1、.学术论文写作：结论一、结论的构成要素 如果一下内容比较详尽，需要分小节论述(1) 第一段，即结论部分的开场白，概括说明：本课题的研究论题、意义与价值、研究内容。(2) 第二其后几段，具体地说明：本研究或者证明了什么假设或理论，或者根据什么理论得出了什么结论，解决了什么实际问题。(3) 启示（这部分可能没有，可能有） 对教学、对语言实践、对翻译等等。(3) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。(4) 展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。二、写作方法：（1）、（2）部分是对“摘要”的扩写。展望是对局限的回答。范文： A Cognitive Study on Conceptual Me
2、taphor in English and Chinese Sports News参考摘要Abstract: This paper, based on Lakoffs conceptual metaphor theory and Steens five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角/指南）, makes a comparative study （总研究方法）of conceptual metaphor in English and Chinese sports news （总研究目标/目的）. By analyzing 50
3、English and 50 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法1：语料分析统计）, we find a distributional （分目标1）similarity of English and Chinese conceptual metaphors （发现/结果）. They fall into the following seven types: war, human, orientation, journey, drama, animal throne metap
4、hors, among which, the occurrence of war metaphor far distinguishes the others （具体/结果1）. But the percentages of the different metaphors are not even in English and Chinese（具体/结果2）. Take the metaphor of war as a case （具体方法2：案例分析法）, the thesis attempts to find the cognitive motivation for sports as wa
5、rs （分目标2）and discovers the six foundations of mapping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果3). 结论部分Chapter 5 ConclusionTo understand the conceptual metaphors in English a
6、nd Chinese sports news (论题)，the research makes a comparative study（总研究方法）based on Lakoffs conceptual metaphor theory and Steens five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角/指南）. The investigation about the distribution of metaphors on sports news was conducted by analyzing 50 English and 50
7、 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法1：语料分析统计）, and the exploration into the motivation of metaphors was tackled through a case study. We reach the following findings. (这个开场白非常有必要)5.1 FindingsFirstly, English and Chinese have the similar typical types of conc
8、eptual metaphors of sports（具体/结果1）: war metaphor, human metaphor, orientation metaphor, journey metaphor, throne metaphor, drama metaphor, animal metaphor and etc. Among them, war metaphor takes up the majority of the conceptual metaphor in both English and Chinese sports news. Chinese data have sev
9、en types of metaphors, including war metaphor, human metaphor, orientation metaphor, journey metaphor, drama metaphor, throne metaphor and animal metaphor. However, the English data covers six types of them, with only throne metaphor excluded. This reveals that the cognitive patterns of both Chinese
10、 people and the western people have some similarities since different languages with different linguistic forms may convey the same concepts based on similar psychological mentality.Secondly, uneven percentages of different metaphors are found in English and Chinese sports（具体/结果2）. It is identified
11、in Table 3.1 of Chapter 3, war metaphor with the percentage of 62.59%, orientation metaphor with the percentage of 12.14% and throne metaphor with the percentage of 6.80% are the top three metaphors in Chinese data, among which war metaphor takes up the majority. Compared with Chinese data, war meta
12、phor, human metaphor, and orientation metaphor win the favors of the English journalists, which take up the percentage of 63.11%, 13.93%, and 12.70% respectively. War metaphor is also far more than the other two in English sports news. Thirdly, the cognitive motivation for sports as wars （分目标2）is ma
13、pping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果3). 5.2 LimitationsThere are still some limitations in the study.Firstly, the amount of data is still not enough which may poss
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