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Ronald Jay CohenMark E. SwerdlikNinth EditionAn Introduction to Tests and MeasurementPsychological Testingand AssessmentPsychological Testing and AssessmentAn Introduction to Tests and MeasurementNINTH EDITIONRonald Jay CohenRJ COHEN CONSULTINGMark E. SwerdlikILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITYPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO TESTS AND MEASUREMENT, NINTH EDITIONPublished by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions 2013, 2010, and 2005. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 17 16 ISBN 978-1-259-87050-7MHID 1-259-87050-2Chief Product Officer, SVP Products & Markets: G. Scott VirklerVice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael RyanVice President, Content Design & Delivery: Betsy WhalenManaging Director: David PattersonBrand Manager: Jamie LaferreraProduct Developer: Alex PreissMarketing Manager: Meredith LeoEditorial Coordinator: Jasmine StatonDirector, Content Design & Delivery: Terri SchieslProgram Manager: Jennifer L. ShekletonContent Project Managers: Jennifer L. Shekleton; George TheofanopoulosBuyer: Susan K. CulbertsonDesign: Studio MontageContent Licensing Specialists: Melisa SeegmillerCover Image: Leonardo Carneiro de Almeida/Getty ImagesCompositor: Aptara, Inc.Printer: LSC CommunicationsAll credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Cohen, Ronald Jay, author. | Swerdlik, Mark E., author.Title: Psychological testing and assessment / Ronald Jay Cohen, RJ Cohen Consulting, Mark E. Swerdlik, Illinois State University.Description: Ninth Edition. | Dubuque : McGraw-Hill Education, 2018. | Revised edition of the authors Psychological testing and assessment, c2013.Identifiers: LCCN 2016059701| ISBN 9781259870507 | ISBN 1259870502Subjects: LCSH: Psychological tests. | Psychometrics. | BISAC: PSYCHOLOGY / General.Classification: LCC BF176 .C63 2017 | DDC 150.28/7dc23 LC record available at https:/lccn.loc.gov/2016059701The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these book is dedicated with love to the memory of Edith and Harold Cohen. 2017 Ronald Jay Cohen. All rights reserved.ivPreface xiiiP A R T I An Overview1 Psychological Testing and Assessment 1TESTING AND ASSESSMENT 1Psychological Testing and Assessment Defined 1THE TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 7The Test 7The Interview 9The Portfolio 11Case History Data 12Behavioral Observation 12Role-Play Tests 13Computers as Tools 14Other Tools 17WHO, WHAT, WHY, HOW, AND WHERE? 17Who Are the Parties? 17In What Types of Settings Are Assessments Conducted, and Why? 20How Are Assessments Conducted? 26Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources 30CLOSE-UP Behavioral Assessment Using Smartphones 5MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Alan Ogle 24EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Everyday Accommodations 31SELF-ASSESSMENT 352 Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations 36A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 36Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century 36The Twentieth Century 39CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT 42Evolving Interest in Culture-Related Issues 42Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment 47Tests and Group Membership 53LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 55The Concerns of the Public 55The Concerns of the Profession 63The Rights of Testtakers 69Contents Contents vCLOSE-UP The Controversial Career of Henry Herbert Goddard 44MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Neil Krishan Aggarwal 51EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Life-or-Death Psychological Assessment 66SELF-ASSESSMENT 74P A R T II The Science of Psychological Measurement3 A Statistics Refresher 75SCALES OF MEASUREMENT 76Nominal Scales 77Ordinal Scales 78Interval Scales 79Ratio Scales 79Measurement Scales in Psychology 79DESCRIBING DATA 81Frequency Distributions 81Measures of Central Tendency 84Measures of Variability 89Skewness 93Kurtosis 94THE NORMAL CURVE 95The Area Under the Normal Curve 95STANDARD SCORES 98z Scores 98T Scores 99Other Standard Scores 99CORRELATION AND INFERENCE 102The Concept of Correlation 102The Pearson r 104The Spearman Rho 106Graphic Representations of Correlation 107Meta-Analysis 110EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Consumer (of Graphed Data), Beware! 85CLOSE-UP The Normal Curve and Psychological Tests 96MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Joni L. Mihura 112SELF-ASSESSMENT 1144 Of Tests and Testing 115SOME ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT 115Assumption 1: Psychological Traits and States Exist 115Assumption 2: Psychological Traits and States Can Be Quantified and Measured 117vi ContentsAssumption 3: Test-Related Behavior Predicts Non-Test-Related Behavior 119Assumption 4: Tests and Other Measurement Techniques Have Strengths and Weaknesses 119Assumption 5: Various Sources of Error Are Part of the Assessment Process 119Assumption 6: Testing and Assessment Can Be Conducted in a Fair and Unbiased Manner 121Assumption 7: Testing and Assessment Benefit Society 121WHATS A “GOOD TEST”? 