1、TEAM LinGADVANCED MODELINGIN COMPUTATIONALELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITYTEAM LinGTEAM LinGADVANCED MODELINGIN COMPUTATIONALELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITYDRAGAN POLJAK, PhDDepartment of ElectronicsUniversity of Split, CroatiaWILEY-INTERSCIENCEA JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATIONTEAM LinGCopyright ? 200
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8、7-572-4002.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print,however, may not be available in electronic format.Wiley Bicentennial Logo: Richard J. PacificoLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Poljak, D. (Dragan)Advanced modeling in c
9、omputational electromagnetic compatibility / by Dragan Poljak.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN: 978-0-470-03665-51. Electromagnetic compatibilityMathematical models. 2. Electromagnetic compatibilityDataprocessing. I. Title.TK7867.2.P65 2007621.38224dc222006027628Printed in the United S
10、tates of America.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1TEAM LinGTo my beloved wife, my daughter and my sisterTEAM LinGTEAM LinGCONTENTSPREFACExvPART I:FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN COMPUTATIONALELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY11. Introduction to Computational Electromagneticsand Electromagnetic Compatibility31.1Historical Not
11、e on Modeling in Electromagnetics31.2Electromagnetic Compatibility and ElectromagneticInterference51.2.1EMC Computational Models and Solution Methods51.2.2Classification of EMC Models71.2.3Summary Remarks on EMC Modeling81.3References82. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory102.1Differential Form o
12、f Maxwell Equations102.2Integral Form of Maxwell Equations112.3Maxwell Equations for Moving Media142.4The Continuity Equation172.5Ohms Law192.6Conservation Law in the Electromagnetic Field212.7The Electromagnetic Wave Equations242.8Boundary Relationships for Discontinuities in MaterialProperties262.
13、9The Electromagnetic Potentials322.10 Boundary Relationships for Potential Functions332.11 Potential Wave Equations352.11.1 Coulomb Gauge36TEAM LinG2.11.2 Diffusion Gauge372.11.3 Lorentz Gauge382.12 Retarded Potentials402.13 General Boundary Conditions and Uniqueness Theorem412.14 Electric and Magne
14、tic Walls412.15 The Lagrangian Form of Electromagnetic Field Laws422.15.1 Lagrangian Formulation and Hamilton VariationalPrinciple432.15.2 Lagrangian Formulation and Hamilton VariationalPrinciple in Electromagnetics452.16 Complex Phasor Notation of Time-HarmonicElectromagnetic Fields512.16.1 Poyinti
15、ng Theorem for Complex Phasors522.16.2 Complex Phasor Form of ElectromagneticWave Equations532.16.3 The Retarded Potentials for the Time-HarmonicFields542.17 Transmission Line Theory542.17.1 Field Coupling Using Transmission Line Models552.17.2 Derivation of Telegraphers Equation for the Two-WireTra
16、nsmission Line562.18 Plane Wave Propagation662.19 Radiation682.19.1 Radiation Mechanism682.19.2 Hertzian Dipole692.19.3 Fundamental Antenna Parameters712.19.4 Linear Antennas752.20 References793 Introduction to Numerical Methods in Electromagnetics803.1Analytical Versus Numerical Methods823.1.1Frequ
17、ency and Time Domain Modeling823.2Overview of Numerical Methods: Domain, Boundary,and Source Simulation843.2.1Modeling of Problems via the DomainMethods: FDM and FEM843.2.2Modeling of Problems via the BEM:Direct and Indirect Approach85viiiCONTENTSTEAM LinG3.3The Finite Difference Method853.3.1One-Di
18、mensional FDM863.3.2Two-Dimensional FDM883.4The Finite Element Method913.4.1Basic Concepts of FEM913.4.2One-Dimensional FEM923.4.3Two-Dimensional FEM983.5The Boundary Element Method1093.5.1Integral Equation Formulation1093.5.2Boundary Element Discretization1143.5.3Computational Example for 2D Static
19、 Problem1213.6References1224 Static Field Analysis1234.1Electrostatic Fields1234.2Magnetostatic Fields1244.3Modeling of Static Field Problems1264.3.1Integral Equations in Electrostatics Using Sources1264.3.2Computational Example: Modeling of a LightningRod1294.4References1355 Quasistatic Field Analy
20、sis1365.1Introduction1365.2Formulation of the Quasistatic Problem1375.3Integral Equation Representation of the HelmholtzEquation1405.4Computational Example1435.4.1Analytical Solution of the Eddy Current Problem1445.4.2Boundary Element Solution of the Eddy CurrentProblem1465.5References1506 Electroma
