1、UnitIandII:ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomPartIWarm-upquestions1. What are the 4 constituent countries in the U.K.? England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland2. A loose (and voluntary) organization exists among the countries that used to be part of the British Empire. What is the organizati
2、on called? Commonwealth of Nations3. When did the U.K. become a member of the European Union? The UK has been a member of the EU since 19734. What is the organization G7? Is the U.K. its member? It is a member of the Group of Seven ( the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Cana
3、da) PartIIFocalPoints1.Acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatedname(复杂的名称，复杂的国家)2.Theeffectsofitsimperialpast(帝国主义历史的影响)3.Amultiracialsociety(多种族的社会)4.Remarkableclass,regionalandeconomicdifferences(显著的阶级、地域和经济差异)5.ThesignificantroleofLondon(伦敦的重要地位)6.CulturalandeconomicdominanceofEngland(英格兰的在文化和经济上的统治地位
4、)7.TheconquestofBritain（对不列颠的征服）8.Parliamentsdominanceoverthethrone(议会成为凌驾于王室权力之上的统治机构)9.PhysicalfeaturesofScotland(苏格兰的地理特征)10.Culturaldivisionbetweenhighlandandlowland(苏格兰高地和低地之间的文化区分)11.TheBattleofBannockburn(班诺克本战役)12.UnionwithEnglandin17071707年(苏格兰)与英格兰合并13.StrongScottishidentity(仍具有很浓的苏格兰特色)14
5、.BriefintroductionofWales(对威尔士的简要介绍)15.CampaignsforindependenceofUK(威尔士的独立运动)Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.ThedefinitionoftheUK.,GreatBritain&England.England, Scotland, WalesNorthern Ireland. Great Britain Ireland hundreds of small ones.TheUKGreatBritainTheBritishIsle
6、s:PartLanguagepoints1.AcomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatednameTwolargeislandsseveralsmallonestwostatesTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.England,WalesScotlandBritishIslestheUKGreatBritainNational Emblem“Union Jack” - National Flag-Nationalanthem：“Godsavethequeen”（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为“Godsavet
7、heking”）-Nationalflower：Rose-Nationalbird：红胸鸽(redbreast/robin)(1)EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.(2)ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Capital:Edinburgh.(3)WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff(4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Bel
8、fast.Edinburgh,Edinburgh,capital of Scotlandcapital of ScotlandCardiff,Cardiff,capital of Walescapital of WalesEnglandEnglandScotlandScotlandWalesWalesRepublic Republic of Irelandof IrelandNorthernNorthern Ireland IrelandLondon,London,capital of capital of EnglandEnglandBelfast,Belfast,capital ofcap
9、ital of Northern Ireland Northern IrelandDublin,Dublin,capital of capital of Republic of IrelandRepublic of IrelandPopulation(2002 Census) UK59,289,194 England51,138,831 Wales2,903,085 Scotland5,162,011 NorthernIreland1,685,267AdministrativeDivisionPopulation(mid2004)AreaSize(sqkm)Populationdensity(
10、peoplepersqkm)England50,093,800130,281383NorthernIreland1,710,30013,576125Scotland5,078,40077,92565Wales2,952,50020,732142UnitedKingdom59,834.900242,514246Unequally distributed populationPopulation ChangePopulation:byethnicgroups(1987-89)54.666millionincluding51.6whites1)ThedaysofempireendedafterWor
11、ldWarII.Buttherearecloserelationshipswhichexistwiththe50ormorecoloniesofthatempire,andwhichmaintainlinksthroughCommonwealthofNations(二战后，帝国主义时代过去了。但是大英帝国的50多个殖民地之间仍然有着紧密的联系，这种联系主要通过英联邦这个组织来维系). 2)IthasgreateffectsonthemakeupoftheBritishpopulation:对英国的人口构成有着很大的影响 BecauseoftheimmigrationfromIndia,Paki
12、stan,orCaribbeancountriesinthe1950sand1960s,1in20arenon-Europeanethnicity(由于在20世纪50、60年代，来自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群岛与中南美洲海域的加勒比国家大量涌入英国，现在1/20的英国人是非欧洲血统的人). 2.Theeffectsofitsimperialpast3.Racial,gender,class,regionalandeconomicdifferencesinthesociety1)amulti-racialsociety:mostareChristiansandbecauseofimmigrat
