1、区别：区别ParaphrasingSummarizing用自己的话：重述原文的大多内容重述原文的主要内容。重述来源于 不超过原文的范围不超过原文主旨的范围长度比原文略短，原则上保留大多数内容远远短于原文参考范例：Original TextNotes & Mind-mapEntitlingParaphrasingThe transition from a monarchy to a republican government was not easy. Rome felt threatened by enemies from every direction and, in the process
2、 of meeting these threats, embarked on a course of military expansion that led to the conquest of the entire Italian peninsula. During this period of expansion in Italy, the Roman Republic developed political institutions that were in many ways determined by the social divisions that existed within
3、the community.ThreatsCompromiseBackgroundExternal threats pushed the Romans to expand across Italian peninsula. Along with Romes conquest, the political institutions of the Republic developed, and largely these instutitional development was accorded with Romes social division.The most noticeable ele
4、ment in the social organization of early Rome was the division between two groups-the patricians and the plebeians. The patrician class in Rome consisted of families who were descended from the original senators appointed during the period of the kings. Their initial prominence was probably due to t
5、heir wealth as great landowners. Thus patricians constituted an aristocratic governing class. Only they could be consuls, magistrates, and senators. Through their patronage of large numbers of dependent clients, they could control the centuriate assembly and many other facets of Roman life.Patrician
6、sFamilies of original senators Wealth, landHolding offices (magistrates)SenatorsControl centuriate assemblyOther facets of Roman lifePatriciansThe early Roman society was noticeably divided into two groups: the patricians and the plebeians. Patricians were often the heirs of the senators from the er
7、a of kingship. They possessed large lands and wealth. Patricians enjoyed the privilege of holding offices and seats in the senate. They also managed to manipulate the centuriate assembly and other aspects of Roman life through their network of patronage.The plebeians constituted the considerably lar
8、ger group of independent, unprivileged, poorer, and vulnerable men as well as large non-patrician landowners, less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers. Although they were citizens, they did not possess the PlebeiansAlso citizens, indepent, poorer, etc.Could vote and could
9、nt hold officesPlebeians(Cause)Plebeians were indepent Roman citizens who didnt have as many political rights as the patricians did. Both patricians and pleibeians have the rights to vote and make legal contracts. But compared to the patricians, the pleibeians were usually 4-2 写作指南二：船长版2018年1月4日18:0
10、6 分区 主舰资料打包 的第 1 页 they were citizens, they did not possess the same rights as the patricians. Both patricians and plebeians could vote, but only the patricians could be elected to governmental offices. Both had the right to make legal contracts and marriages, but intermarriage between patricians an
11、d plebeians was forbidden. At the beginning of the fifth century B.C., the plebeians began a struggle to seek both political and social equality with the patricians.No intermarrige between patricians and pleibeiansSet off a struggle for equalitypatricians, the pleibeians were usually less wealthy, h
12、ad no access to office-holding, and were forbidden to marry anyone from the patrician families. Seeking for general equality eventually became the main rhythm of the Struggle of the Orders. The first success of the plebeians came in 494 B.C., when they withdrew physically from the state. The patrici
13、ans, realizing that they could not defend Rome by themselves, were forced to compromise. Two new officials known as tribunes of the plebswere instituted (later raised to five and then ten in number). These tribunes were given the power to protect plebeians against arrest by patrician magistrates. Mo
14、reover, after a new popular assembly for plebeians only, called the council of the plebs, was created in 471 B.C., the tribunes became responsible for convoking it and placing proposals before it. If adopted, these measures became plebiscita (it is the opinion of the plebs), but they were binding on
15、ly on the plebeians, not the patricians. Nevertheless, the council of the plebs gave the plebeians considerable political leverage. After 445 B.C., when a law allowed patricians and plebeians to intermarry, the division between the two groups became less important. In the fourth century B.C., the co
16、nsulship was opened to the plebeians. The climax of the struggle between the orders came in 287 B.C. with passage of a law that stipulated that all plebiscita passed by the council of the plebs had the force of law and were binding on the entire community, including patricians.494 BC. : Tribunes of
17、the plebs471 BC.: Council of the plebsPlebiscita: a measureIntermarrigeConsulship 287: A law ensured plebiscita with the force of law upon both plebeians and the patriciansThe success of the Plebeians (Process)The plebeians harvested their first victory in the struggle of the orders by boycotting pa
18、rticipation in defending Rome. The patricians therefore compromised with creating the tribunes of the plebs, who protected the pleibeians from being treated poorly by patrician office holders. Later on, the creation of the council of the plebs rallied plebeians to pass proposals to make plebiscita,
19、meaning the opinions of the plebs. Plebiscita eventually gained the force of law upon both plebeians and the patricians, as the struggle of the orders reached its climax. The taboo of intermarriage was also torn away, resulting in a gradual blurring of the division between the two groups. The strugg
20、le between the orders, then, had a significant impact on the development of the Roman constitution. Plebeians could hold the highest offices of state, they could intermarry with the patricians, and they could pass laws binding on the entire Roman community. Although the struggle had been long, the R
21、omans had handled it by compromise, not violent revolution. Theoretically, by 287 B.C., all Roman citizens were equal under the law, and all could strive for political office. But in reality, as a result of the right of intermarriage, a select number of patrician and plebeian families formed a new s
22、enatorial aristocracy that came to dominate the political offices. The Roman Republic had not become a democracy.Compromise rather than revolutionIn theory: all Romans were equalIn practice: new aristocracy formed rather than democracys arrivalNew Aristocracy(Result)The Romans didnt turn the struggl
23、e into blood-shed revolution. The pleibeians peacefully gained their access to the highest offices, rights of intermarriage, and the rights of making laws that could be applied to all Romans. However, these changes in Roman constitution didnt bring about democracy. Rather, the beneficiaries of the Struggle of the Orders were a small group of people with a mixed background of both plebeians and patricians. Roman aristocracy still remained its dominance in the state affairs, except for a different constituents. 分区 主舰资料打包 的第 2 页