21、gnetic Scattering Analysis1516.1The Electromagnetic Wave Equations1516.2Complex Phasor Form of the Wave Equations1546.3Two-Dimensional Scattering from a PerfectlyConducting Cylinder of Arbitrary Cross-Section154CONTENTSixTEAM LinG6.4Solution by the Indirect Boundary Element Method1566.4.1Constant El
22、ement Case1586.4.2Linear Elements Case1596.5Numerical Example1596.6References162PART II: ANALYSIS OF THIN WIRE ANTENNASAND SCATTERERS1637 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: GeneralConsiderations1657.1Frequency Domain Thin Wire Integral Equations1657.2Time Domain Thin Wire Integral Equations1667.3Modeling
23、 in the Frequency and Time Domain:Computational Aspects1677.4References1688 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: Frequency Domain Analysis1718.1Thin Wires in Free Space1718.1.1Single Straight Wire in Free Space1728.1.2Boundary Element Solution of Thin Wire IntegralEquation1748.1.3Calculation of the Radiate
24、d Electric Field and the InputImpedance of the Wire1808.1.4Numerical Results for Thin Wire inFree Space1808.1.5Coated Thin Wire Antenna in Free Space1818.1.6The Near Field of a Coated Thin Wire Antenna1868.1.7Boundary Element Procedures for Coated Wires1878.1.8Numerical Results for Coated Wire1908.1
25、.9Thin Wire Loop Antenna1918.1.10 Boundary Element Solution of Loop Antenna IntegralEquation1938.1.11 Numerical Results for a Loop Antenna1968.1.12 Thin Wire Array in Free Space: Horizontal Arrangement1968.1.13 Boundary Element Analysis of Horizontal AntennaArray1998.1.14 Radiated Electric Field of
26、the Wire Array201xCONTENTSTEAM LinG8.1.15 Numerical Results for Horizontal Wire Array2018.1.16 Boundary Element Analysis of Vertical Antenna Array:Modeling of Radio Base Station Antennas2018.1.17 Numerical Procedures for Vertical Array2078.1.18 Numerical Results2098.2Thin Wires Above a Lossy Half-Sp
27、ace2138.2.1Single Straight Wire Above a DissipativeHalf-Space2148.2.2Loaded Antenna Above a DissipativeHalf-Space2208.2.3Electric Field and the Input Impedance of a SingleWire Above a Half-Space2228.2.4Boundary Element Analysis for Single Wire Abovea Real Ground2248.2.5Treatment of Sommerfeld Integr
28、als2278.2.6Calculation of Electric Field and InputImpedance2298.2.7Numerical Results for a Single Wire Abovea Real Ground2338.2.8Multiple Straight Wire Antennas Over a LossyHalf-Space2378.2.9Electric Field of a Wire Array Above a LossyHalf-Space2398.2.10 Boundary Element Analysis of Wire Array Above
29、a Lossy Ground2408.2.11 Near-Field Calculation for Wires AboveHalf-Space2418.2.12 Computational Examples for Wires Above aLossy Half-Space2428.3References2469 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: Time Domain Analysis2509.1Thin Wires in Free Space2529.1.1Single Wire in Free Space2529.1.2Single Wire Far Fiel
30、d2569.1.3Loaded Straight Thin Wire in Free Space2579.1.4Two Coupled Identical Wires in Free Space2599.1.5Measures for Postprocessing of Transient Response263CONTENTSxiTEAM LinG9.1.6Computational Procedures for Thin Wiresin Free Space2659.1.7Numerical Results for Thin Wires in Free Space2759.2Thin Wi
31、res in a Presence of a Two-MediaConfiguration2909.2.1Single Straight Wire Above a Real Ground2909.2.2Far Field Equations2949.2.3Loaded Straight Thin Wire Above a LossyHalf-Space2969.2.4Two Coupled Horizontal Wires in a Two MediaConfiguration3009.2.5Thin Wire Array Above a Real Ground3049.2.6Computat
32、ional Procedures for Horizontal WiresAbove a Dielectric Half-Space3079.2.7Computational Examples3179.3References333PART III: COMPUTATIONAL MODELS IN ELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITY33510 Transmission Lines of Finite Length: GeneralConsiderations33710.1 Transmission Line Theory Method33810.2 Antenna Mode
33、ls of the Transmission Lines34010.2.1 Above-Ground Transmission Lines34110.2.2 Below-Ground Transmission Lines34110.3 References34211 Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Overhead Lines:Frequency Domain and Time Domain Analysis34511.1 Frequency Domain Analysis: Derivation of GeneralizedTelegraphers Equ
34、ations34511.2 Frequency Domain Computational Results35111.2.1 Single Wire Above an Imperfect Ground35111.2.2 Multiple Wire Transmission Line Above anImperfect Ground35511.3 Time Domain Analysis35911.4 Time Domain Computational Examples359xiiCONTENTSTEAM LinG11.4.1 Single Wire Transmission Line36011.
