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语言学教案主位与述位市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt

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1、Theme(主位)and Rheme(述位)1/64We make the world around us better.2/64ThemeRhemeExperientialthemeTextualthemeInterpersonalthemeeg.Hello,John!Youknowwhat?Teddydiedinthemountainswhenhewastravelling.3/64从语篇功效角度看,“每个小句和小句复合体出发点都是主位(theme,后面以T表示)”(黄国文:97)。主位后面剩下就是述位(rheme,后面以R表示)。所以主位结构普通为“主位述位”(表示左边成份比右边成份早出

2、现)。例1就是“JohnbeatJane”。主位分标识性和无标识性之分(Halliday1985a,b,1994)。请比较:4/641a)JohnbeatJane.(无标识主位,即正常形式或一致式(congruentform)1b)JaneJohnbeathard.(标识主位:宾语提前)1c)JohnbeatJaneveryhard.(无标识主位)1d)VeryhardJohnbeatJane.(标识主位:状语提前)1e)WhydidJohnbeatJaneyesterday?(无标识主位)1f)YesterdaywhydidJohnbeatJane?(标识主位:因为它不以wh-词开头)1g)

3、BeatJane,veryhard,John.(无标识主位)1h)John,beatJaneveryhard.(标识主位:不以动词原形或Dont+动词原形开头)1i)Veryhard,beatJaneveryhard,John.(标识主位:同1h)多重主位(multipletheme)情况更复杂(姑且假设上例都是简单主位)。我们把上例变为1j)But,youknow,JohnbeatJane.5/64鸡不吃了。鸡,不吃了。鸡,我不吃了。我不吃鸡了。我,鸡不吃了。我,鸡,不吃了。鸡,我,不吃了。6/64vPresuppositionandassertionJohnbeatJane.主语谓语前提声

4、言(你认识那个John)(你不知道吧?)7/64Sentence types:Quirk et al(1972)SV:Mary died.SVC:Mary is lunatic.SVA:Mary was here.SVO:Mary killed her husband.SVOC:Marys husband made her lunatic.SVOA:Mary killed her husband with her bare hands.SVOO:Marys husband left her nothing but a hut.8/64extension of sentences:n nConj

5、oining:I bought a computer and I found it had no hard disks.n nEmbedding:I bought a computer which i found had no hard disks.n nRecursiveness:The computer that had no hard disks which can be used for infinite data storage is gone.9/64CohesionCohesionRepetition:Mary killed her husband.Mary was Repeti

6、tion:Mary killed her husband.Mary was arrested a year later.arrested a year later.Reference:Mary killed her husband.She was Reference:Mary killed her husband.She was arrested a year later.arrested a year later.Substitution:Mary killed her husband.The woman Substitution:Mary killed her husband.The wo

7、man was arrested a year later.was arrested a year later.Ellipsis:Mary killed her husband and was arrested Ellipsis:Mary killed her husband and was arrested a year later.a year later.Logical connection:Mary killed her husband.Logical connection:Mary killed her husband.Ironically she was arrested a ye

8、ar later.Ironically she was arrested a year later.Lexical collocation:Mary killed her husband.The Lexical collocation:Mary killed her husband.The lunatic was arrested a year later.(see substitution)lunatic was arrested a year later.(see substitution)10/64What about these?n nThey went into a house.No

9、 light.The windows were all open.n nI put my bike in a corner.Five minutes later I came back.It was still there all right.But the chain was broken,and the tires were as flat as myself for I was hungry.11/64语篇衔接和连贯是语篇研究关键。胡壮麟1998:iii语篇指任何不完全受句子语法约束在一定语境下表示完整语义自然语言。(胡:1)discourse/texttextlinguistics语篇

10、之所以成为语篇不在于其“语法性”(grammaticality),而在于其“语篇性”(textuality)。(胡:6)12/64wHalliday(1961,1962)衔接框架为(胡:7-8):A.语法1.结构(含有句子结构小句)a)隶属b)联结2.非结构a)指代(i)指称和后修饰语(ii)代词b)替换(i)动词(ii)名词B.词汇(1)词项重复(2)相同词汇组项目标出现13/64我们增加C.认知语用(1)逻辑(i)添加(ii)转折(iii)因果(iv)时空(v)详述(vi)延伸(vii)增强(2)常识(百科全书知识以及专业知识)(3)语用(与语境相关,受语用目标支配)14/64vThema

