1、通用口译通用口译I教师：李芳琴教师：李芳琴主要使用教材主要使用教材：新世纪口译理论技巧与实践，（李芳琴等），四川人民出版社，年1 月。口译实践材料推荐教材及资料推荐教材及资料：实用英语口译教程，冯建忠，译林出版社，年。CCTV国际频道访谈、主题讨论节目 CNN新闻等。1/51通用口译I教学目标：教学目标：经过讲授口译基本理论、口译背景知识以及对学生进行口译基本技巧训练，使学生使学生初步掌握口译程序和基本技巧，初步学会口译记忆方法、口译笔记、口头概述、公众演讲等基本技巧和口译基本策略，培养学生关心时事信息意识，积累知识，掌握文件检索、资料查询基本方法；培养学生话语分析能力，提升学生逻辑思维能力、
2、语言组织能力和双语表示能力，提升学生跨文化交际能力和英、汉两种语言互译能力，为进入下一阶段讨论式、分语类对学生进行口译基本技巧训练做准备。2/51Unit One-Definition Definition of Interpreting:It is defined as oral translation of a written text(Shuttleworth&Cowie:1997:83).Interpreting is a service activity with a communication function.(Gile)It is usually a face-to-face
3、communicative act.3/51Unit One-Types of interpretingInterpreting can be classified into the following three types according its nature:Conference Interpreting 会议口译Personal Interpreting 随行口译Liaison Interpreting 联络口译 It can be divided into:alternating interpretation（交替口译）English Chinese consecutive in
4、terpretation（连续/接续/逐步口译）simultaneous interpretation（同声传译）whispering interpretation（耳语翻译）sight/on sight interpretation（视阅翻译/视译）4/51Unit One-RequirementsBasic qualities required of interpreters:A strong sense of responsibilityA solid foundation of two languagesProfound knowledgeGood memoryQuick thinki
5、ngOutstanding ability of understandingFluent expression of ideas5/51Unit One-Active ListeningImprovingActiveListeninglMainreasonsforfailuretorememberwhathasbeenheard:a.Insufficientattentionispaidtothespeaker.b.Unfamiliaritywiththetopicunderdiscussion.c.Incompetenceintheforeignlanguage/languageslHowt
6、oimproveactivelistening:a.Enlargebackgroundknowledge.b.AskWHquestionsbeforelistening.c.Listentothemainideasofthespeech.6/51Unit Two-Memory in CIThe importance of a good memory in interpreting The ability to process information is an essential part of successful interpreting.The ability to listen,com
7、prehend,and retain information is necessary for processing information.7/51U2:Short-Term Memory(STM)The duration of STM is very short.It is up 6 to 30 seconds.Memory in interpreting only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over,the interpreter moves on to another one,often wit
8、h different context,subject and speakers.8/51U2:Long-Term Memory(LTM)Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks,months,or even years later.To create these pathways,you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the i
9、nformation in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreters acquisition of knowledge,because information stored in LTM may last for minutes to weeks,months,or even an entire life.9/51Unit 2:Tactics of memorizi
10、ng information-VisualizationThis is to visualize what the speaker is saying in interpretation.It is applicable to the retaining of information in such speech types as narration,description and introduction.10/51U2:Visualization-An ExampleHurricane Henry moved into northern Florida early yesterday mo
11、rning.Nearly half a million people have had to be evacuated as the 200 km per hour winds uprooted trees,tore roofs off some houses and completely demolished less sturdy ones.In coastal areas many boats were submerged by the 10 meter swell,while others were beached and left stranded with their hulls
