1、微信公众号：上海升学助手 2019 年年 6 月大学英语六级考试真题月大学英语六级考试真题 Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of team spirit and communication in the workplace. You can cite examples to illustrate your views.You should write at least 150 words bu
2、t no more than 200 words. Part Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) 说明：由于 2019 年 6 月六级考试全国共考了 2 套听力，本套真题听力与前 2 套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。 Part Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for ea
3、ch blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Yo
4、u may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage. Steel is valued for its reliability, but not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel 26 become brittle ( 脆 的 ) at temperatures below about -25 unless they are mixed with other metals. Now
5、, though, a novel type of steel has been developed that resists 27 at much lower temperatures, while retaining its strength and toughness - without the need for expensive 28 . Steels fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World War. After German U-boats torpedoe
6、d ( 用鱼雷攻击) numerous British ships, a 2700-strong fleet of cheap-and-cheerful “Liberty ships” was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a lifeline for the 29 British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships 30 in the icy north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sank. Brittleness rem
7、ains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions, such as oil rigs in the Arctic. So scientists have 31 to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metals such as nickel. Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical 32 Rather than adding other metals, they developed
8、a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe mechanical deformation, known as tempforming. The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is 33 to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and, therefore, very expensive.
9、Kimuras team intends to use its tempformed steel to make ultra-high strength parts, such as bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of 34 needed in a construction job 微信公众号：上海升学助手 and their weight by replacing solid supports with 35 tubes, for example. This could reduce the amount of steel needed
10、 to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges. A) abruptly B) additives C) approach D) ardently E) besieged F) channel G) comparable H) components I) cracked J) fractures K) hollow L) relevant M) reshuffled N) strived O) violent Section B Directions: In this section, you are going to
11、 read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the
12、 corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2. The future of personal satellite technology is hereare we ready for it? A) Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealthy corporations. But increasingly, as space becomes more democratized, they are coming within reach of ordina
13、ry people. Just like drones ( 无 人 机 ) before them, miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our heads. B) As a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences highlights, these satellites hold tremendous potential for making sa
14、tellite-based science more accessible than ever before. However, as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply, the risks of irresponsible use grow. The question here is no longer “Can we?” but “Should we?” What are the potential downsides of having a slice of space densely popula
15、ted by equipment built by people not traditionally labeled as “professionals”? And what would the responsible and beneficial development and use of this technology actually look like? Some of the answers may come from a nonprofit organization that has been building and launching amateur satellites f
16、or nearly 50 years. 微信公众号：上海升学助手 C) Having your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out of science fiction. But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fits the bill: CubeSats. The “Cube” here simply refers to the satellites s
17、hape. The most common CubeSat is a 10cm cube, so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your desk. These mini-satellites can fit in a launch vehicles formerly “wasted space.” Multiples can be deployed in combination for more complex missions than could be achieved
18、by one CubeSat alone. D) Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as space around Earth. Theyre primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - an easily accessible
19、region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) hang out. But they can attain more distant orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads (to the moon and Mars especiall
20、y) to carry CubeSats. E) Because theyre so small and light, it costs much less to get a CubeSat into Earths orbit than a traditional communications or GPS satellite. For instance, a research group here at Arizona State University recently claimed their developmental small CubeSats could cost as litt
21、le as $3,000 to put in orbit. This decrease in cost a11ows researchers, hobbyists and even elementary school groups to put simple instruments into LEO or even having them deployed from the ISS. F) The first CubeSat was created in the early 2000s, as a way of enabling Stanford graduate students to de
22、sign, build, test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSRs Sputnik ( 前 苏 联 的 人 造 卫 星 ). Since then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing have all launched and operated CubeSats. There arc more than 130 currently in operation. The NASA Educational Launch of
23、Nano Satellite program, which offers free launches for educational groups and science missions, is now open to U.S. nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly, satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymore. G) The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats importance in scientific
24、discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isnt risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris - pieces of “junk” that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they