11、ticprogression主位推进T1R1T2R2T3R3T1R1T1R2T1R315/64T1R1T2R2T3R3T1R1T2R2T3R316/64T1R1T2R2T3R3T1R1T2R2T1R3T1R417/64Eg.Pleaseanalyze:Ralphshookhisheadandincreasedhisspeed.Thenhetrippedoverabranchandcamedownwithacrash.W.Golding,LordoftheFlies(from胡:143)18/64vRalph(T)|shookhisheadandincreasedhisspeed(R).Then

12、(TTex)he(TId)trippedoverabranchandcamedownwithacrash(R).19/64n n分析分析吧(以概念/经验主位为根本):然而,他关上门,一反常态,跳上两步,抱住了老板胖乎乎肩膀。她心想:这人准是出了毛病!谌容减去十岁20/64v然而,他(T1)关上门,一反常态,跳上两步,抱住了老板胖乎乎肩膀(R1)。她(T2)心想(R2):这人(T1)准是出了毛病(R3)!21/64vTopic(al)sentence主题句Topicality主题性“主位分析比主题句分析更能表达语篇衔接。”(胡:151)我们倾向于比较句际衔接和篇章连贯。衔接有显性和隐性之分,连贯

13、主要是隐性。有主题就是连贯前提,而有主题不一定有主题句。主题句多用于议论文中。22/64语篇语音特征语言,方言,重音,音调,腔调,音质,音量,音高,押韵,平仄等语篇书写/拼字法特征纸张,墨水,大写,小写,草书,楷体,行草,隶书,打印体,齐头,缩进,对齐,字体,字号,引号等23/64衔接也罢,连贯也罢,都不是语言层面事,而是认知-语用层面上事。比较:1)FirstIcame.AndthenIsaw.AndinthelongrunIconquered.2)Icame.ThenIsaw.AndfinallyIconquered.3)Icame.ThenIsaw.ThenIconquered.4)Ic

14、ameandthenIsawandthenIconquered.5)IconqueredthelandassoonasIcameandsawit.6)IconqueredthelandsoonafterIcameandsawit.7)Icame.Isaw.Iconquered.24/64e.e.cummings(aleaffalls,loneliness)可看ppt模板lonelinessforabettereffect25/64vl(avlevafvfavllvs)vonevlviness26/64W.C.Williams(Theredwheelbarrow)vTheRedWheelbarr

15、owv so much dependsv uponv a red wheelv barrow v glazed with rain v water v beside the white v chickens27/64JamesJoyce,UlyssesW.C.Williams(Therose)WhatWhitman徐志摩28/64SpeakingEnglish杂志主编CliveBrasnett给姜亚军信vOdeforJiangYajunvvWhereverthismayfindyouvInyourvast,eternalland,vInWeinanwithyourteachers,vOrbyC

16、hangJiangsgoldenstrand,v(BesidethemightyrivervWheretheveteranChairmanswam),vThisemailcomeswithwishesvThatthecomingoftheramvWillbringayearofhappiness,vRecognitionandesteemvTothoselikeyouwholabourvInthegrovesofacademe.29/64“学生学生”译者提供了翻译:译者提供了翻译:姜亚军颂姜亚军颂广袤悠久地,此处可逢君。广袤悠久地,此处可逢君。或在渭南城,君等同传道。或在渭南城,君等同传道。或

17、于金滩边,亲临滔滔水。或于金滩边,亲临滔滔水。练达毛主席,曾经击中流。练达毛主席,曾经击中流。致此电子邮,带来吉羊信。致此电子邮,带来吉羊信。学院林荫中,君等耕耘事。学院林荫中,君等耕耘事。已为人所识,更致高尚意!已为人所识,更致高尚意!30/64项成东译文v祝福亚军道兄vv泱泱大国渭南水,v滔滔长江金沙岸;v(主席老人今尚在?v博浪击流何壮观!)v时逢新年吉羊至,v特致祝福及同仁(互勉);v修道求真路漫漫,v学高身正美名传。31/64猴哥译文v致亚军吾弟致亚军吾弟1)古国辽阔且无边,v2)西北渭南人姓姜;v3)从教为师把道传,4)批教改辅非孤雁。v5)(黄河黄呀长江长,6)主席雅兴游水央。)

