story; it may even be indicated in the title (“Araby,” “Barn Burning,” “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”). At tim
26、es, a crucial symbol will open a story or end it. Unless an object, act, or character is given some special emphasis and importance, we may generally feel safe in taking it at face value. But an object, an act, or a character is surely symbolic if, when we finish the story, we realize that it was th
27、at burning of a barnwhich led us to the theme, the essential meaning of the story.Chapter Eight ImageThe image is seen as being one of two things: something that represents a thing in the “real” world; something is seen as its own thing, divorced from the burden of representing anything other than i
28、tself.What Is Image?“An image is that which represents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.” (Ezra Pound) In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. 地铁车站 人群 粉面 幽灵 黝湿 枝头 花瓣Imagery, a rather vague critical term covering t
29、hose uses of language in a literary work that evoke senseimpressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or concrete objects, scenes, actions, or states, as distinct from the language of abstract argument or exposition. The imagery of a literary work thus comprises the set of images th
30、at it uses; these need not be mental pictures, but may appeal to senses other than sight.Images suggesting further meanings and associations in ways that go beyond the fairly simple identifications of metaphor and simile are often called symbols.The Five Senses Responding to Imaginative languageVisu
31、al Imagery: Imagery of SightVisual imagery is different from visual perception because visual perception requires the object to be actually present and visual imagery does not.Aural Imagery: Imagery of SoundAuditory imagery is something that represents a sound, which can be revealed both in poems an
32、d stories.Olfactory Imagery: Imagery of SmellOlfactory imagery stimulates the sense of smell, which olfactions unique cognitive architecture of evocation have led some to conclude that there is no capacity for olfactory imagery. a. Self-reports of olfactory can resemble those obtained for actual per