13、ion,manyareMuslims;2)genderdifference:maleandfemalelivedifferentlives3)classdifference:theclassstructureofUKsocietyisrelativelyobvious(Awhite-collarworkerslivesareverydifferentfromablue-collarworkers.)*Economicandregionaldifferencewithineachofthe4countries:1)differencebetweenhighlandandlowlandScots2
14、)differencebetweennorthandsouthEngland(Southisonaveragemorewealthythanthenorth)4.AsignificantroleofLondon1)capitalcity2)inthesouth;largestcityinthecountry;1/7ofthenationspopulation3)culturecenter4)businesscenter5)financialcenter,oneofthe3majorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld(anothertwoareNewY
15、orkandHongKong)6)long-standinghistoricalroleintheUKEngland Population:51Million Language:English People:Anglo-Saxons,Scots,Welsh,Irish,WestIndians,Pakistanis,Indians,Chinese Religion:ChurchofEngland,Methodist(循道公会),Baptist,Catholic,Muslim,Hindu,andSikh CapitalCity:LondonWindsor castleLeeds castleTow
16、er of LondonLondon BridgeRiver ThamesNight view of “Big Ben”A giant Ferris wheelSt. Paul CathedralSt. James ParkOlympic Stadium for 2012England1. A cultural and economic dominance of England 1) London dominant in the UK in government, finance and culture 2) Englands dominance in size - largest of th
17、e 4 nations with largest population is reflected in a cultural and economic dominance * Result: people in foreign countries and English people sometimes mistake England for U.K in their talks.2.TheconquestofBritain(BeforeAD.1stC.,madeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople)British history has been a hi
18、story of invasions: 1. Before the 1st century AD British was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people; 2. In 43 AD British was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; 3. Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples - the Angles, and the Saxon
19、; Stonehenge4.Fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,theferociousVikingsthreatenedBritainsshores;KingAlfredthegreatturnedinthetideinthesouthagainsttheVikings;5.ThenextinvadersweretheFrench-speakingNormans,fromnorthernFrance,whoweredescendantsofVikings;WilliamtheConquerorin1066crossedtheEngli
20、shChannel,andbecameWilliamtheFirstofEngland;theTowerofLondon;EarlyEnglandCreatedbyThreeInvasions1.RomanOccupation55B.C.-410A.D.2.Anglo-SaxonandVikingInvasions4101066A.D.3.TheNormanInvasion(TheBattleofHastings)in1066A.D.LATINLATINGERMAN(IC)GERMAN(IC)FRENCHFRENCHEnglish is a Melting Pot of Indo-Europe
21、an Languages CelticLatinGermanFrench3.Legends1).KingArthurandhisRoundTable,givingknightsequalprecedence(优越)andshowingknightsdemandforamoredemocraticsystem(DuringAnglo-Saxonsinvasion)2).RobinHoodhidintheforest,rebelledagainstNormansandrobbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor(DuringtheperiodofNormanrule)-aclu
22、etotheEnglishCharacter:arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity(体现英国人个性的迹象: 表面上似乎一致, 但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式) 4.Parliamentsdominanceoverthethrone1)ThenextfewhundredyearsfollowingtheNormaninvasion:jointogetherthevariouspartsoftheBritishIsleunderEnglishRule,unitethekingdominternallyan
23、dexternally2)PowergraduallytransferredfromthemonarchtotheparliamentCharlestheFirstsattempttooverruleparliamentinthe1640sledtoacivilwarinwhichparliamentaryforceswerevictorious,andthekingwasexecutedin1649.Englandwasruledbyparliamentsleader,OliverCromwellfor11years.In1660,thesonofCharlesIrestoredthemon
24、archyandwascalledCharlesII(ruled1660-1685,thatis“Restoration”)FurtherconflictsbetweenparliamentandthekingledtoremovaloftheScottishhouseofStuartandthefinalestablishmentofparliamentsdominanceoverthethronein1689.* James II (1685-1689) was the younger brother of Charles II. After James II was overthrown