25、collide with operational units, including the ISS. H) Currently, there arent many CubeSats and theyre tracked closely. Yet as LEO opens up to more amateur satellites, they may pose an increasing threat. As the report authors point out, even near-misses might lead to the “creation of a burdensome reg
26、ulatory framework and affect the future disposition of science CubeSats.” I) CubeSat researchers suggest that nows the time to ponder unexpected and unintended possible consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slice of space. In an era when you can simply buy a CubeSat
27、kit off the shelf, how can we trust the satellites over our heads were developed with good intentions by people who knew what they were doing? Some “expert amateurs” in the satellite game could provide some inspiration for how to proceed responsibly. J) In 1969, the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporati
28、on (AMSAT) was created in order to foster ham radio enthusiasts (业余无线电爱好者) participation in space research and 微信公众号：上海升学助手 communication. It continued the efforts, begun in 1961, by Project OSCAR- a U.S.-based group that built and launched the very first nongovernmental satellite just four years af
29、ter Sputnik. As an organization of volunteers, AMSAT was putting “amateur” satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat craze. And over time, its members have learned a thing or two about responsibility. Here, open. source development has been a central principle, Within the organization,
30、AMSAT has a philosophy of open sourcing everything making technical data on all aspects of their satellites fully available to everyone in the organization, and when possible, the public. According to a member of the team responsible for FOX 1-A, AMSATs first CubeSat, this means that there s no way
31、to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amateur satellite when everyone has access to the designs and implementation. K) However, theyre more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers, as the organization guards against others developing the ability to hijack and tak
32、e control of their satellites. This form of “self-governance” is possible within long-standing amateur organizations that, over time, are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members, as well as society in general. But what happens when new players emerge, who dont have deep roots wi
33、thin the existing culture? L) Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment. Theyre still constrained by funders, launch providers and a series of regulations - all of which rein in what CubeSat developers can and cannot do. But
34、 theres a danger theyre ill-equipped to think through potential unintended consequences. What these unintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear. Yet we know innovators can be remarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected directions. Think of something as seemingly beni
35、gn as the cellphone - we have microfinance and text-based social networking at one end of the spectrum, and improvised (临时制作的) explosive devices at the other. M) This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes important - not simply to ensure that physical risks are minimize
36、d, but to engage with a much larger community in anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology. This is not an easy task. Yet the evidence from AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests that responsible amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technol
37、ogies. The challenge here, of course, is ensuring that what an amateur communities considers to be responsible, actually is. Heres where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyond government agencies and scientific communities to include students, hobbyists, and anyone wh
38、o may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology. 36. Given the easier accessibility to space, it is time to think about how to prevent misuse of satellites. 37. A group of mini-satellites can work together to accomplish more complex tasks. 38.The greater accessibility of mini
39、-satellites increases the risks of their irresponsible use. 39. Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered launching cost. 40. AMSAT is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking of their satellites. 微信公众号：上海升学助手 41. NASA offers to launch
40、CubeSats free of charge for educational and research purposes. 42. Even with constraints, it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes. 43. While making significant contributions to space science, CubeSats may pose hazards t
41、o other space vehicles. 44. Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it. 45. AMSAT operates on the principle of having all its technical data accessible to its members, preventing the abuse of amateur satellites. Section C Directions: There are 2 passages in this sec
42、tion. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 46 to 50 a
43、re based on the following passage. When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasnt until I entered the corporate world that I realize
44、d, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didnt emerge as a priority at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in
45、 which collegial (同事的) ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining, anger, and more. Perhaps my expectations of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations w
46、ere a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you. In an academic analysis just published in t
47、he profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of “indifferent relationships”. Its a simple term that encapsulates (概括) the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or subst
48、itutable. Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates theyre especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socia
49、lly lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, too much effort. As noted above, indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefi
50、ts. One of those is efficiency. Less time chatting and 微信公众号：上海升学助手 socializing means more time working and churning (产出). The other is self-esteem. As human beings, were primed to compare ourselves to each other in what is an anxiety-inducing phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances mo