12、ripped open.11/51Unit Three-Memory in CI Outlininginformation 提要式记忆提要式记忆提要式记忆指译员充分利用语篇基本结构及其主要意义间联络，把源语材料内容看成提要或框架来处理。在此提要或框架里，译员所“记”内容是源语材料主要意义及其联络。在随即所“忆”和“译”阶段，译员则在所记基本提要基础上，完整地归纳包含其它次要意义在内全部意义。提要式记忆惯用于那些讲话内容相对有条理性、主次意义较清楚讲话材料，如论证类、介绍类讲话等。12/51Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Outlining Information:A
13、n Example澳大利亚和中国在生态环境上有很大差异，我认为原因很多。首先是因为中国人口密度较大，其次是经济情况不一样。澳大利亚经济主要依靠第一和第三产业，比如农业、旅游业，它们对环境污染相对较小；而中国经济更依赖于第二产业（工业），第二产业对环境污染最大。另外，澳大利亚是一个发达国家，在经济上有能力制订比较严格环境保护法规。第三是历史原因。即使澳大利亚土族居民有六万多年历史，不过他们是游牧民族，所以对生态环境没有重大影响。澳大利亚主要人类活动只有两百年历史。在中国，主要人类活动已经有几千年之久。第四，中国环境保护还没有受到应有重视。第五个原因是澳大利亚人和中国人社会文明意识有所不一样。13
14、/51Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Outlining Information(2)澳、中生态环境差异原因：1人口密度2经济情况：澳：第一、三产业（两例、结果）中：第二产业（结果）另外，澳：发达国（环境保护法规）3历史：（主要人类活动史比较）4环境保护重视程度5文明意识14/51Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Re-arranging Information推理式信息组合记忆：译员在了解前提下，以话语所展现信息位为基础，分清信息主次，结合逻辑推理，将信息单位按主次关系逻辑性地组合成更大信息单位，以增加短时记忆容量。这种方法较适合于记忆那
15、些信息量大长句或内容相对比较枯燥、话语连贯性较差材料。15/51Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Re-arranging Information-An ExampleWehaveheardalotofinterestingpointsfromthespeakerswhohavegonebeforemeaboutcreatingasupportiveinvestmentclimatewhichtakesintoaccounttheinterestsandconcernsofforeigncompanies,whilealsohelpingChinesecompanie
16、sandthevariousregionsofChinatorealizetheircompetitiveadvantages.16/51Unit 3:Memory in Interpreting-Re-arranging Information-An Example(2)这句话大致是以下信息单位依次进入译员记忆：1）wehaveheardalotinterestingpointsfromthespeakerswhohavegonebeforeme（在我讲话之前，我们已听到许多讲话人很有意义看法）2）aboutcreatingasupportiveinvestmentclimate（就创造勉励
17、性投资环境）3）whichtakesintoaccounttheinterestsandconcernsofforeigncompanies（它照料外国企业利益）4）whilealsohelpingChinesecompaniesandthevariousregionsofChinatorealisetheircompetitiveadvantages（同时，帮助中国企业和各个地域实现其本身竞争优势）。连贯语篇信息：在我之前讲话人已围绕“照料外国企业利益、创造勉励性投资环境、同时帮助中国企业和各个地域实现其本身竞争优势”这一话题作了很有意义阐述。17/51Unit Four:Note-taki
18、nginInterpretingTheimportanceoftakingnotesininterpretingOur short-term memory alone can not retain the amount ofinformationthespeakergivesintheactofinterpreting.Weneedtoemployothermeanstohelpwithourretainingandretrievalofinformation.Notes are an aid to enhance the work ofunderstanding,analysisandre-
19、expression,thethreeactivitiesofconsecutiveinterpreting.The main use of notes is to relieve memory.Although aninterpretermayhaveunderstoodthemainideasofaspeech,itisalmostimpossibleforhim/hertorecallalltheelementsofafive-minutespeech,particularlyifitcontainsnumbers,names,lists,sincesuchelementscannotb
20、erecalledonthebasisofanalysisandlogic.18/51U4:Basicguidelinesfornote-takinginCIUseA15cmX20cmstenographersnote-pad;avoidloosesheets.Writeonlyononesideofthesheets;useagoodoldleadpencil.Notes should be easilyreadable,be wellspread on thepage,writteninlargecharacters,andonesinglesentencecanevenoccupyone