25、, his daughter and daughters husband Mary and William were imported from Holland to take the throne. (1688, the “Bloodless Revolution” or “Glorious Revolution.”), thus finally establishing parliaments dominance over the throne.BasicfactsaboutScotland1.Scotlandisthemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecaus
26、eithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.2.ThelargestcityisGlasgow,anditscapitalisEdinburgh.Bothcitieshaveancientandinternationallyrespecteduniversitiesdatingfromthe15thcentury.3.Hadrians Wall:astonewallwhichtheRomanemperorHadrianorderedtobebuiltacrossthenort
27、hofEnglandin122ADfromtheeastcoasttothewest,inordertodefendRomanBritainfromattackbynortherntribessuchasPicts,theoriginalScottishCelts.DuringRomanOccupationHadriansWallScotland Population:5.1Million Capitalcity:Edinburgh People:Celts,Anglo-Saxons Language:English,Gaelic Religion:Presbyterian(天主教长老会)Ch
28、urchofScotland,otherPresbyterianchurches,Anglicans,CatholicsCastles in ScotlandScotland1. Physical features of Scotland1)the2ndlargestofthe4nations2)mostrugged(崎岖不平)partofUK,themostconfidentofitsownidentity;3)inthenorth-theHighlands-mountainsandlakesinthesouth-theSouthernUplandsinthemiddle-thelowlan
29、dzonewith3/4ofthepopulation4)Capital:Edinburgh-eastcoast,famousforitsbeauty,dominatedbyitsgreatcastleonahighrocklargestcity:Glasgow-inthewestofLowlandzone2.Culturaldivisionbetweenhighlandandlowland1)ScotlandwasneitherconqueredbytheRomansnorbytheAnglo-Saxons2)AroundtheAD6thC,peoplefromNorthernIreland
30、invadedtheSouth-west-thelowlandzone.3)TheywerecalledScotsandgavethemoderncountryofScotlanditsname4)TheoriginalScottishCelts,calledthePicts(皮克特人)wereleftwiththenon-productivehighlandzone,whereinadditiontoEnglish,somepeoplespeaktheoldCelticlanguageGaelic(盖尔语).* The division between highland and lowlan
31、d Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other.3.theBattleofBannockburn(班诺克本战役) Time:24thJune,1314 Who:ScotsundertheleadershipofRobertBruceandEnglisharmy Result:Scotswerevictorious,leadingto300yearsoffullindepen
32、denceStatue of Robert Bruce near Bannockburn monument the armies at Bannockburn.4.UnionwithEnglandin1707 1).In1603,QueenElizabethIofEnglanddied.Jamesthe6thofScotlandtookthethrone,calledJamestheFirstofEngland;unitingthetwothrones2).Scotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.3).In1707,Scotlandjoin
33、edtheUnionbyagreementoftheEnglishandScottishParliaments4).Scotlandsends72representativestotheLondonParliament.In1922,only3werefromtheScottishNationalistParty,wantinganindependentScotland;49wasfromtheLaborParty,wantingtosetuparegionalparliamentforScotlandtomanageitsowninternalaffairswithintheUK.5.Str
34、ongScottishidentity Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience. * Robert Louis Stevensons famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 吉基尔医生与海德先生shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity.Wales-P
35、opulation:2.9Million-Capitalcity:Cardiff-People:Celts,Anglo-Saxons-Language:Welsh,English-Religion:Nonconformist(非国教)Protestants,Anglicans,CatholicsBeaumaris Castle in N. WalesCaerphilly Castle in S. WalesWales1. A brief introduction of Wales1)capital:Cardiff,onthesouthcoast2)richcoaldepositsattract
36、foreigninvestmentfromJapanandU.S,etc.-newindustriestoreplacecoalandsteel3)smallestontheBritishmainland;closetocentralEngland;hillyandrugged4)retainsapowerfulsenseofdifferencefromEngland5)retainsitsownlanguage;19%populationspeakingGaelic2.CampaignsforindependenceofUK-resisttheEnglish1)1267,Llywelynap
37、Gruffudd(卢埃林阿普格鲁菲德),forcedtheEnglishtoacknowledgehimasPrinceofWalesbyamilitarycampaign,andunifiedWalesasanindependentnation.2)1282,hewaskilled.TheEnglishKingEdwardInamedhissonthePrinceofWales,tryingtobringWalesintotheBritishnation.3)1400,OwainGlyndwr(欧文格林道瓦尔)ledanunsuccessfulrisingagainsttheEnglish.
