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多发性硬化的表观遗传学研究进展.pdf

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1、李瑾等 多发性硬化的表观遗传学研究进展 第 8 期多发性硬化的表观遗传学研究进展李瑾 潘頔 刘雅微 韩婉君 郭威丽 李苗 杨丹(哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院神经内科,哈尔滨 150081)中图分类号 R744.51 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1000-484X(2023)08-1759-04摘要 多发性硬化是一种以中枢神经系统白质脱髓鞘病变为主的自身免疫性疾病。表观遗传学是不影响DNA碱基序列,而基因表达发生变化。越来越多的研究表明,表观遗传学参与多发性硬化的发生和发展。碱基修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰、微小RNA(miRNA)及长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)等表观遗传学过程影响多发性硬化的免疫调节

2、。本文就相关研究进行综述,以期为多发性硬化的发病机制提供新的认识。关键词 多发性硬化;表观遗传学Advances in epigenetics of multiple sclerosisLI Jin,PAN Di,LIU Yawei,HAN Wanjun,GUO Weili,LI Miao,YANG Dan.Department of Neurology,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University,Harbin 150081,ChinaAbstract Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmu

3、ne disease characterized by demyelination of white matter in central nervous system.Epigenetics means that changes to the genome that affect how DNA is packaged and expressed without altering its sequence.More and more studies have shown that epigenetics is involved in the occurrence and development

4、 of multiple sclerosis.Epigenetic processes such as base modification,histone post-translational modification,microRNA(miRNA)and long non-coding RNA(LncRNA)affect the immune regulation of multiple sclerosis.In this review,we summarized recent studies on the role of epigenetic changes in the pathogen

5、esis of multiple sclerosis.Key words Multiple sclerosis;Epigenetic多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)是一种自身免疫疾病引发的累及中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)的慢性炎症性疾病,以 CNS 白质脱髓鞘病变为主,其发病机制仍不清楚。目前认为 MS是一种受遗传、环境、病毒感染等共同影响的异质性、多因素疾病1。因此,MS的遗传因素主要与疾病的易感性相关,无法完全阐释遗传对MS确切的作用机制2。表观遗传学是遗传学的分支学科,主要研究基因DNA序列不发生改变的情况下基因表达的变化,

6、包括碱基修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰、微小 RNA(microRNA,miRNA)及长链非编码 RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)等作用3。同卵双胞胎中,MS的发病率约为25%4,表明表观遗传学可能部分参与了MS的发生和发展,本文综述了在MS中的表观遗传学研究进展。1 miRNAmiRNA是长度约为22个核苷酸的保守单链非编码RNA短片段,经Dicer剪切形成发夹结构,与靶基因的3非编码区(3-UTRs)结合,导致mRNA的降解或抑制其翻译5。研究表明,多种miRNAs在MS患者中的表达存在 差 异,如 miR-155、miR-326、miR-125a-3p、miR-14

7、6a 表达上调6-10;miR-18a-5p、miR-34a、miR-485、miR-708、miR-30c、miR-23a 表达下调11-14。本课题组前期通过实时荧光定量PCR、microRNA微阵列技术、高通量测序等方式发现中国MS患者miR-125a、miR-146b、miR-200c、miR-BHRF1-2-5p 表达上调,miR-328、miR-199a、miR-152表达下调15-17。MS 患者 miR-146a 可选择性地抑制 IFN-和Tregs介导的炎症依赖性Th1反应9,18。miR-199a与miR-18a可靶向作用于IL-17A并抑制Th17分化19。doi:10.

8、3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2023.08.034本文为国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(81400982);黑龙江省自然科学基金青年基金项目(QC2018096);2017黑龙江省博士后资助项目(LBH-Z17220);第62批中国博士后科学基金(2017M621302)。作者简介:李 瑾,女,在读硕士,主要从事神经免疫性疾病和神经退行性疾病方面的研究,E-mail:。通信作者及指导教师:杨 丹,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事脑血管病及神经免疫病诊疗方面的研究,E-mail:。1759中国免疫学杂志2023 年第 39 卷let-7可抑制IL-1R1/IL-23R依赖的分

9、化,阻止趋化因子(C-C基元)受体2 chemokine(C-C motif)receptor 2,CCR2/CCR5介导的Th17细胞向CNS迁移,从而对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓膜炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)产生保护作用17,20。敲除miR-223-3p后,Tregs细胞数量增加,树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)激活减少21-22。这些实验结果均说明miRNAs是通过调控T淋巴细胞分化,从而影响 EAE 的发病、疾病严重性及 CNS 的炎症浸润程度。2 LncRNALncRNA是一组长度超过200个碱基序

10、列的非编码转录本,在调控基因表达过程中发挥关键作用23-24。最近,有研究表明LncRNAs与MS的发生有关,可作为潜在的生物标志物,为预测疾病的活动程度、进展和预后提供辅助指标25-26。研究表明,MS 患者血清 LincR-EPAS1-30As 下调,与疾病严重程度呈负相关。LincR-EPAS1-30As位于Th2富含免疫调节蛋白基因组区域,其显著下调在MS发病机制中发挥一定作用27。此外,MS患者血清中生长阻滞特异性转录因子5(growth arrest-special transcript 5,GAS5)、核旁斑装配转录本1(nuclear paraspeckle assembly

11、transcript 1,NEAT1)、牛磺酸上调基因 1(taurine-upregulated gene 1,TUG1)和 7SK 小核 RNA(7SK small nuclear RNA,RN7SK)表达上调28;而浆细胞瘤转化迁移基因1(plasmacytoma variant translocation 1,PVT1)、Fas 反义转录 1(antisense transcript of Fas,FAS-AS1)、心肌梗死相关转录本(myocardial infarction associated transcript,MIAT,也称为 GOMAFU)表达下调26,29。Gas5可抑

