1、英语语法专题复习讲义英语语法专题复习讲义一、名 词【要点点拨】一. 可数名词的复数构成规则:1.规则变化:加-s, -es; 辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe变成ves;(1)keys three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes (2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或s都可,如: some VIPs (VIPs); in his 50s / 50s; in the 1990s / 1990s; Th
2、ere are two ts in the word “letter”. 2.不规则变化:(1) men children feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;(2) 单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工厂); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示种类);(3)只有复数形式:trousers, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录); goods; customs(海关);
3、 arms(武器); (4)复合名词的复数形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man变成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans, humans)一、 不可数名词1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a
4、 piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate two head of cattle2.不可数名词具体化： These games are great successes; The party was a great success.二、 名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加s, 如一样东西为几人
5、共有，则在最后一个名词后加s: Jack and Toms room(两人共有的房间); Jacks and Toms rooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room;(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加s: Chinas industry; todays paper; ten minutes walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：at my aunts (house); at the doctors (office); go to the chemists (sh
6、op);3.双重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of +.s / 名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；比较：a friend of her mothers她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）a friend of her mother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所
7、拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)a picture of his brother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）三、 名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/ women doctors;(2)比较名词作定语及
8、形容词作定语的不同意义：a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dusty bag布满灰尘的袋子 a chemical change化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch一只金黄色的表五.英语中”很多”的表达:只修饰可数名词:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of只修饰不可数名词: a gr
9、eat deal of / a great amount of ( great amounts of) 既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of【各个击破】1. No regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to stick to the _of his advertisement.A. standard B. level C. message D. promise2. -What d
10、o you think of his composition? -Much better, but theres still some _for improvement.A. space B. room C. area D. place3. Sometimes doctors make higher _ for their work than they should.A. bills B. charges C. costs D. prices4. The _of a big snake made her frightened, so she sat there still.A. sight B
11、. look C. view D. scene5. No _ she fell ill, considering that she had been overworking for years.A. problem B. way C. wonder D. matter6. -How is it that you lost your way? -When I came to the crossroads, I went the wrong _.A. way B. direction C. distance D. path7. Little Tom asked me for small _ for
12、 his _, so I gave him _.A. change; ten pennies; ten pence B. changes; ten pennies; ten penceC. change; ten pence; ten pennies D. changes; ten pence; ten pennies8. Will you please tell me _you are talking about?A. which Zhang Yimous film B. which film of Zhang YimouC. which film of Zhang Yimous D. zh
13、ang Yimous which film9. The baby broke a _which is made of _just now.A. tea cup; glass B. cup of tea; glass C. teas cup; glasses D. tea cup; glasses10. Look, Mother has just bought three _ and _.A. fruit; lots of vegetables B. fruits; a number of vegetablesC. fruit; a great many of the vegetablesD.
14、fruits; a great amount of vegetables11. If you get the job youll have to make business _every now and then.A. journeys B. trips C. travels D. voyages12. I listened to his lecture about biology but I missed the key _.A. messages B. sense C. notes D. points13. He is always full of _as though he never
15、knew tiredness.A. strength B. force C. power D. energy14. There has been a great _ in the number of cars in our city in the past five years.A. increase B. improvement C. result D. effect15. I dont think its my _ that the TV doesnt work. I just turned it off.A. mistake B. fault C. duty D. error16. -W
16、hats the _ of this pair of shoes? -500 yuan. -Oh, its really too expensive. -But its comfortable, so I think its good _ for money.A. cost; value B. price; value C. price; cost D. cost; price17. How did you like the _of the interpreter(口译员)at the conference on TV? A. performance B. achievement C. mat
17、erial D. words18. She is not in good _for such heavy work.A. state B. condition C. position D. situation19. Its bad _ for a man to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.A. manners B. action C. movement D. manner20. Johnson is an honest businessman. Our company and his has had a lot of
18、_ in the past few years.A. agreements B. sales C. deals D. bargains主谓一致 【要点点拨】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either neither each one the other another anybody anyone anything somebody someone something everythingeverybody everyoneno one nothingnobody 做主语时，谓语
19、一般用单数。Neither of the two sentences is correctEverything around us is matter(注意：none neither, allany作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)None of them owns/own a carNeither of the boys are / is interested in geography.All are here. And all that can be done has been done.2 ：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时
20、，谓语用单数。Five minutes is enoughFour hundred francs is a lot of money3：each and each ，every and everyno and nomany a and many a 等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary.No sound and no voice is heard for a long time.4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。To say some
21、thing is one thing to do it is another（to say something to do 是不定式） “How do you do?” is not a question but a greeting（How do you do?是句子，作主语） (注意：what 引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)What we need is more timewhile what they need are more doctors and medicines.5：one and a half 后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。One and h
22、alf bananas is left on the table6：用and 连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month.Bread and butter is my usual breakfast.7 ：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。The news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built in the west of the city.8：名词由and 或both and 连接主语时，谓语
23、动词使用复数形式。Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop9：people public police cattle 做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。The police have caught the murderer. And people are talking about the news.考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。Your trousers are too long, but these shoes fit you quite well.但有a pair of 连接时，谓语动词使用单数。A pair o
