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Recognized as an American National Standard(ANSI)IEEE Std 399-1997 IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis Sponsor Power Systems Engineering Committeeof theIndustrial and Commercial Power Systems Departmentof theIEEE Industry Applications Society Approved 16 September 1997 IEEE Standards Board Approved 28 April 1998 American National Standards Institute Abstract:This Recommended Practice is a reference source for engineers involved inindustrial and commercial power systems analysis.It contains a thorough analysis of the powersystem data required,and the techniques most commonly used in computer-aided analysis,inorder to perform specific power system studies of the following:short-circuit,load flow,motor-starting,cable ampacity,stability,harmonic analysis,switching transient,reliability,groundmat,protective coordination,dc auxiliary power system,and power system modeling.Keywords:cable ampacity,dc power system studies,ground mat studies,harmonic analysis,load flow studies,motor-starting studies,power system analysis,power system modeling,power system studies,protective coordination studies,reliability studies,short-circuit studies,stability studies,switching transient studies.Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following organization for having granted permission to reprintillustrations in this document as listed below:The General Electric Company,Schenectady,NY,for Figures 16-2,16-4,16-6,and 16-7.First PrintingAugust 1998SH94571The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.345 East 47th Street,New York,NY 10017-2394,USACopyright 1998 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.All rights reserved.Published 1998.Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN 1-55937-968-5No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies andthe Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board.Members of the committeesserve voluntarily and without compensation.They are not necessarily members of the Institute.Thestandards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within theInstitute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in participating in thedevelopment of the standard.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary.The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply thatthere are no other ways to produce,test,measure,purchase,market,or provide other goods and servicesrelated to the scope of the IEEE Standard.Furthermore,the viewpoint expressed at the time a standardis approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the artand comments received from users of the standard.Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at leastevery five years for revision or reaffirmation.When a document is more than five years old and has notbeen reaffirmed,it is reasonable to conclude that its contents,although still of some value,do notwholly reflect the present state of the art.Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have thelatest edition of any IEEE Standard.Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party,regardless of mem-bership affiliation with IEEE.Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a pro-posed change of text,together with appropriate supporting comments.Interpretations:Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards asthey relate to specific applications.When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention ofIEEE,the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses.Since IEEE Standards representa consensus of all concerned interests,it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also receivedthe concurrence of a balance of interests.For this reason IEEE and the members of its technical com-mittees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases wherethe matter has previously received formal consideration.Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:Secretary,IEEE Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O.Box 1331Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331USAAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted bythe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.,provided that the appropriate fee is paid toCopyright Clearance Center.To arrange for payment of licensing fee,please contact Copyright Clear-ance Center,Customer Service,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923 USA;(508)750-8400.Per-mission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also beobtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note:Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard mayrequire use of subject matter covered by patent rights.By publication of this standard,no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights inconnection therewith.The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents forwhich