33、ception. b. Imaging an odor can produce effects similar to actual perception. c. Olfactory perception and memorybased images can interact. 4. Tactile Imagery: Imagery of Touch Tactile imagery stimulates the sense of touch, which is also called Haptic Imagery. 5. Gustatory Imagery: Imagery of TasteGu
34、statory imagery stimulates the sense of taste. “ Have a dill pickle, he said. He wanted to share with us: That seemed to me so right, soyou know what I mean?” From A Dill Pickle by Katherine Mansfield沈阳射频技术成套装备生产基地项目可行性研究报告目 录1项目的基本情况41.1项目名称41.2项目定位41.3地理位置41.4项目开发商41.5项目建设的主要内容41.6项目建设的必要性52市场分析62
35、.1概述62.2RFID技术市场调查与现状分析92.3RFID未来发展趋势192.4市场分析结论243项目发展策略274规划布局304.1项目定位304.2项目规划方案304.3建筑设计334.4结构设计344.5建筑设备配置345市政工程设施385.1道路交通设计385.2公共服务设施设计385.3绿化设计395.4给水排水设计405.5供电、通讯设计415.6供热、燃气设计416专篇设计426.1消防设计426.2环保设计446.3节能设计486.4防洪设计497项目组织与进度计划507.1项目组织机构507.2开发时序507.3项目建设进度计划518项目投资估算与资金筹措528.1总投资
36、估算528.2投资计划与资金筹措549项目财务效益分析569.1项目收入分析569.2项目经营成本估算569.3项目财务效益分析5710风险分析5810.1盈亏平衡分析5810.2敏感性分析5811结论5911.1主要指标汇总5911.2结论59 图 录图 1RFID的基本原理7图 2调研对象认为RFID应用中潜力最大的市场19图 3调研对象对EPC应用前景的预测20图 4目前RFID市场发展的最大障碍20图 5调研对象认为目前RFID技术发展存在的最大障碍21图 6调研对象认为国家在RFID产业方面存在的问题22表 录表 1项目占地与建筑规模情况表4表 2高科技产业区用水量预测标准35表 3
37、城市区域环境噪声标准（dB）表46表 4城市公共厕所设置标准表47表 5公共厕所建筑面积千人指标表47表 6项目进度计划表51表 7项目建筑安装工程费估算表53表 8项目土建建设总投资估算表53表 9类似项目设备投资估算表53表 10项目设备投资估算表54表 11资金筹措计划表54表 12还本付息表55表 13项目销售收入估算表56表 14全部投资敏感性分析表58表 15产品销售收入及税金估算表60表 16总成本费用估算表62表 17全部投资现金流量表641 项目的基本情况1.1 项目名称沈阳射频技术成套装备生产基地1.2 项目定位实现射频技术的研发创新功能，实现检测认证、展贸商务等相关服务功
38、能。1.3 地理位置位于沈阳市东陵区东南方向，北临沈阳绕城高速公路，南临机场高速公路，东临规划道路。地理位置优越，交通便捷。（详见附图）1.4 项目开发商辽宁百特商业有限责任公司1.5 项目建设的主要内容表 1 项目占地与建筑规模情况表地号净用地面积（平方米）实际建筑面积（平方米）实际的容积率地块用途建筑结构类型194541.821134001.20 生产 管理钢筋混凝土1.6 项目建设的必要性1.6.1 符合国家高科技产业政策发展的需要党的十六大报告明确指出：“以信息化带动工业化，优先发展信息产业，在经济和社会领域广泛应用信息技术。”条码技术推广应用工作作为我国信息化建设的重要基础工作之一，
39、曾被国家列入“十五”计划纲要并取得了长足的发展。近期，国家科学技术部、国家质检总局领导曾多次对我国条码工作做出重要指示，提出：射频识别技术要面向市场，适应我国加入WTO的需要，满足我国经济、社会发展的需求，要有新思路、新举措。在国家“十一五”科技中长期发展规划中，又再次指出要大力推广射频识别技术的应用。因此，当前我们急需进一步开展自动识别技术开发及应用重大关键技术研究和大力培育发展射频识别技术装备产业，以满足我国信息化建设的需求，促进我国经济发展，提高国家竞争力。1.6.2 推动中国射频识别技术产业的快速发展沈阳作为全国重工业和高科技产业发展基地，位于环渤海经济圈的重要前沿位置，具有得天独厚的
40、战略地位和经济地位，并拥有深厚的传统装备制造业的产业优势。发挥沈阳的区域经济、技术优势，组建沈阳射频识别技术装备配套生产基地，推进射频识别技术装备成套化，将对中国数字产业的发展和环渤海地区经济发展具有重要意义和深远影响。1.6.3 带动沈阳产业结构升级和城市核心竞争力提升通过沈阳组建沈阳射频识别技术装备配套生产基地，利用国家对高科技产业的优惠政策和东北的国家先进装备制造业基地优势，吸引国内外数字设备制造厂商投资共建制造产业基地和技术研发创新中心，使之成为北方地区乃至国内最重要的射频识别技术产业集群，不仅能够带动中国射频识别技术产业的快速发展，而且能够加速沈阳的物流中心和信息产业中心的建设，提升