38、4)1536,WaleswasbroughtlegallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishParliament.5)Walessends38representativestotheLondonParliament.4arefromtheNationalistParty.NorthernIreland Population:1.6Million Capitalcity:Belfast People:Irish Language:English,andIrish Religion:95%RomanCatholic,3.4%ProtestantintheRepublic;60
39、%Protestant,40%RomanCatholicinNorthernIrelandNorthern Ireland 1. Population and physical features of Northern Ireland (北爱尔兰的人口和地理特征) 1)oftencalledUlster,smallestofthe4(inarea&population)2)1.5millionpeople,smallerthanmanyChinesecities3)capital:Belfast,thebiggestcityintheprovince,eastcoast4)mostlyrura
40、l,lowhills,beautifullakedistrictinthesouth-west,ruggedcoastline,includingitsmostfamouslandmark,theGiantsCauseway(巨型长堤)the Giants Causeway, the World Natural Heritagethe Giants Causewaythe Giants Boot 2. Political problemsIreland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict as a result of its colon
41、ial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”. One of the key issues in late 19th century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called “the Home Rule Bill” - Irish political control of Irish affairs.1)Ordinarylifecontinues,
42、andtroublesareanaddition.2)Crimeisverylow.3)Problemsaremainlyconcentratedinparticularareas. 3. Active cultural life-theatres,restaurants,pubsandmuseums 4. Economy1)hasproblems:partlybecausethetroublesdiscouraginginvestmentpartlybecauseofitsperipherality(周边)inrelationtotheUK2)wealthperheadisthelowest
43、ofUK3)livingcostsarecomparativelylow4)Industrialcompaniesincludetheaircraftmanufacturers.5.TheHomeRuleBill(自治法案)From1801to1921,thefullnameofUKwas“TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland”,becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain.ButduetoIrishdesiresforanindependentIrish
44、state,acampaigninparliamentfor“Home-rule”waslaunched,andtheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914.从1801年到1921年，英国的全名是大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国，因为整个爱尔兰岛在政治上都与大不列颠是一体的但是由于爱尔兰人想要建立一个独立的爱尔兰国家，由爱尔兰人管理自己管理爱尔兰的事务，国会中掀起了一场争取自治的运动，自治法案在1914年最终得以通过。6.GuerillaorterroristactivitiesagainsttheBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilit
45、aryforces1)TheEasterRisingof1916(复活节起义)-therebelsoccupiedDublinsPostOfficeandforcedtheBritishtotakeitbackbymilitaryforce.TheleadersoftherebellionwereexecutedbytheBritishauthorities.2)theSinnFeinParty(“OurselvesAlone”新芬党)-alegalpoliticalparty,supportersoftheIrishterrorists;supporttheIRAs(爱尔兰共和军)right
46、tofightbyatwincampaign,bothpoliticalandmilitarywhichtheycallthepolicyof“theBulletandtheBallotBox”(暴力和民主手段)Patrick Pearse, head of the Provisional Government proclaimed in the Easter Rising.The Proclamation of the Republic read by Patrick Pearse outside the GPO in 1916. 7.Religiousconflictsbetweenthe
47、IrishandtheBritish (爱尔兰人和不列颠人之间的宗教冲突)-IrelandwasnotinvadedbytheRomansortheAnglo-Saxons-mostIrishareCatholics;mostBritainareProtestants-Inthe17thC.,peopleemigratedfromScotlandandNorthernEnglandtothenorthofIreland.ThepeoplesofthispartthoughtofthemselvesasBritish,andwishedtoremainapartoftheBritishstate
48、.TheywereProtestants. 8. A partition of Ireland in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的分裂)Acompromise:theSouthern26counties-anindependent“freestate”(theRepublicofIreland)The6north-easterncounties-apartoftheUK.* End 700 years of British rule in southern Ireland. Northern Ireland was given its own Parliament to deal with
49、Northern Irish internal affairs, based at Stormont. (斯多蒙特) 9. Troubles and solutions (冲突与解决办法)Themajority,theProtestantscontrolledthelocaldemocratically-electedparliamentandusedthatpowertosupporttheirowneconomicandsocialdominanceintheprovince.40%ofthepopulationwereCatholicIrish,whofoundithardertoget
50、jobs,ortobenefitfromsocialprogramssuchaspublichousing.Thearmedconflict“troubles”developed. 1) a Civil Rights Movement (北爱民权运动)In1960s,Catholicsoftenmarchedinthestreetsandfoughtforequality. 2) the presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 1969-firsttoprotecttheCatholicpeople,laterweresee