a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries intothe legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.iv Introduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 399-1997,IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial andCommercial Power Systems Analysis.)This Recommended Practice,commonly known as the“Brown Book,”is intended as apractical,general treatise on power system analysis theory and as an engineers referencesource on the techniques that are most commonly applied to the computer-aided analysis ofelectric power systems in industrial plants and commercial buildings.The Brown Book is auseful supplement to several other power system analysis texts that appear in the referencesand bibliography subclauses of the various chapters of this book.The Brown Book is bothcomplementary and supplementary to the rest of the Color Book series.One new and important chapter has been added:Chapter 16,entitled“DC auxiliary powersystem analysis.”All the other chapters in this new edition have been revised and updatedin some cases quite substantiallyto reflect current technology.To many members of the working group who wrote and developed this RecommendedPractice,the Brown Book has become a true labor of love.The dedication and support ofeach individual member is clearly evident in every chapter of the Brown Book.Theseindividuals deserve our many thanks for their excellent contributions.vThe Brown Book Working Group for the 1997 edition had the following membership:L.Guy Jackson,ChairChapter 1:Introduction L.Guy Jackson,Chair;George A.TerryChapter 2:Applications of power system analysis L.Guy Jackson,Chair;George A.TerryChapter 3:Analytical procedures M.Shan Griffith,Chair;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 4:System modeling Stephen S.Miller,Co-Chair;Mark Halpin;Co-Chair;Matt McBurnett;Anthony J.Rodolakis;Michael S.TuckerChapter 5:Computer solutions and systems Glenn E.Word,Chair;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 6:Load flow studies Chet E.Davis,Co-Chair;James W.Feltes,Co-Chair;Mark Halpin;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 7:Short-circuit studies Anthony J.Rodolakis,Chair;William M.Hall;Mark Halpin;Michael E.Lick;Matt McBurnett;Conrad St.PierreChapter 8:Stability studies Wei-Jen Lee,Co-Chair;Mark Halpin,Co-Chair;Matt McBurnett;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 9:Motor-starting studies M.Shan Griffith,Co-Chair;Mike Aimone,Co-Chair;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 10:Harmonic analysis studies Suresh C.Kapoor,Chair;M.Shan Griffith;Mark HalpinChapter 11:Switching transient studies Carlos B.Pinheiro,Chair Chapter 12:Reliability studies Michael R.Albright,Chair Chapter 13:Cable ampacity studies Farrokh Shokooh,Chair Chapter 14:Ground mat studies M.Shan Griffith,Chair;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 15:Coordination studies A.Elizabeth Ronat,Chair;Mike Aimone;Michael E.Lick;John F.WitteChapter 16:DC auxiliary power system analysis Kenneth Fleishcher,Co-Chair;Scott Munnings,Co-Chair;Ajkit K.Hiranandani;Gene A.PolettoOthers who contributed to the development of this document are as follows:J.J.DiaA.D.PattonGeorge W.WalshC.R.HeisingDavid ShippErzhuan Zhou viThe following persons were on the balloting committee:Mike A.AimoneDon O.KovalBrian RenerMichael R.AlbrightWei-Jen LeeRasheek RifaatRobert J.BeakerMichael E.LickMilton D.RobinsonReuben F.Burch IVMatt McBurnettAnthony RodolakisChet DavisRichard H.McFaddenA.Elizabeth RonatJames W.FeltesReg MendisDonald R.RuthmanLandis H.FloydSteve S.MillerVincent SaporitaJerry M.FrankDaleep MohlaLynn F.SaundersDan GoldbergWilliam J.MoylanStan ShillingM.Shan GriffithR.Scott MunningsDavid ShippWilliam M.HallAndrew T.MorrisFarrokh ShokoohMark S.HalpinEd PalkoConrad R.St.PierreL.Guy JacksonGene A.PolettoErzhuan ZhouSuresh C.KapoorDonald W.Zipse viiWhen the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on 16 September 1997,it had thefollowing membership:Donald C.Loughry,Chair Richard J.Holleman,Vice Chair Andrew G.Salem,Secretary Clyde R.CampLowell JohnsonLouis-Franois PauStephen L.DiamondRobert KenellyGerald H.PetersonHarold E.EpsteinE.G.“Al”KienerJohn W.PopeDonald C.FleckensteinJoseph L.Koepfinger*Jose R.RamosJay Forster*Stephen R.LambertRonald H.ReimerThomas F.GarrityLawrence V.McCallIngo RschDonald N.HeirmanL.Bruce McClungJohn S.RyanJim IsaakMarco W.MigliaroChee Kiow TanBen C.JohnsonHoward L.Wolfman*Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:Satish K.AggarwalAlan H.CooksonPaula M.Kelty IEEE Standards Project Editor National Electrical Code and NEC are both registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association,Inc.ix Contents Chapter 1Overview.11.1Scope and general information.11.2History of power system studies.11.3Applying power system analysis techniques to industrial andcommercial power systems.21.4Purposes of this Recommended Practice.21.5References.5Chapter 2Applications of