41、沈阳制造业基地和东北地区技术创新中心的科技含量，促进沈阳市的产业结构升级和城市核心竞争力的提升，推动沈阳区域经济的可持续发展，为建设沈阳成为创新型城市做出贡献。2 市场分析2.1 概述2.1.1 无线射频技术RFID取自英文Radio Frequency Identification的缩写，中文译为无线射频识别或简称为射频识别。1. RFID的定义RFID系统中包含着一个标签的概念，每一个标签中保存着一些数据信息，每一个这样的标签中所保存的数据信息具有相互区别的特征。利用这一特点，可将这样的标签用于区别不同的物品或货物，从而建立起标签与其所标识的物品或货物之间的对应关系。这样的关系通常是一对一
42、的关系。在RFID系统中还包含着另外一个阅读器的概念，每一个阅读器的基本功能都是相同的，即以无接触的方式通过读而获取上述标签中的数据信息。有的时候，这样的阅读器还具有以无接触的方式向标签中写入新的数据信息的作用。基于这一点，也有将阅读器称为又读又写的读写器。RFID系统包含的标签称为电子标签，包含的阅读器称为电子标签阅读器或电子标签读写器（取决于是否具有写标签的功能）。完全独立的只有向标签中写入信息功能（通常为电连接触式）的设备一般称其为标签信息编程器。编程器的概念随着RFID技术的发展已逐渐被淘汰，因为新开发的RFID系统一般都具有针对电子标签无接触式的读写功能。在一些专用的RFID系统中，
43、如铁路车号自动识别系统中仍然保留着通过专用的编程器以电连接触的方式向电子标签中写入信息的方式。RFID系统中的电子标签和阅读器，可以非接触的方式实现标签与阅读器之间的信息交换（读取或写入），这就是RFID的基本特点。利用这一特点，可以改善许多现有的识别过程。先进的RFID系统还具备阅读器同时识别多个邻近在一起的电子标签。2. RFID的基本原理作为大众可理解的RFID的概念可归结为如图3-1所示的原理模型。标签与标签读写器之间的信息交换通常情况下基于问答的方式进行。也就是一方发出询问，另一方收到询问信号后给出按约定规则的应答。在问答的过程中，达到读写器对标签的识别及信息交换（读出标签信息或向标
44、签中写入信息）的目的，这就是RFID的最基本的工作原理。图 1 RFID的基本原理在问答式信息交换方式中，谁先讲话需要有一个预先的约定。在现行的RFID系统中，读写器先讲（RTF-Reader Talk First）占多数，标签先讲（TTF-Tag Talk First）的情况占少数。读写器与标签之间的双向通信可以解决在读写器的阅读场区内存在多个标签的识别问题。标签与读写器之间的可读写距离是RFID应用系统中非常关注的一项重要指标。通常情况下，低频RFID系统具有较近的读写距离，高频RFID系统具有较远的读写距离，标签与读写器无需接触即可完成读或写是RFID最典型的技术特征。3. RFID与E
45、PC和物联网产品电子代码EPC（Elcetronic Product Code）与物联网（Internet of Things）的概念是伴随着美国MIT的AutoID Center的诞生（1999年10月1日）而产生的。可以说，AutoID Center诞生时提出的EPC与物联网的概念具有划时代的意义，也开创了RFID技术广泛应用的基础，并为RFID技术的发展预备了发动机。2003年5月，以美国最大的零售商Walmart及其跟随者对EPC及RFID的推崇启动了这台发动机。到目前为止，这台发动机的轰鸣声可以说响彻了美洲、欧洲、亚洲、非州和澳洲，由其带动的产业推动及物流与供应链的革命即将准备完毕。
46、人们正努力并期待着这场标签与识别方式与方法的革命的到来。客观地说，EPC与物联网的概念的确宏大且史无前烈。狭义地说，EPC是一个全球物品统一编码的规则，其对应的概念是为全世界范围内的每一件有价值的人造物品或非人造物品赋予一个唯一的编号，以便于在其生命期中对其进行有效跟踪与追踪的需要。RFID标签则充当了EPC编码的载体，利用RFID标签及RFID读写器构成的系统，则可实现对采用EPC编码标签的物品的跟踪与追踪管理。物联网则是基于当前互联网为基础的有关EPC编码标识的实物物品信息互联网的信息交换平台。广义地说，EPC包含着编码规则、应用于EPC标签的RFID标签与读写器技术、物联网构架及终端用户
47、使用EPC技术的应用设计。毫无疑问，EPC相关的概念及应用需求对RFID技术的认可是拉动RFID快速发展的最重要的力量。EPC为我们描绘的终极概念是：在任何地方，任何时间，对于任何一件或一类您想知道并有权知道的物品与事项的当前状况及相关历史的所有信息，您只要有一个联络的数字终端点点鼠标即可实现。自不待言，通向EPC终极目标的路还很长，但必竞这一目标正在成为越来越多人的共同目标。目前的路正在走，正可谓不积跬步无以至千里，不积小流无以成江海，经过不懈的努力目标终将实现。值得指出的是人们在通向目标的道路上即可不断获得收益并得到现实利益的驱动。2.1.2 RFID的概况RFID技术用于物流、制造与服务等行业可以大幅提高企业的管理和运作效率，并降低流通成本；用于身份识别、资产管理等领域则可以实现快速批量的识别和定位，并根据需要进行长期跟踪管理，因此推动RFID产业的主要驱动力来自于用户对技术的需求。随着技术的进一步完善和应用的广泛推进，RFID产品成本将迅速降低，其带动的产业链将成为一个新兴的高技术产业群，建立在RFID技术上的支撑环境也将对提高社会信息化水平以及加强国防安全等方面产生广泛的影响。从国际国内的发展趋势来看，RFID技术都将广泛影响人类的生产生活方式，尤其会给流通领域带来革命性的变革。世界各发达国家和国际
