1、Electronics ExplainedThe New Systems Approach to Learning ElectronicsLouis E. Frenzel, Jr.AMSTERDAMBOSTONHEIDELBERGLONDONNEWYORKOXFORDPARISSANDIEGOSANFRANCISCOSINGAPORESYDNEYTOKYONewnesisanimprintofElsevierNewnesisanimprintofElsevier30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USATheBoulevard,Langfo
2、rdLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UKCopyright2010ElsevierInc.AllrightsreservedNopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhow
3、toseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisherspermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFrenzel,LouisE.Electronicsexplained:thenewsystemsapproachtolear
4、ningelectronics/LouisE.Frenzel,Jr.p.cm.ISBN978-1-85617-700-91.ElectronicsTextbooks. I.Title.TK7816.F6832010621.381dc222010006565British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.ForinformationonallNTypesetbyMPSLimited,aMacmillanCompany,Chennai
5、,IPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica10 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1With love to my one and only, Joan Ree.xvFIGURE 1.1 Major sectors of the electronics industry and common applications. 4FIGURE 1.2 General block diagram of how the electronics industry works from raw materials to end users. 6FIGUR
6、E 1.3 Model of how all electronic circuits and equipment work. Input signals are processed by circuits and equipment into new output signals. 8FIGURE 1.4 Model showing how a cell phone communicates with a cell site to make a call. 9FIGURE 1.5 Block diagram representing any digital computer, be it a
7、mainframe, PC, or embedded controller. 10FIGURE 1.6 The most common form of robot emulates a human arm and hand to perform work automatically under the control of a computer. 12FIGURE 2.1 Physics model of what a copper atom looks like. 17FIGURE 2.2 Basic electrical circuit used to describe every ele
8、ctronic circuit. 19FIGURE 2.3 Permanent bar magnet illustrating the magnetic lines of flux that surround it. 21FIGURE 2.4 (A) Current in a wire produces a magnetic field around it. (B) Coiling the wire increases the strength of the magnetic field. 22FIGURE 2.5 Relative motion between a magnetic fiel
9、d and a conductor such as a wire causes a voltage to be induced into the wire making it a voltage source. 23FIGURE 2.6 DC voltages. (A) DC voltage source such as a battery or power supply. One side is usually grounded to serve as a reference. (B) Fixed, continuous positive DC voltage shown over time
10、. (C) Negative DC voltage. (D) Varying positive DC voltage. (E) DC voltage pulses. 25FIGURE 2.7 AC voltages. (A) AC voltage source drawn as a circle with a wave inside. The output polarity changes periodically. (B) Sine wave, the most common AC voltage shape. (C) Rectangular wave or AC pulses. (D) T
11、riangular wave. (E) Random AC wave that may represent voice or video. 27List of FiguresList of Figuresxvi FIGURE 2.8 Basic concept of any battery. 29 FIGURE 2.9 Battery and cell symbols used in circuit diagrams. (A) Cell. (B) Four cells in series making a battery. Cell voltage add-up. (C) Symbol for
12、 battery of any number of cells. (D) Cells in parallel to increase current capability. 30FIGURE 2.10 Panel comprised of solar cells in series and parallel make up DC source that charges the battery in a spacecraft. 32FIGURE 2.11 Frequency-domain views. (A) 1-MHz sine wave. (B) 1-MHz square wave. 35F
13、IGURE 2.12 A low cost digital multimeter that measures DC and AC voltages, current, and resistance. 36 FIGURE 3.1 Hierarchy of electronics from systems to components. 41 FIGURE 3.2 System block diagram of typical personal computer. 42 FIGURE 3.3 System block diagram of iPod or MP3 music player. 43 F
14、IGURE 3.4 Switch and how it is used. 44 FIGURE 3.5 Types of resistors and schematic symbol. 45 FIGURE 3.6 Standard resistor color code. 46 FIGURE 3.7 Voltage divider, the most common resistor circuit. 46 FIGURE 3.8 Capacitor construction and schematic symbol. 47 FIGURE 3.9 (A) Charging capacitor. (B
15、) Discharging capacitor. 47FIGURE 3.10 Low-pass filter, a common capacitor use. 48FIGURE 3.11 How capacitor passes AC sine wave but blocks DC voltage. 49FIGURE 3.12 Schematic symbol for inductor. 50FIGURE 3.13 Schematic symbol for transformer. 50FIGURE 3.14 Diode, its schematic symbol, and how to bi
16、as it for conduction or cut-off. 51FIGURE 3.15 How a diode rectifies AC into DC. 51FIGURE 3.16 Schematic symbol for bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and its inputs and outputs. 52FIGURE 3.17 Schematic symbol for MOSFET and its input and outputs. 52FIGURE 3.18 Simple BJT amplifier and how it works.
