1、SCOTLAND 1 North part of Great Britain 2 Population: 5.2 million 3 regions Highlands, Southern Uplands, and Lowlands Glasgow is the largest city Edinburgh is the capital city These cities are just 60 km apart. Both cities have famous universities dating back to the 15th century. 3 Scotland was not c
2、onquered by the Romans Romans built Hadrians wall to keep out Scottish invaders. The wall still exists and is where the current border now stands. Anglo-Saxons were not able to conquer Scotland either, although they did occupy parts of southeast Scotland. This is why Edinburgh has a Germanic name. 6
3、th century, Scots from northern Ireland invaded the southwest. 4 The original Celts were called Picts. They retreated to the Highlands after the Scot invasion. This set up a cultural divide which still exists today. Some areas in the Highlands still have people speaking Gaelic in addition to English
4、. Scotland was made up of small kingdoms. Viking invasions and wars with England forced the Scottish king to unite and defend the land. Scotland and England often fought wars. 5 Berwick-on-Tweed is in England today. Is has changed sides thirteen times between the two countries. 1298 William Wallace
5、led an uprising against King Edward. It was defeated. A few years later, Robert the Bruce defeated the English at Bannockburn. This led to 300 years of full independence from England. When queen Elizabeth died, James VI of Scotland became James I of England. The crowns were united, but the countries
6、 remained independent until 1707. 6 Many Scots still dream for independence. In the 17th and 18th centuries, people began leaving Scotland for America, Canada and Australia. They primarily left from the Highlands. Today there are more people of Scottish descent living outside Scotland than there are
7、 Scots living in Scotland today. Scotland Act of 1998 established the Scotland Parliament. First elections were held in 1999. 7 The waters off Scotland in the North Sea hold the largest oil reserves in the European Union. Fishing is one of the largest industries in Scotland Tourism is becoming a big
8、ger industry too, especially for people of Scottish descent who return for visits. Glasgow is a center for shipbuilding and steel factories Edinburgh is famous for the annual Edinburgh Arts Festival 8 Scotlands culture is best represented by their dress and music. The highland clans each wore distin
9、ctive patterns called Tartans 9 Each clan had a different pattern. Clan is a family group living in a specific area, usually in the Highlands Because of the name of a certain restaurant chain, the most famous Scottish clan name is Clan McDonald Traditional formal dress in the highlands includes the
10、kilt for men. 10 11 12 Scottish music is most noted for the bagpipes. 13 WALES 14 Population: 3.01 million Smaller than Scotland or England, but larger than Northern Ireland Cardiff is the capital city Celtic people settled in Wales The Celts fought the Romans and established small kingdoms after th
11、e romans left Britain in the 5th century Anglo-Saxons never invaded Wales 15 1282 Edward I of England defeated Llywelyn ap Gruffyd and conquered Wales. Edward named his son the Prince of Wales. The oldest son of the king or queen of England is still called this today. Most Welsh people do not agree with this title. Wales becam