18、v7)此乃愚兄福音书,v8)祝福贤弟及诸兄。9)学林森森路何方,v10)斩棘攀登日夜忙。11)羊年即至万事祥,v12)著丰望升心舒畅。(起源:http:/ 1月,原题为月,原题为残诗一首残诗一首,写作,写作时代背景为清末皇帝被逐出皇宫时候。诗歌题为时代背景为清末皇帝被逐出皇宫时候。诗歌题为“残诗残诗”,很,很轻易让人联想起当初国运衰落,而诗人本身思想感情也近轻易让人联想起当初国运衰落,而诗人本身思想感情也近“残破残破”寓意。整首诗用人们熟悉口语写成,但又没有日常口语那种芜寓意。整首诗用人们熟悉口语写成,但又没有日常口语那种芜杂因而在语境和情调上显得纯朴自然,丝毫没有堆砌用词刻意雕杂因而在语境和

19、情调上显得纯朴自然,丝毫没有堆砌用词刻意雕琢痕迹。该诗在句法和章法上也不像徐志摩其它当代诗那样重视琢痕迹。该诗在句法和章法上也不像徐志摩其它当代诗那样重视排比和对称,相反,在这首诗诗行间追求是句子结构错杂,而力排比和对称,相反,在这首诗诗行间追求是句子结构错杂,而力避句子结构类同,即使整首诗看起来比较齐整,但句子结构极其避句子结构类同,即使整首诗看起来比较齐整,但句子结构极其灵活多变,句子与句子之间是一个比较涣散、自由流动关系,再灵活多变,句子与句子之间是一个比较涣散、自由流动关系,再加上作者不停地改变句子语气,用疑问、反诘、感叹、否定等语加上作者不停地改变句子语气,用疑问、反诘、感叹、否定等

20、语气来防止过多直陈句,表示出一个变幻不定思绪和强烈感情改变,气来防止过多直陈句,表示出一个变幻不定思绪和强烈感情改变,不但增强了诗内在含义张力和弹性,也促进了读者经过诗歌表面不但增强了诗内在含义张力和弹性,也促进了读者经过诗歌表面意象去思索其内在含义和诗人想表示主题。意象去思索其内在含义和诗人想表示主题。38/64这首诗在押韵技巧上,用是西方诗歌惯用偶韵体,即两行押一韵,两行这首诗在押韵技巧上,用是西方诗歌惯用偶韵体,即两行押一韵,两行换一韵,这种诗体在英国过去叫换一韵,这种诗体在英国过去叫“英雄偶韵体英雄偶韵体”,但到以后,却多用来写,但到以后,却多用来写讽刺诗。这种两行一韵压韵格式在内容上

21、给了作者更大自由表现空间,同讽刺诗。这种两行一韵压韵格式在内容上给了作者更大自由表现空间,同时也利于作者抒发不一样情感。时也利于作者抒发不一样情感。简明分析了这首诗时代背景和语言特征,我们不禁要问:在简明分析了这首诗时代背景和语言特征,我们不禁要问:在“瓷花砖瓷花砖”,“白石台阶白石台阶”“”“青玉缸青玉缸”“”“凤尾鱼凤尾鱼”“”“鹦哥鹦哥”这些意象后面诗人想表示全这些意象后面诗人想表示全诗主题是什么?乍看起来,全诗似乎没有统揽全篇主题句,不过不能否定诗主题是什么?乍看起来,全诗似乎没有统揽全篇主题句,不过不能否定它是有主题及与其相关它是有主题及与其相关“诗眼诗眼”。该怎样分析呢?。该怎样分

22、析呢?HallidayHalliday提出主位提出主位/述位述位(theme/rhemetheme/rheme,以下简写为,以下简写为T/RT/R)分析无疑是一个好选择。所谓主位)分析无疑是一个好选择。所谓主位/述位述位分析就是从语言交际功效角度对话语进行语义上切分。话语主位往往能够分析就是从语言交际功效角度对话语进行语义上切分。话语主位往往能够表示话语主题。结合这首诗详细分析以下:(我把主位空缺,结合诗歌背表示话语主题。结合这首诗详细分析以下:(我把主位空缺,结合诗歌背景可能暗示清皇族隐性主位都简称为景可能暗示清皇族隐性主位都简称为T1T1,把所相关于物主位都简称为,把所相关于物主位都简称为