17、53FIGURE 3.19 Simple MOSFET switch and how it works. 54FIGURE 3.20 Typical integrated circuit today. This one is a dual- satellite TV tuner for set-top boxes. The size is only 7 7 mm. The pins are soldered to a printed circuit board. (Courtesy NXP Semiconductor.) 54FIGURE 3.21 Common breadboarding s
18、ocket for building prototypes or just experimenting. (Courtesy Global Specialties.) 56FIGURE 3.22 Measuring battery voltage with multimeter. 56FIGURE 3.23 This is the circuit used to light an LED and how to wire it on the breadboard. 57List of FiguresxviiFIGURE 3.24 Circuits for charging and dischar
19、ging capacitor and respective wiring. 59FIGURE 3.25 Circuit that turns an LED off and on with MOSFET and wiring. 60 FIGURE 4.1 Linear circuit has a straight-line response. As input varies, output varies by factor of 10 larger, producing straight-line output. 62 FIGURE 4.2 Block symbol for amplifier.
20、 Gain, A, is often given. DC power inputs are not usually shown. 62 FIGURE 4.3 Single-ended (A) and differential input (B) amplifiers. Inputs and outputs are referenced to ground. 64 FIGURE 4.4 Class A amplifier conducts continuously. 64 FIGURE 4.5 Class B amplifier conducts half the time, making it
21、 more efficient. 65 FIGURE 4.6 Class C amplifier only conducts for part of a half cycle, but the current pulse stimulates resonant tank circuit that oscillates at desired frequency. 66 FIGURE 4.7 Class D amplifier uses PWM at higher frequency to switch higher voltages for greater output. Class D amp
22、lifiers are more efficient than any other type, and thus do not produce as much heat. 67 FIGURE 4.8 Most commonly used op amp circuit configurations. (A) Inverting amplifier. (B) Noninverting amplifier. (C) Follower. (D) Differential amplifier. 68 FIGURE 4.9 Instrumentation amplifier widely used to
23、amplify small sensor signals in industrial applications. 69FIGURE 4.10 Amplifier input impedance (A) and output impedance (B). 70FIGURE 4.11 When one amplifier feeds another, input and output impedances form a voltage divider that attenuates the signal and offsets some of the gain. 71FIGURE 4.12 Cas
24、cading amplifier provides more gain. Total gain is product of individual gains or sum of dB gains. 72FIGURE 4.13 Frequency-response curves show output versus input frequency. Curve in (A) is response of op amp that extends from DC to 5-MHz cut-off frequency. Curve in (B) is response of common stereo
25、 audio amplifier. 73FIGURE 4.14 Four common filter types and their response curves and symbols. (A) Low pass. (B) High pass. (C) Band pass. (D) Band reject or notch. 74FIGURE 4.15 Types of oscillators and their symbols. (A) Sine wave. (B) Rectangular pulse. (C) VCO. (D) Crystal clock oscillator. 76L
26、ist of FiguresxviiiFIGURE 4.16 Linear mixing with resistors (A) or an op amp summer (B). 77FIGURE 4.17 Non-linear mixer used to generate higher and low frequencies. 77FIGURE 4.18 Phase detector converts phase shift into proportional DC average. 78FIGURE 4.19 Phase-locked loop. 79FIGURE 4.20 Frequenc
27、y synthesizer using phase-locked loop. Changing the divider ratio changes the frequency. 81FIGURE 4.21 Typical power supply configuration using bus architecture, regulators, and DCDC converters to get desired number of outputs. reg, regulator. 83FIGURE 4.22 Concept of duty cycle and how varying puls