21、sheet.Notes must be unequivocal:for instance,an arrow pointingupwardmustbealwaysusedtorepresentoneidea.Avoid inventing symbols or abbreviations in the course of aconference.Languageusedinyournotes:SLandTLWriteyournotesverticallyUseabbreviationsUsewhateverlanguagethatcomestoyourmindUseasmanysymbolsas
22、youfeelcomfortablewith19/51Somesuggestedsymbolsusedinnote-taking+=20/51Unit4:Note-taking:Whattonote-Takedownthemainpointsofthespeech,togetherwithanyamountofminordetailsyoucouldmanage(口译笔记对象：概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻口译笔记对象：概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系辑关系)-Notedownthemainideas.-Systematicallynotedownthelinksbetween
23、differentideas.-Notedownthepointofviewbeingexpressed.-Payattentiontoverbtenses,conditionalforms,andmodalverbs.-Notedownaccuratelythenumbers,datesandpropernames.Butdigesteverythingbeforetakingnotes!21/51Unit4Note-taking:AnExamplebecauseeverychildhasthesameneeds,andtherighttoabasiceducation,therightto
24、food,therighttoshelter,andtherighttobasichealthandeverychildneedsafriendallsamerightsed.shelterhealthneedfriend22/51UnitFiveNote-taking(2)Theuseofleft-handmarginTheleft-handmarginisall-important,sinceinthissectionofthesheetthesubjectsofandthelinksbetweenthesentencesaretobenoted.Someinterpretersmaych
25、oosetoleavealeft-handmarginofonetotwocentimetersforlinksonly.23/51Unit5Note-taking:anExample1HungaryhascomplainedthatitssteelexportstotheEuropeanUnionareunabletodevelopbecauseofexcessivelyrestrictivequotas.ButtheUnionrepresentativepointedoutthatquotasarestill underused by Hungary by a large margin,s
26、o the quotasthemselvesdidntappeartobecreatingthedifficultiescouldbenoteddownasfollows:HUcomplainedsteelexpertstoEUcantdevelopbecausetoostricttariffquotasButEUrepquotasunderusedbyHUalotSoquotasnotprob 24/51Unit5Note-taking:Example2HU:steelexpertscannotdeveloptoEUbecausetariffquotastoorestrictive_butE
27、U:HUunderusesalotquotassoquotasnotproblem25/51UnitSixInterpretingNumerals笔记方法e.g.5,500-5千5或5515,300-1万5千3或153175,000-17万5或1753,000,000-3,或3或3635,500,000-6亿3千5百50万或635526/51UnitSevenInterpretingNumerals(2)Thereadingofvulgarfractions1/2onehalf1/4onequarter1/5one-fifth1/3one-third3/4three-fourths5/9fiv
28、e-ninths2/6two-sixths9/10nine-tenths3/1000three-thousandths26/95twentysixoverninety-five79/53seventy-nineoverfifty-three九又四分之一nineandaquarter五又三分之二fiveandtwo-thirds27/51Unit Eight-Public SpeakingVoice ProjectionPublic speaking means that you must be clearly audible,and an important skill for interpr
29、eters is voice projection.Here are some tips of voice projection:-do speak with a clear,firm voice,the first few sentences are especially important to convey assurance to your audience;-be clearly intelligible at all times;pronounce proper names and titles especially carefully;-dont“orate”,but do so
30、und natural and sincere;-use the first person singular;-talk to your audience“personally”and keep contact with them at all times;-watch the reaction of the audience to what you say;-be friendly toward your audience,be interested in your subject;-dont frown;-dont grimace,even if you make mistakes.28/