35、4.2 Two Wire Transmission Line36711.4.3 Three Wire Transmission Line36711.5 References37212 The Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Buried Cables:Frequency- and Time-Domain Analysis37412.1 The Frequency-Domain Approach37412.1.1 Formulation in the Frequency Domain37512.1.2 Numerical Solution of the Int
36、egral Equation37812.1.3 The Calculation of Transient Response38012.1.4 Numerical Results38112.2 Time-Domain Approach38412.2.1 Formulation in the Time Domain38412.2.2 Time-Domain Energy Measures39112.2.3 Time-Domain Numerical Solution Procedures39212.2.4 Computational Examples39512.3 References40313
37、Simple Grounding Systems40513.1 Vertical Grounding Electrode40613.1.1 Integral Equation Formulation for the VerticalGrounding Electrode40713.1.2 The Evaluation of the Input Impedance Spectrum41113.1.3 Numerical Procedures for VerticalGrounding Electrode41313.1.4 Calculation of the Transient Impedanc
38、e41413.1.5 Numerical Results41613.2 Horizontal Grounding Electrode41813.2.1 Integral Equation Formulation for the Horizontal Electrode42013.2.2 The Evaluation of the Input ImpedanceSpectrum42513.2.3 Numerical Procedures for Horizontal Electrode42713.2.4 The Transient Impedance Calculation42813.2.5 N
39、umerical Results42813.3 Transmission Line Method Versus Antenna Theory Approach43713.3.1 Transmission Line Method (TLM) Approachto Modeling of Horizontal Grounding Electrode438CONTENTSxiiiTEAM LinG13.3.2 Computational Examples43913.4 Measures for Quantifying the Transient Responseof Grounding Electr
40、odes44313.4.1 Transient Response Assessment44313.4.2 Measures for Quantifying the Transient Response44413.4.3 Computational Examples44513.5 References45114 Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields45314.1 Environmental Risk of Electromagnetic Fields:General Considerations45314.1.1 Nonionizing and Ion
41、izing Radiation45414.1.2 Electrosmog or Radiation Pollution at Low and HighFrequencies45414.1.3 The Effects of Low Frequency Fields45514.1.4 The Effects of High Frequency Fields45614.1.5 Remarks on Electromagnetic Fields and RelatedPossible Hazard to Humans45714.2 Assessment of Human Exposure to Ele
42、ctromagneticFields: Frequency and Time Domain Approach45814.2.1 Frequency Domain Cylindrical Antenna Model45814.2.2 Realistic Models of the Human Body for ELFExposures45914.2.3 Human Exposure to Transient Electromagnetic Fields45914.3 Human Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)Electromagnetic Fi
43、elds45914.3.1 Parasitic Antenna Representation of the Human Body46014.3.2 Realistic Modeling of the Human Body46714.4 Exposure of Humans to Transient Radiation:Cylindrical Model of the Human Body47814.4.1 Time Domain Model of the Human Body47914.4.2 Measures of the Transient Response48014.5 Referenc
44、es489Index493xivCONTENTSTEAM LinGPREFACEElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the applied discipline within the science ofelectromagnetism including almost all relevant areas of theoretical (computational)and experimental electromagnetics. Theoretical methods in electromagnetics can beclassified as
45、 analytical or numerical, and this book is strictly related to the numer-ical methods in EMC.Computational models in EMC provide the foundation for numerous applica-tions in both research and industry purposes. A powerful computer is an everydaytool of engineers and researchers and it is expected to
46、 become more powerful,allowing for widespread modeling of EMC problems. Computational modelshave become more and more important, especially when applied to problems thatare not easily handled with experimental methods, like human exposure to electro-magnetic fields. This book aims to provide researc
47、hers, postgraduate students, andprofessionals to approach computational models in EMC.Though many significant strides have been made in EMC modeling in the pastfew decades, progress in this research topic is expected to continue at a rapid pace.There are a number of books on EMC already published wh
48、ich can be selected inseveral categories. Some books written on the subject are handbooks or generalintroductions to the subject, while others are focused to a particular topic whereauthors are experts in the field, or are practical and knowledgeable authors. Never-theless, it is hard to find a book
49、 which gives a good overview of the subject and, atthe same time, efficiently covers some advanced EMC topics.My impression is that the book by Tesche et al. entitled EMC Analysis Methodsand Computational Models published in 1997 maybe did the best job in describingand illustrating various modeling
50、techniques applicable to a wide area of EMC.This excellent-organized book built analysis models from the very first principlesTEAM LinGof electromagnetic theory and describes its use for practical problems in EMC, thusbeing a very useful and instructive textbook for advanced undergraduate and grad-u