28、e widths can be filtered into a proportional DC average voltage. avg, average. 85FIGURE 4.23 Common DC-to-AC solar power system. 87 FIGURE 5.1 Binary signal that represents 0 and 1 as voltage levels. 89 FIGURE 5.2 Off/on switches are used to enter binary data into digital circuits. 91 FIGURE 5.3 How
29、 lights or LEDs are used to represent binary data. 92 FIGURE 5.4 Parallel binary data transfer over bus. 98 FIGURE 5.5 Serial data transfer where 1 bit occurs after another in time. 99 FIGURE 5.6 Logic symbols for inverter and truth table. 101 FIGURE 5.7 Logic symbols for AND gate and truth table. 1
30、02 FIGURE 5.8 How AND gate is used to turn signal off or on. (A) The AND gate showing the input and output names. (B) The waveforms of the inputs and output. 103 FIGURE 5.9 Logic symbols for OR gate and truth table. 103FIGURE 5.10 Logic symbols for NAND gate and truth table. 104FIGURE 5.11 Logic sym
31、bols for NOR gate and truth table. 105FIGURE 5.12 Logic symbols for XOR and XNOR gates and truth tables. 105FIGURE 5.13 Logic symbols for flip-flops. (A) RS. (B) D type. (C) JK. 106FIGURE 5.14 Toggling T input on JK flip-flop causes it to change states, producing frequency division by 2. 106FIGURE 5
32、.15 Cascading JK flip-flops produce higher-frequency division ratios, which is also a binary counter that counts from 0000 to 1111. 107FIGURE 5.16 Storage register from one word consists of FFs. It also has clock/load and clear/reset inputs. 107FIGURE 5.17 (A) Shifting serial data into shift registe
33、r. (B) Shifting serial data out of shift register. 108FIGURE 5.18 Shift registers used for (A) serial-to-parallel data conversion and (B) parallel-to-serial data conversion. 109List of FiguresxixFIGURE 5.19 Counter storing binary value equal to number of input pulses that occurred. 110FIGURE 5.20 Di
34、gital multiplexer (mux) that selects one of four inputs to appear at the single output. 111FIGURE 5.21 Decoders. (A) 1-AND gate decoder that identifies input 0110. (B) 4-to-16 decoder that identifies 1 of 16 different 4-bit input values. 112FIGURE 5.22 Basic concept for random access memory (RAM). A
35、ddress selects one of eight storage locations. Then data may be read from that location or data stored in it. 113FIGURE 5.23 RAM storage cells. (A) RS FF for SRAM. (B) Capacitor cell for DRAM. 114FIGURE 5.24 Storage cell used in EEPROM and flash memories is MOSFET with a special floating gate that k
36、eeps transistor off or on. 115FIGURE 5.25 PLD concept. (A) Block concept of programmable AND and OR gate arrays. (B) Simple circuit of PLD showing programming by dots on AND and OR gate arrays. 117FIGURE 5.26 Analog-to-digital conversion is performed by sampling analog signal at equal intervals and
37、generating proportional binary value. 119FIGURE 5.27 Symbol for ADC with both parallel and serial output examples. 120FIGURE 5.28 Converting binary data back into analog signal with DAC. 120FIGURE 5.29 DAC output is stepped approximation to original analog signal. 121 FIGURE 6.1 How a micro controls
38、 external devices. 125 FIGURE 6.2 How a micro monitors external devices. 125 FIGURE 6.3 Controlling liquid level in a tank automatically with a micro. 126 FIGURE 6.4 General block diagram of any digital computer or microcontroller. 127 FIGURE 6.5 How data is manipulated in a register. Examples of sh
39、ifting data, incrementing and decrementing a register, and clearing (resetting) a register to 0. 129 FIGURE 6.6 How ALU adds or otherwise processes two data values. 130 FIGURE 6.7 Program counter identifies the address in memory to be accessed. 132 FIGURE 6.8 Three common instruction word formats wi