31、51Unit 8-Public Speaking(2Speed of deliveryPublic speaking for an interpreter means that you have to maintain the interest of the audience,who are hearing a text twice,once in a version which they cannot understand.You must engage their attention,and one method is to vary your speed of delivery.More
32、 tips:-dont talk faster than 160 words a minute or slower than 90 words a minute;-do keep your rate of delivery constantly changing;-dont be monotonous in your delivery;-change your pace or speed in response to the audiences reactions;-allow space for applause,laughter,or interruptions;-keep eye con
33、tact with the audience.29/51Public SpeakingImportant:Importance of eye-contact“三点法”：三个论点/三个原/三个例子30/51Unit Nine-Paraphrasing in CIWhatisparaphrasing?或或称称复复述述训训练练repetitiontraining，此此训训练练意意在在检检验验记记忆忆、加加深深了了解解，帮帮助助我我们们逐逐步步摆摆脱脱原原语语表表示示方方式式束束缚缚，专专注注于于要要传传递递“意意义义”，借借着着用用译译入入语语进进行行复复述述，深深入入巩巩固固了了解解并并储储存存“
34、意意义义”。注注意意意意义义完完整整和和逻逻辑连贯。辑连贯。31/51Unit 9-Paraphrasing in CI(2)Rulestobefollowedinparaphrasing:1不应该有任何删减源语意义情况；2不应有任何改变源语意义情况；3.对源语信息中明示或暗示态度、立场、观点和口气等，译员不应掺杂任何个人偏见或成见。32/51Unit 9-paraphrasing:Tactics1.ChangeofpartsofspeechOriginal:TourismearnsalotofforeignexchangeforSpain.Paraphrased:Tourismisabigf
35、oreignexchangeearnerforSpain.2.ChangeofsentencestructureOriginal:Onlybyeliminatingcorruptionandbureaucracycanweestablishaclean,smallandefficientgovernment.Paraphrased:Wemustgetridofcorruptionandbureaucracybeforeweareabletoestablishaclean,smallandefficientgovernment.3.Breakupthelongsentenceintosevera
36、lshortonesOriginal:Theboomintheairlineindustrythatbeganabout30yearsagoresultedinacorrespondingboominhotelconstruction.Paraphrased:The airline industry started to boom about 30 years ago.Thisboombroughtasimilarboominhotelconstruction.33/51Unit TenComponent ExerciseNote-takingPunctuationAnticipation34
37、/51UnitTenAnticipationinInterpreting(1)Linguisticanticipation语言系预测extra-linguisticanticipation非语言系预测语言系预测语言系预测词词汇汇排排列列是是有有规规律律可可循循。比如在英语里，介词后面接冠词或名词概率很高，而接另一个介词或动词概率则很低。这种规律能够帮助人们对在特定语境中词义进行预测。（2）语言系统内部存在着大量冗余现象，语言冗余带来信息冗于。在在语语段段中中，上上文文中中关关键键词词汇汇已已能能清清楚楚表表示示还还未未结结束束部部分分意意义义。（3）在特定语境中，被被唤唤起起或或被被激激活活认
38、认知知知知识识含有还未结束句子意思。含有还未结束句子意思。35/51Unit10Anticipation:Example1Allmostfouryearsago,onJuly1st,1997,inthisveryspecialplace,inasolemnceremonymarkingthehand-over,PresidentJiangannouncedtotheworldthereturnofHongKongtoChina.（近四年前，1997年7月1日，江主席莅临此地，出席庄重厉穆香港回归大典，向全世界宣告香港回归祖国。）在这句话中，译员语言知识以及被唤起认知知识足以使其对以下划线部分进
39、行预测，：Almost four years ago（近四年前）,on July 1st,1997（1997年7月1日）inthisveryspecialplace（就在此地）,inasolemnceremony（在庄重厉穆仪式上）markingthehand-over（标志着回归）,PresidentJiang（江主席）announcedtotheworldthereturnofHongKongtoChina（宣告香港回归祖国）。对划线部分中一些词预测实际上遵照了英语词汇排列规律，如ago，place等，它们前面词语使其在这一语境中显得毫无疑义；而译员对其它划线部分预测则与其认知知识息息相关
40、，如onJuly1st,1997,ceremony,PresidentJiang,thereturnofHongKongtoChina。从某种意义上讲，假如译员在其认知知识库里已经储存这么信息：江泽民主席于1997年7月1日宣告香港回归中国，那么上述划线部分实际上就成了冗余信息。36/51Unit10:Anticipationininterpreting(2):非语言系预测非语言系预测:既包含译员译前预测，又包含在口译过程中所作预测。既包含译员译前预测，又包含在口译过程中所作预测。即对对讲讲话话中中要要表表示示思思想想预预测测，而非准确无误地预测讲话人详细措辞。比如，年10月美国教育代表团来渝