12、制干扰素调节因子 4(interferon regulatory factor 4,IRF4)的转录,从而抑制小胶质细胞M2极化,调控淋巴细胞的凋亡和细胞周期,并参与脱髓鞘过程30-32;GOMAFU通过与剪接因子-1(splicing factor-1,SF1)结合来抑制剪接和剪接体复合物的形成,参与EAE的发病过程29;LncRNA HOX转录反义基因间 RNA(HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA,HOTAIR)参与了EAE的发病机制,而炎症和维生素D对HOTAIR具有调控作用33。3 其他修饰 3.1DNA甲基化DNA甲基化是一种重要的基因表观

13、遗传方式,DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferase,DNMT)可将 DNA 中的 C5胞嘧啶甲基化,而10-11易位甲基胞嘧啶双加氧酶(ten-eleven translocation,Tet)蛋 白 家 族-TET 蛋 白(TET1、TET2 和TET3)参与了去甲基化过程。DNA甲基化影响染色质重塑,调节免疫相关基因启动子区域,并在细胞的增殖和分化中发挥重要作用。有研究表明,MS患者海马甲基化程度增加,其中 DNMT 上调,TET 下调,引起了海马区域脱髓鞘程度增加34。DNMT与叉头状转录因子O类3a(forkhead transcription factors O

14、class 3a,FOXO3a)转录水平呈负相关,缓解后复发MS患者的FOXO3a基因rs2253310位点变异与甲基化程度增加有关,可减少神经元变性35。许多环境因素会引起DNA甲基化变化,如高盐饮食、吸烟、维生素 D 缺乏、EB 病毒感染和肥胖等36-41。摄入高盐饮食后,TET2过表达,CD4+T细胞去甲基化和羟甲基化水平升高,破坏血脑屏障40。吸烟患者会出现芳香烃受体阻滞剂(aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor,AHRR)去甲基化,AhR 信号通路被抑制,从而加重神经炎症37,42。维生素D含量降低,使 Wnt 信号通路中涉及的 DKK1 和 Wnt5

15、a基因的过度甲基化,增加MS的易感性39,41,43。肥胖的MS患者中检测到抗增殖基因高甲基化,使单核细胞计数水平高于正常体重患者,加速 MS 的恶化44。环境因素与 DNA 甲基化交互作用,不仅对CD4+T细胞等免疫细胞产生影响,而且调控了炎症信号通路信号转导,加快了EAE及MS的进展。3.2RNA甲基化RNA的化学修饰会影响基因表达,其60%以上的修饰为甲基化45。N6-甲基腺苷A(N6-methyladenosine A,m6A)是最常见的mRNA甲基化修饰,甲基转换酶样蛋白(methyltransferase-like,METTL)可催化m6A RNA甲基化,脂肪质量及肥胖相 关 蛋

16、白(fat mass and obesity-associated protein,FTO)和去甲基化酶 Alk B 同源蛋白 5(Alk B homologue 5,ALKBH5)可对已发生m6A修饰的碱基进行去甲基化修饰46-47。少突胶质细胞负责轴突髓鞘的形成,并在髓鞘再生过程中发挥关键作用48。研究表明,METTL14降低调节神经束蛋白-155(Neurofascin 155,NFasc155)剪接,并调控少突胶质细胞系转录因子2(oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2,Olig2)的稳定性,影响少突胶质细胞分化成熟。m6A RNA

17、修饰在少突胶质细胞发育和CNS髓鞘形成过程中必不可少49。但m6A RNA甲基化与MS的关系仍不明确,需进一步研究。1760李瑾等 多发性硬化的表观遗传学研究进展 第 8 期3.3组蛋白组蛋白负责在核小体结构中的DNA包装和排列,每个组蛋白可包含100多个位点修饰,包括乙酰化、甲基化、磷酸化、泛素化、脱氨化和ADP核糖基化。组蛋白乙酰化研究最为广泛,组蛋白乙酰转移酶(histone acetyltransferases,HATs)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs)为组蛋白乙酰化核心因子。组蛋白乙酰化与少突胶质细胞发育和分化的调节密切相关50。在MS患者中

18、观察到 HDAC 类家族成员组蛋白去乙酰化酶-1(sirtuin-1,SIRT1)降低,抑制髓鞘生成;动物实验中,SIRT1过表达可缓解EAE的临床症状,减少炎症细胞浸润、脱髓鞘和轴突损伤51。维生素 D3 能将HDAC2募集至IL-17A启动子区域,从而抑制IL-17转录,延缓MS发病52。4 总结与展望近年来的各种研究表明,MS的发生发展过程受遗传因素与表观遗传因素等多重调控。综上所述,表观遗传修饰过程及相互作用可调控MS髓鞘再生和CNS炎症浸润。MS是最常见的高致病率、高致残率和青年高发病率的CNS疾病,对表观遗传学各个环节的进一步研究,为MS临床提供疾病早期诊断、治疗疗效和预后判断的生

19、物标志物的挖掘可能具有重要意义,同时进一步探索miRNA干扰等生物学治疗技术,以期为治疗或缓解MS提供方向。参考文献:1 FILIPPI M,BAR-OR A,PIEHL F,et al.Multiple sclerosis J.Nat Rev Dis Primers,2018,4(1):43.DOI:10.1038/s41572-018-0041-4.2 BAECHER-ALLAN C,KASKOW B J,WEINER H L.Multiple sclerosis:Mechanisms and immunotherapy J.Neuron,2018,97(4):742-768.DOI:10

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