23、T2T2,而所相关于时间主位都简称为而所相关于时间主位都简称为T3T3)(T1T1,R1R1)-(T2T2,R2R2)-(T1T1,R3R3)-(T3T3,R4R4)-(T3T3,R5R5)-(T3T3,R6+R7R6+R7)-(T3T3,R8R8)-(T1T1,R9+R10+R11R9+R10+R11)-(T3T3,R12+R13R12+R13)-(T3T3,R14+R15R14+R15)-(T3T3,R16R16)(上面分析只是笔者初步思索,希望得到老师和同学指正)(上面分析只是笔者初步思索,希望得到老师和同学指正)这么一分析,答案就很清楚:关于这么一分析,答案就很清楚:关于T1T1和和T

24、3T3主位占了大多数,即诗人经过对主位占了大多数,即诗人经过对一系列往昔王室故物描写传达了一个物是人非,事过境迁感觉。一系列往昔王室故物描写传达了一个物是人非,事过境迁感觉。(参考王德红:徐志摩残诗赏析)(参考王德红:徐志摩残诗赏析)39/64罗杨(川外硕士)(罗杨(川外硕士)(http:/ 4个;从句法结构上划分,标识主位个;从句法结构上划分,标识主位1010个,无标识主位个,无标识主位4 4个。整个语篇个。整个语篇主位推进模式以下:主位推进模式以下:T1-R1T1-R1T2-R2T2-R2T3-R3T3-R3T4-R4T4-R4T5-R5T5-R5T5-R6T5-R6T7-R7T7-R7T

25、11-R11T11-R11T8-R8T8-R8T8-R9T8-R9T8-R10T8-R10T12-R12T12-R12T13-R13T13-R13T14-R14T14-R14 由上述模式能够看出,作者在创作过程中,并列型和链接型各用了由上述模式能够看出,作者在创作过程中,并列型和链接型各用了2 2次,平行型用了次,平行型用了1 1次。作者从并列型入手,对次。作者从并列型入手,对人物心理、动作进行了描写(人物心理、动作进行了描写(3 3次);接着,作者笔锋一转,开始描写地上次);接着,作者笔锋一转,开始描写地上“石台阶石台阶”,小作展开(,小作展开(2 2次);随即,次);随即,他用生动笔触将他

26、用生动笔触将“鱼鱼”带入读者视野(带入读者视野(2 2次),并提到相关人物(喂养者)次),并提到相关人物(喂养者)3 3次。最终,作者以次。最终,作者以“鹦哥鹦哥”结尾,并对结尾,并对它作了番介绍和评论。整首诗里面,描写对象很多,无法确定哪个是主要描写对象。从衔接伎俩上看,句与句之间它作了番介绍和评论。整首诗里面,描写对象很多,无法确定哪个是主要描写对象。从衔接伎俩上看,句与句之间没有语法上问题,作者利用词汇修辞伎俩确保了诗字面上完整性,但描写众对象间逻辑关系并没有明晰,也没有交没有语法上问题,作者利用词汇修辞伎俩确保了诗字面上完整性,但描写众对象间逻辑关系并没有明晰,也没有交代此对象与他对象

27、间是经过什么来产生联络,有意割断了其中连续性,让读者摸不清描写对象展开过程,让人以为代此对象与他对象间是经过什么来产生联络,有意割断了其中连续性,让读者摸不清描写对象展开过程,让人以为缺乏内容上连贯性,留下一个残缺不全印象。这可能就是作者命名缺乏内容上连贯性,留下一个残缺不全印象。这可能就是作者命名“残诗残诗”原因吧。原因吧。40/64岳英妍岳英妍(川外硕士)(http:/ T 1 1空缺主位)怨谁(空缺主位)怨谁(R1R1)?()?(T2=T1T2=T1空缺主位)怨谁(空缺主位)怨谁(R2R2)?)?这这(T3=T1)(T3=T1)是青天里打雷(是青天里打雷(R3R3)?)?(T4T4环境成