40、th addresses or data. 133List of Figuresxx FIGURE 6.9 Example of program stored in RAM for execution using various CPU registers. 134FIGURE 6.10 Only one source may transmit at a time on a bus. Others are disconnected. All destinations can receive the transmitted data. Dest, destination. 136FIGURE 6
41、.11 General block diagram of 8051 microcontroller. It is very similar to most other controllers in terms of major circuits and their interconnections. 138FIGURE 6.12 ASCII letter “j” being sent over an RS-232 interface using a UART. 140FIGURE 6.13 Basic make-up of digital signal processor and its AD
42、C and DAC I/O. 144 FIGURE 7.1 Model of electronic communications system. 148 FIGURE 7.2 Ways of communicating. 149 FIGURE 7.3 How an antenna creates a radio wave. 152 FIGURE 7.4 Electromagnetic frequency spectrum. 154 FIGURE 7.5 Radio propagation of shortwaves. 157 FIGURE 7.6 Line-of-sight (LOS) com
43、munications at VHF, UHF, and microwave. 158 FIGURE 7.7 Amplitude modulation. 160 FIGURE 7.8 Sidebands and bandwidth. 161 FIGURE 7.9 Frequency modulation. 162FIGURE 7.10 Types of digital modulation. (A) ASK. (B) OOK. (C) FSK. (D) BPSK. 163FIGURE 7.11 Radio transmitter. 165FIGURE 7.12 Superheterodyne
44、receiver. LO, local oscillator. 167FIGURE 7.13 Single-chip UHF transceiver for low-speed, short-range digital data transmissions. 169FIGURE 7.14 Quarter-wave ground-plane antenna. 171FIGURE 7.15 Dipole antenna. 172FIGURE 7.16 Yagi antenna. 173FIGURE 7.17 Printed circuit board (PCB) patch antenna. 17
45、4FIGURE 7.18 Coaxial cable transmission line. 174FIGURE 7.19 Microwave horn antenna fed by waveguide transmission line. 174FIGURE 7.20 How a parabolic dish works. 175FIGURE 7.21 Concept of communications satellite. 178FIGURE 7.22 Satellite transponder. LO, local oscillator. 180 FIGURE 8.1 (A) Cell c
46、overage of a given area. (B) Cell area covered depends on antenna pattern and environment. 185 FIGURE 8.2 How small and large cells cover an area. 186 FIGURE 8.3 Cell phone basic operations. 187List of Figuresxxi FIGURE 8.4 Block diagram of basic cell phone. 188 FIGURE 8.5 How QPSK is generated usin
47、g mixers and a local oscillator shifted 90 degrees to produce in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signals that are summed. 192 FIGURE 8.6 QPSK diagrams. (A) Phasor. (B) Constellation. 192 FIGURE 8.7 How 16-QAM is generated and resulting constellation diagram. 193 FIGURE 8.8 OFDM divides a channel into m
48、any subchannels or subcarriers, each of which is modulated by part of digital data to be transmitted. 194 FIGURE 8.9 Generating OFDM is done by DSP and I/Q modulation. 195FIGURE 8.10 MIMO in a 4 4 configuration quadruples the data rate in an existing channel, while reducing the ill effects of multip
49、ath fading. 196FIGURE 8.11 Frequency-division multiple access and frequency duplexing use two separate bands of frequencies divided into individual channels. 198FIGURE 8.12 TDMA multiplexing divides a channel into sequential time slots for the digital data. 199FIGURE 8.13 How CDMA is generated. 200F
50、IGURE 8.14 A block diagram of 3G cell phone with multiple radios and functions. 201FIGURE 8.15 Concept of femtocell. 203 FIGURE 9.1 How LANs, MANs, and WANs connect to form a huge worldwide network of computers and other devices. 209 FIGURE 9.2 Three main networking topologiesstar, ring, and bus. Bu