41、访问了解该市当代外语教育技术概况，该市教委高教处领导发表了一篇集欢迎与介绍于一体讲话。在这一特定语境中，译员在讲话发表前就可预测到以下内容：（1）讲话人将代表市教委向代表团表示欢迎；（2）重庆市高等院校介绍；（3）重庆市高校当代外语教育技术利用情况以及（4）对代表团良好祝福。37/51Interpreting ExerciseFocus:Note-taking and note-readingInterpretingEye-contact with audience38/51UnitEleven:SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenWT&CI）1.工作方式不一样工
42、作方式不一样22.语言利用不一样语言利用不一样a.用词上区分 口译用偏重口语化词，笔译往往用书面词语。b.句法上区分 口译多用简单语法、简单句子和简单结构;笔译能够视需要而定，选取适当句子结构:口译应少用被动语态，笔译不做此要求。39/51Interpreting ExericiseDr.Sclafanis speech continuedFocus:interpreting with the help of notes40/51Unit 12:Basic characteristics of communication in interpreting Speaker(message)Inte
43、rpreter Listener(message)41/51Unit 12:Basic characteristics of narrative speechNarrative speech:叙述类讲话(also include introduction)A chronological narrative may be history,the story of a country,or an international organization over the last fifty years.But it may also be the chairperson of a meeting s
44、umming up the situation at the outcome of the last meeting,the procedure followed since then,including the activities of various sub-committees and the procedure envisaged for the immediate future.The interpreter must pay due attention to time phrases,dates and verb tenses.People want to what happen
45、ed when.A narrative speech may also have the feature of the descriptive speech.42/51Unit 12:Introductory speeches 介绍类讲话基本特点介绍类讲话基本特点 介绍类讲话是口译实践中最常见语类之一，出现得最多情况有以下几个：(1)对企业、工厂、学校等企业、团体介绍；(2)对项目、展品、产品以及科研结果等介绍；(3)对城市、地域（包含景区）等介绍；(4)对人物介绍。介绍类讲话基本模式是：总说、分说、总结或适当小结。这类话语展开没有显著时间或空间次序，而是靠时间、空间和逻辑程序相互组合或补充。
46、通常在介绍之前都有一段概述性质话语，方便能给听话人留下一个整体印象，然后再按照被介绍物特点或说话人目标，分门别类按不一样主题进行深入详细介绍。43/51 Unit 13:Preparation in interpretationAdvanced PreparationBefore the meeting,the interpreter should ask the conference organizer to provide a full set of documents,which include the conference programme,list of participants,
47、background information about the conference,and most important,documents on the content of the conference(including drafts of papers to be read or presented,abstracts,etc.)Briefings are potentially a very useful part of advanced preparation.They are meetings organized for the interpreter,with the pa
48、rticipation of the organizer and experts in the field.At the briefing,general information is given to the interpreter,who can ask specific questions,generally on concepts and terminology.Last minute preparationFor organizational reasons,the conference documents are not always available before the co
49、nference.Sometimes,many documents are only available at the very last moment,yet a significant amount of knowledge acquisition may revolve around them.The interpreter should be ready to deal with the situation.In-conference preparationMuch information is gained during the conference itself,partly th
50、rough documents which are only handed out after the meeting has started,partly through conversation with participants during break,and partly through the content of presentations and discussions.44/51Unit 13:Interpreting long sentences英语长句-依据意群，将其拆为简单句-依据逻辑关系综合使用：造成、重组、合并等伎俩汉语长句-依据内在逻辑关系进行重组45/51Uni