28、份环境成份“现在现在”,空缺)关着,锁上(,空缺)关着,锁上(R4R4);赶明儿();赶明儿(T5T5环境环境成份)瓷花砖(成份)瓷花砖(T6T6)上堆灰!()上堆灰!(R5R5)(T7=T4T7=T4空缺)空缺)别瞧这(白石台阶儿别瞧这(白石台阶儿T8T8)(光润)(光润R7R7)R6R6,赶明儿,赶明儿(T9T9T6T6环境成份),唉,环境成份),唉,石缝里(石缝里(T10=T8T10=T8白石台阶儿石缝)长草(白石台阶儿石缝)长草(R9R9),石上松上),石上松上(T11=T8T11=T8)青青全是莓()青青全是莓(R10R10)!)!(T12=T4T12=T4)那廊下青玉缸里养着鱼()

29、那廊下青玉缸里养着鱼(T13T13),真凤尾(),真凤尾(R11R11),),(T14=R11)(T14=R11)可还有谁给换水,谁给捞草,谁给喂(可还有谁给换水,谁给捞草,谁给喂(R12R12)?)?要不了三五天(要不了三五天(T15=T5T15=T5)准翻着白肚鼓着眼()准翻着白肚鼓着眼(R13R13),),不浮着死(不浮着死(R15R15),也就让冰分儿压一个扁(),也就让冰分儿压一个扁(R16)R16)!41/64顶可怜是那几个红嘴绿毛鹦哥(顶可怜是那几个红嘴绿毛鹦哥(T16T16),),让娘娘(让娘娘(T17T17)教得顶乖()教得顶乖(R17R17)R18R18,会跟着洞箫唱歌,会

30、跟着洞箫唱歌(R1=R6R1=R6),),真娇养惯(真娇养惯(R19R19),喂食一迟,就叫人名儿骂(),喂食一迟,就叫人名儿骂(R20=R18R20=R18),),(现在(现在T18T18环境成份),您(环境成份),您(T19=T16T19=T16)叫去)叫去(R21)(R21)!就剩就剩(T20T20环境成份)空院子(环境成份)空院子(T21T21)给您答话)给您答话R22R22!表示表示“现在现在”T4T4,T7T7,T12T12,T19T19“未来未来”T5T5,T15T15,T9T9,T19T19意象:意象:T6T6瓷花砖瓷花砖;T8;T8、T10T10、T11T11白石台阶儿白石台

31、阶儿;T14=R11T14=R11 凤尾鱼凤尾鱼(R12R12、R13R13、R15R15、R16R16);T16T16、T19T19、T21T21、鹦哥,、鹦哥,T21T21空院子,空院子,人:人:T17T17娘娘娘娘从(从(T17T17)娘娘,这一称谓,能够看出,本诗描写庭之景。从瓷花)娘娘,这一称谓,能够看出,本诗描写庭之景。从瓷花砖、白石台阶儿、凤尾鱼、鹦哥能够联想到宫庭昔日奢华。作者砖、白石台阶儿、凤尾鱼、鹦哥能够联想到宫庭昔日奢华。作者经过今(经过今(T4T4,T7T7,T12T12,T19T19)昔对比(全部)昔对比(全部R R,除,除R11R11),又预),又预示了宫庭昔日繁荣

32、都将消失败落。示了宫庭昔日繁荣都将消失败落。42/64辛颖辛颖(川外硕士)(http:/ Hallidays functional grammatical analysisvThree functions:vIdeational functionvInterpersonal functionvTextual functionv4.5.1 ideational functionvTransitivity:vProcess_ material processv _ mental processv _ relation processvParticipants_ actorv _ goalv _ b

33、eneficiaryv _ instrument51/64Chapter4syntaxvCircumstance_ timev _ placev _ mannervEx.1)John saw the murder.v 2)The dean cancelled the department meeting.v 3)The daughter resembles her mother.v4.5.2 interpersonal functionvRealized by mood,modality,person,lexical registerv4.5.2.1 moodvShows what role

34、the speaker selects in the speech situation and what role he assigns to the addressee.vEx.Close the door.v Would you please close the door?v4.5.2.2 modalityvUse of modal verbs to indicate subjective of the probability of certain kind,etc.vEx.He may be late./It always rains here.52/64Chapter4syntaxv4

35、.5.2.3 lexical registervAfter the identification with the listener,choose formal or informal words.v4.5.3 textual functionvLanguage can be used to compose a coherent and unified text by theme,rheme,voice,collocation,cohesion.vEx.Yesterday I went shopping.v Did he go shopping yesterday?v When did he