122Reliability 122Validity 122Other Considerations 123NORMS 123Sampling to Develop Norms 126Types of Norms 132Fixed Reference Group Scoring Systems 135Norm-Referenced Versus Criterion-Referenced Evaluation 136Culture and Inference 138EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Putting Tests to the Test 124CLOSE-UP How “Standard” Is Standard in Measurement? 127MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Steve Julius and Dr. Howard W. Atlas 138SELF-ASSESSMENT 1395 Reliability 141THE CONCEPT OF RELIABILITY 141Sources of Error Variance 143RELIABILITY ESTIMATES 145Test-Retest Reliability Estimates 145Parallel-Forms and Alternate-Forms Reliability Estimates 149Split-Half Reliability Estimates 150Other Methods of Estimating Internal Consistency 152Measures of Inter-Scorer Reliability 156USING AND INTERPRETING A COEFFICIENT OF RELIABILITY 158The Purpose of the Reliability Coefficient 159The Nature of the Test 160The True Score Model of Measurement and Alternatives to It 163RELIABILITY AND INDIVIDUAL SCORES 169The Standard Error of Measurement 169The Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Scores 172CLOSE-UP Psychologys Replicability Crisis 147EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Importance of the Method Used for Estimating Reliability 157MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Bryce B. Reeve 168SELF-ASSESSMENT 1746 Validity 175THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY 175Face Validity 177Content Validity 178CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY 182What Is a Criterion? 182Concurrent Validity 184Predictive Validity 184CONSTRUCT VALIDITY 187Evidence of Construct Validity 187VALIDITY, BIAS, AND FAIRNESS 192Test Bias 192Test Fairness 196MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Adam Shoemaker 179CLOSE-UP The Preliminary Validation of a Measure ofIndividual Differences in Constructive Versus Unconstructive Worry 193EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Adjustment of Test Scores by Group Membership: Fairness in Testing or Foul Play? 197SELF-ASSESSMENT 1997 Utility 200WHAT IS UTILITY? 201Factors That Affect a Tests Utility 201UTILITY ANALYSIS 206What Is a Utility Analysis? 206How Is a Utility Analysis Conducted? 207Some Practical Considerations 221METHODS FOR SETTING CUT SCORES 225The Angoff Method 225The Known Groups Method 226IRT-Based Methods 226Other Methods 228MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Delphine Courvoisier 204CLOSE-UP Utility Analysis: An Illustration 208EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Utility of Police Use of Body Cameras 218SELF-ASSESSMENT 2288 Test Development 229TEST CONCEPTUALIZATION 230Some Preliminary Questions 232Pilot Work 234TEST CONSTRUCTION 234Scaling 234Writing Items 239Scoring Items 246 Contents viiviii ContentsTEST TRYOUT 246What Is a Good Item? 247ITEM ANALYSIS 248The Item-Difficulty Index 248The Item-Reliability Index 249The Item-Validity Index 250The Item-Discrimination Index 250Item-Characteristic Curves 253Other Considerations in Item Analysis 256Qualitative Item Analysis 258TEST REVISION 260Test Revision as a Stage in New Test Development 260Test Revision in the Life Cycle of an Existing Test 262The Use of IRT in Building and Revising Tests 266INSTRUCTOR-MADE TESTS FOR IN-CLASS USE 270Addressing Concerns About Classroom Tests 270CLOSE-UP Creating and Validating a Test of Asexuality 231MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Scott Birkeland 254EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Adapting Tools of Assessment for Use with Specific Cultural Groups 261SELF-ASSESSMENT 272P A R T III The Assessment of Intelligence9 Intelligence and Its Measurement 273WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? 273Perspectives on Intelligence 275MEASURING INTELLIGENCE 285Some Tasks Used to Measure Intelligence 285Some Tests Used to Measure Intelligence 287ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE 308Culture and Measured Intelligence 308The Flynn Effect 314The Construct Validity of Tests of Intelligence 315A PERSPECTIVE 315CLOSE-UP Factor Analysis 277MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Rebecca Anderson 287EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB): A Test You Can Take 304SELF-ASSESSMENT 31610 Assessment for Education 317THE ROLE OF TESTING AND ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION 317THE CASE FOR AND AGAINST EDUCATIONAL TESTING IN THE SCHOOLS 318THE COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS 319Response to Intervention (RtI) 320Dynamic Assessment 324ACHIEVEMENT TESTS 328Measures of General Achievement 328Measures of Achievement in Specific Subject Areas 329APTITUDE TESTS 331The Preschool Level 333The Elementary-School Level 338The Secondary-School Level 340The College Level and Beyond 341DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 344Reading Tests 345Math Tests 346PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL TEST BATTERIES 346The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II) 346The Woodcock-Johnson IV (WJ IV) 348OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS 348Performance, Portfolio, and Authentic Assessment 349Peer Appraisal Techniques 351Measuring Study Habits, Interests, and Attitudes 352EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Common Core Controversy 321MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Eliane Keyes, M.A. 325CLOSE-UP Educational Assessment: An Eastern Perspective 339SELF-ASSESSMENT 353P A R T IV The Assessment of Personality11 Personality Assessment: An Overview 354PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT 354Personality 354Personality Assessment 355Traits, Types, and States 355PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT: SOME BASIC QUESTIONS 359Who? 360What? 366Where? 