power system analysis.72.1Introduction.72.2Load flow analysis.72.3Short-circuit analysis.82.4Stability analysis.82.5Motor-starting analysis.82.6Harmonic analysis.92.7Switching transients analysis.102.8Reliability analysis.102.9Cable ampacity analysis.102.10Ground mat analysis.112.11Protective device coordination analysis.112.12DC auxiliary power system analysis.12Chapter 3Analytical procedures.133.1Introduction.133.2Fundamentals.143.3Bibliography.40Chapter 4System modeling.434.1Introduction.434.2Modeling.434.3Review of basics.444.4Power network solution.494.5Impedance diagram.534.6Extent of the model.544.7Models of branch elements.554.8Power system data development.714.9Models of bus elements.80 x4.10References.994.11Bibliography.100Chapter 5Computer solutions and systems.1035.1Introduction.1035.2Numerical solution techniques.1045.3Computer systems.1225.4Bibliography.129Chapter 6Load flow studies.1336.1Introduction.1336.2System representation.1346.3Input data.1376.4Load flow solution methods.1406.5Load flow analysis.1496.6Load flow study example.1516.7Load flow programs.1626.8Conclusions.162Chapter 7Short-circuit studies.1657.1Introduction and scope.1657.2Extent and requirements of short-circuit studies.1667.3System modeling and computational techniques.1687.4Fault analysis according to industry standards.1727.5Factors affecting the accuracy of short-circuit studies.1797.6Computer solutions.1827.7Example.1877.8References.2037.9Bibliography.206Chapter 8Stability studies.2098.1Introduction.2098.2Stability fundamentals.2098.3Problems caused by instability.2168.4System disturbances that can cause instability.2168.5Solutions to stability problems.2178.6System stability analysis.2188.7Stability studies of industrial power systems.2238.8 Summary and conclusions.2288.9 Bibliography.229 xiChapter 9Motor-starting studies.2319.1Introduction.2319.2Need for motor-starting studies.2319.3Recommendations.2359.4Types of studies.2379.5Data requirements.2389.6Solution procedures and examples.2419.7Summary.2599.8References.2639.9Bibliography.263Chapter 10Harmonic analysis studies.26510.1Introduction.26510.2Background.26610.3Purpose of harmonic study.26710.4General theory.26810.5System modeling.27610.6Example solutions.29010.7Remedial measures.30210.8Harmonic standards.30710.9References.30910.10Bibliography.309Chapter 11Switching transient studies.31311.1Power system switching transients.31311.2Switching transient studies.33811.3Switching transientsfield measurements.35911.4Typical circuit parameters for transient studies.36311.5References.36711.6Bibliography.367Chapter 12Reliability studies.37512.2Definitions.37512.3System reliability indexes.37712.4Data needed for system reliability evaluations.37712.5Method for system reliability evaluation.37812.6References.380 xiiChapter 13Cable ampacity studies.38313.1Introduction.38313.2Heat flow analysis.38413.3Application of computer program.38613.4Ampacity adjustment factors.38813.5Example.39913.6Conclusion.40313.7References.40413.8Bibliography.404Chapter 14Ground mat studies.40714.1Introduction.40714.2Justification for ground mat studies.40714.3Modeling the human body.40714.4Traditional analysis of the ground mat.41014.5Advanced grid modeling.41514.6Benchmark problems.41814.7Input/output techniques.42014.8Sample problem.42014.9Conclusion.42014.10Reference.42314.11Bibliography.424Chapter 15Coordination studies.42915.1Introduction.42915.2Basics of coordination.43015.3Computer programs for coordination.43515.4Common structure for computer programs.43615.5How to make use of coordination software.44115.6Verifying the results.44315.7Equipment needs.44315.8Conclusion.44415.9Bibliography.444Chapter 16DC auxiliary power system analysis.44516.1Introduction.44516.2Purpose of the recommended practice.44516.3Application of dc power system analysis.44516.4Analytical procedures.446 xiii16.5System modeling.44616.6Load flow/voltage drop studies.46116.7Short-circuit studies.46416.8International guidance on dc short-circuit calculations.46616.9Bibliography.466Index.469 Copyright 1998 IEEE.All rights reserved.1 IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems AnalysisChapter 1Overview 1.1 Scope and general information This Recommended Practice,commonly known as the IEEE Brown Book,is published bythe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.(IEEE)as a reference source to giveplant engineers a better understanding of the purpose for and techniques involved in powersystem studies.The IEEE Brown Book can also be a helpful reference source for system anddata acquisition for engineering consultants performing necessary studies prior to designing anew system or expanding an existing power system.This Recommended Practice will helpensure high standards of power system reliability and maximize the utilization of capitalinvestment.The IEEE Brown Book emphasizes up-to-date techniqu
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