36、go shopping?vSummary:vTo Halliday,a sentence is the simultaneous realization of ideational,interpersonal and textual functions:53/64Chapter4syntaxv Ex1The teacher has given the student a picture yesterday.vIdeationalvFunction actor process beneficiary goal circumstantialvInterpersonal vFunction subj

37、ect/mood residuevTextual vFunction theme rhemevEx2 They were waiting in the classroom patiently.vIdeational vFunction actor process place mannervInterpersonal vFunction mood residuevTextualvFunction theme rheme54/64vAgentvPatientvActvBeneficiaryvInstrumentvCircumstance55/64vLetterfromalearner:vHonor

38、ableMr.Hou,vImyourstudentmajoringinAppliedLinguistics.PresentlyImeetwithsomeproblemswhenIreadsomebook.SinceyouarespecializedinPragmatics,Isincerelyhopethatyoucanhelpmeout.Thefollowingsaremyquestions:vv1.Pointoutthecasesoftheitalicizedwordsinthefollowingsentences.Thesymbolsofcasesaregiven.A(agentive)

39、,I(instrumental),D(dative),F(factive),L(locative),O(objective),B(benefactive),S(source),G(goal),C(comitative)56/64vHelaughed.()vHeisthin.()vHeboughtapen.()vJohnkilledthemonsterwithahammer.()vJohndiedyesterday.()vThewindopenedthewindow.()vMaryknowstheanswer.()vHesangasongforhisfriends.()vHeisinthecla

40、ssroom.()vMarysoldmeabike.()57/64v2.什么是dative和comitative。二者有什么区分呢?v3.“Thesailsfilledwithwind.”这句话中thesails应该是instrument还是experiencer或者是其它。为何?v4“Iwanttogo.”这句话中togo是什么成份呢?因为这句话中动词是want,能够说这个不定式是complementation吗?为何?vManythankstoyouandhopetoreceiveyourrepliedletterinyourearlyavailabletime.vBestwishes!v

41、张媛飞v-11-2758/64vPartofmyreplyvPointoutthecasesoftheitalicizedwordsinthefollowingsentences.Thesymbolsofcasesaregiven.A(agentive)(sp),I(instrumental),D(dative),F(factive)(sp),L(locative),O(objective),B(benefactive),S(source),G(goal),C(comitative)(sp)59/64vDative是与格,我给东西与你或任何人,这个人就是与格,Igaveusth;Igavest

42、htoyou中u/tou都是。Locative是方位格。如theroomcanholdtenpeople主语,或tenaresittingintheroom末尾状语就是。主格不用讲了吧,是动作主体。O宾格是动作对象,如“我杀鸡了”“鸡”。G是目标(格),如Icaughttheball,shegottwotickets.这两句宾语就是。分别是caught和got目标/目标(宾语)。B是受益格,是表示利益得主,如Igotabookforu,Igotuabook中foru和u。S是信息发源地,与addressee即受话方相对应。F应该是factitive缩写,是“使成格”意思,表示造成什么结果动作方

43、式,如,make,kill,choose,elect就是使成动词。工具格是表示工具和方式,如Iopenedthedoorwiththenewkey.Thenewkeydidnotopenthedoor.“钥匙”部分就是工具格。你comitative不知拼错了没有。不知其意。抱歉。v另外还有呼格/vocative,如Mary,comeonhere.前一个词就是。还有accusative就是宾格,任何宾语就是。还有oblique就是间接格,指主格以外任何格。Nominative/subjective为主格/主语格。60/64Sbdidthis.Youdiscussanddecide.Helaugh

44、ed.(S)vHeisthin.(L)vHeboughtapen.(G)vJohnkilledthemonsterwithahammer.(O)vJohndiedyesterday.(N)vThewindopenedthewindow.(F)vMaryknowstheanswer.(N)vHesangasongforhisfriends.(B)vHeisintheclassroom.(L)vMarysoldmeabike.(S)61/64v3.“Thesailsfilledwithwind.”这句话中thesails应该是instrument还是experiencer或者是其它。为何?(是L)v4“Iwanttogo.”这句话中togo是什么成份呢?因为这句话中动词是want,能够说这个不定式是complementation吗?为何?(G)62/64vIjustrepliedbetweenlinesofyourletter.Sorryforthat.vPleasefindoutaboutcomitative.Andwritetomeagain.vGoodluck!vAlfredhou63/64 Good luck and good bye Good luck and good bye!64/64

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