368How? 368 Contents ixx ContentsDEVELOPING INSTRUMENTS TO ASSESS PERSONALITY 377Logic and Reason 377Theory 380Data Reduction Methods 380Criterion Groups 383PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND CULTURE 395Acculturation and Related Considerations 396CLOSE-UP The Personality of Gorillas 361EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Some Common Item Formats 372MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Rick Malone 378SELF-ASSESSMENT 40012 Personality Assessment Methods 401OBJECTIVE METHODS 401How Objective Are Objective Methods of Personality Assessment? 402PROJECTIVE METHODS 402Inkblots as Projective Stimuli 404Pictures as Projective Stimuli 410Words as Projective Stimuli 418Sounds as Projective Stimuli 421The Production of Figure Drawings 422Projective Methods in Perspective 425BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT METHODS 429The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How of It 431Varieties of Behavioral Assessment 435Issues in Behavioral Assessment 442A PERSPECTIVE 444MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Monica Webb Hooper 433EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Confessions of a Behavior Rater 436CLOSE-UP General (g) and Specific (s) Factors in the Diagnosis of Personality Disorders 445SELF-ASSESSMENT 447P A R T V Testing and Assessment in Action13 Clinical and Counseling Assessment 448AN OVERVIEW 448The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders 450The Interview in Clinical Assessment 453Case History Data 460Psychological Tests 460CULTURALLY INFORMED PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 462Cultural Aspects of the Interview 464SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL MEASURES 467The Assessment of Addiction and Substance Abuse 467Forensic Psychological Assessment 469Diagnosis and evaluation of emotional injury 475Profiling 475Custody Evaluations 476CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT 479Elder Abuse and Neglect 481Suicide Assessment 483THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORT 484The Barnum Effect 484Clinical Versus Mechanical Prediction 486MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Stephen Finn 456CLOSE-UP PTSD in Returning Veterans and Military Culture 465EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Measuring Financial Competency 473SELF-ASSESSMENT 49414 Neuropsychological Assessment 489THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR 489Neurological Damage and the Concept of Organicity 490THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION 493When a Neuropsychological Evaluation Is Indicated 493General Elements of a Neuropsychological Evaluation 495The Physical Examination 498NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS 504Tests of General Intellectual Ability 504Tests to Measure the Ability to Abstract 506Tests of Executive Function 507Tests of Perceptual, Motor, and Perceptual-Motor Function 510Tests of Verbal Functioning 512Tests of Memory 513Neuropsychological Test Batteries 515OTHER TOOLS OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 519MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Jeanne P. Ryan 505EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Medical Diagnostic Aids and Neuropsychological Assessment 520CLOSE-UP A Typical In-Office Dementia Evaluation 522SELF-ASSESSMENT 523 Contents xixii Contents15 Assessment, Careers, and Business 524CAREER CHOICE AND CAREER TRANSITION 524Measures of Interest 524Measures of Ability and Aptitude 527Measures of Personality 533Other Measures 536SCREENING, SELECTION, CLASSIFICATION, AND PLACEMENT 538The Rsum and the Letter of Application 539The Application Form 539Letters of Recommendation 540Interviews 541Portfolio Assessment 541Performance Tests 541Physical Tests 546COGNITIVE ABILITY, PRODUCTIVITY, AND MOTIVATION MEASURES 548Measures of Cognitive Ability 548Productivity 549Motivation 551JOB SATISFACTION, ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE 554Job Satisfaction 555Organizational Commitment 555Organizational Culture 556OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT FOR BUSINESS APPLICATIONS 558Consumer Psychology 558The Measurement of Attitudes 558Surveys 560Motivation Research Methods 563CLOSE-UP Validity Generalization and the GATB 530EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Selection of Perso
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