24、f gloves is a nice present for her.11: 不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Three million tons of oil are exploited every year in the oil field.12: 在or either -or - neither- nor -not only - but also - not - but - there be 等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。Either the teacher or the students are to
25、blame.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.考点13: 下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致: as well as rather than like except besides with along with including such - as-; No one but Jack and Mary knows about it.I as well as they am ready to help you.考点14：some of ple
26、nty of a lot of most of the rest of all(of ) half (of );分数或百分之+of +名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。A lot of students are waiting outside. And lots of the time has been wasted.More than 70% of the earths surface is covered by water.Ten percent of the apples are bad.The rest of the story needs no telling.He stayed a
27、t home and the rest of the boys were out at play.15：由a kind of this kind of many kinds of 和名词+ of this kind 等以及与kind 意思相近的type sort 等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of 前的名词取得一致。This kind of apple sells well in China.Apples of this kind are highly priced.16：more than 开头的句子，看其后面的名词。More than one answer is written o
28、n the blackboard.More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle.17: 定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但one of +复数名词+who/ that 引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one 的前面是否有the (only )等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。This is one of the best books that have appeared this year.She is the only one of those women who doesnt know a thing about kni
29、tting(编织)18: population; company class team family group nation world government 等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。Our family has a reunion every year.His family are waiting for him.19 ：the +形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。The rich are for the plan but the poor are against itThe true is to be
30、 distinguished from the false.真实应与假相区别。(the true / the false表单数概念)20：a number of + 复数名词 结构应用复数动词。the number of + 复数名词 结构应用单数动词。如：A number of people were killed and injured in the explosion.The number of people who were killed in the tsunami(海啸) has grown to 160,000. 注：“many a + 单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。【
31、各个击破】1.Have you heard that Tian Liang, along with his parents, _ to Canada?Really? No wonder I havent seen him these days.A. has been B. has gone C. have been D. have gone2. Over three-quarter of the city _ destroyed in the Iraq WarA. is B. are C. were D. was 3. This kind of stories _ instructive wh
32、ile stories of that kind _ harmful to childrenA. is seems B. are seem C. is seem D. are seems 4. Everybody in our hometown men and women young and old _ sports and gamesA. are fond of B. joins C. enjoys D. go in for 5. The Whites family which _ rather a large one _ very fond of their houseA. were we
33、re B. was were C. were; was D. was was6. Not his son but his two daughters _ to Canada never to be seen againA. has gone B. have gone C. has been D. have been 7. When the injured _ to the hospital, they came to _.A. was rushed life B. were rushed life C. rushed lives D. were rushed lives 8. Despite
34、much research there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that _ not fully understoodA. are B. were C. is D. was 9. _ visitors to Hong Kong were asked by newspaper reporters what their impressions of the people were.A. The number of B. A numbers of C. Numbers of D. Any numbers o
35、f 10. Though small the ant is as much as a creature as _ all other animals on earthA. are B. is C. do D. have 11. Between the two rows of trees _ the teaching buildingA. have B. has C. stands D. are 12. Every possible means _ tried but without much resultA. have been B. had C. has D. has been 13. Th
36、e rest of the story _ no telling Half of the students _ no interest in itA. need has B. needs have C. needs has D. need have 14. John and Mary, _ sure to come to our party this evening.A. be B. are C. is D. to be15. This is the only one of the books on the subject _ ever been written in EnglishA. th
37、at has B. which have C. that have D. which is 16. Every boy and every girl as well as some teachers who _ to visit the museum_ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.A. are, are B. is is C. are, is D. is are17. A great many people_ present at the meeting But many a man _ late for
38、the meeting because of the traffic jamA. are; are B. is; is C. were; was D. was are 18. He is the only one of the children who often _ ill of others behind their backsA. have spoken B. were speaking C. speaks D. speak 19. Its I who _ the Christmas gift to youA. has sent B. have sent C. is going to f
39、etch D. are going to fetch 20. What were your problems a year ago _ mine nowA. has become B. have become C. becomes D. became 二、介 词 【要点点拨】复习时要把握三点：A. 要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。He hasnt come for a month(for 持续时间)The day is warm for April（for 就而言）B. 要突破几个关键介词in on at with by from of to for1
40、表示时间的：at; in on since from to after within during throughout towards over by till2 表示穿越的:through across over 3表示地理位置的：in on; to4 表示原因、目的的：forwith from5. 表示关于的:about concerning regarding with regard to as foras to6. 表示根据：on according to7. in the corneron the corner at the corner 的区别8between 和among 9b
41、esidesexcept butexcept for 10in 和with C. 要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。1. 固定与to 构成搭配的名词：key answer visit apology introductionnote etc.2. 与on 有关的：mercy congratulations 3. 与at有关的：angry good bad clever terrified surprised4. 与of 有关的：afraid sure full tired fond proud worthy certain5. 与with 有关的：angry strict careful b
42、usy poplar6. 与to 有关的：next, good polite kind cruel rude known anxious married close near similar, due7. 与for 有关的：sorry good free fit unfit eager, anxious hungry8. 与from 有关的：far different free, safe absent tired【各个击破】1. -What do you want _ those old boxes ?- To put things in when I move to the new fla
43、tA. by B. for C. of D. with 2. Luckily the bullet narrowly missed the captain _ an inchA. by B. at C. to D. from 3. The train leaves at 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _ 5:30 pm.A. until B. after C. by D. around 4. The little boy was quite alone in the world _ an aunt in the United StatesA. e
44、xcept for B. except C. besides D. except that 5._ his great surprise his shop was robbed _ computersA. To of B. For of C. From with D. To with 6. We offered him our congratulations _ his passing the driving testA. at B. for C. of D. on 7. Einsteins special theory of relativity is quite _ meA. for B. beyond C. to D. against 8. How much did you pay _ the tickets _ tonights New Year Concert?A. for; for B. for to C. for of D. to for 9. He has been caught _ the rain and is wet _ skinA. by to B. in to C. in through D. with in 10. -Ho
