1、nished my homework when my mom came back home.英语语法更多资讯文章语法是中考英语考试必考点。语法知识掌握得好，将大大加快英语学习的进程。本文归纳了词法和八种基本时态，希望对广大初中学子有所帮助。词法名词（1）名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数 来计量。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词 a、an 来表示数量，要表示“一个”这一概念，须加 a piece of 这一类短语。（2）可数名词复数的规则变化A.一般情况下加-sB.以 s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-esC.以辅音
2、字母加 y 结尾的改 y 为 i 再加-esD.以 f， fe 结尾，去掉 f 或 fe，变 v 再加-es（3）名词的所有格. 单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾若没有 s，也要加 s如：the workers bike，the Children s ball. 表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加 s 若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后 s如： This is Lucy and Licy s room.These are Kates and jack s rooms. 如果是通过在词尾加 s 构成的复数形式的名词，只加 。如：the students books，the girls
3、 blouses代词（1）人称代词第一人称单数 I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves（2）物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词；名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。（3
4、）反身代词反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上 self 或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上 self 或 selves.反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如：I enjoyed myself at the party. 另一种是作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气。如：I can do it myself.（4）指示代词指示代词的特殊用法：(1)为了避免重复，可用 that，those 代替前面提到过的名词，但是 this，these 不可以。(2)this，that 有时代替句子或句子中一部分。（5）不定代词one,
5、 some, any, other, another, all, both, each, neither, many, much 等。冠词（1）不定冠词 an 用在元音读音开头 (不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词 a。（2）定冠词的基本用法A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。C. 用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。（3）定冠词的特殊用法A. 用在世界上独一无二的事物。B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及 only 所修饰的名词前。C. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D. 用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E. 用在姓氏
6、的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F. 用在乐器名称前。G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人。（4）名词前不用冠词的情况A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前般不用冠词。以 Festival 组成的民间节日前要加 the。B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。数词（1）序数词除了 first，second ，third 外，其余都在基数词尾加-th 构成。（2）分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于
7、1 小时，分母序数词要变成复数。形容词、副词（1）形容词的位置A. 形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything 时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。B. 当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：We have dug a hole two meters deep.The hole is about two metres deep.（2）形容词的比较等级单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加(e)r，(e)st 来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音
8、节词和多音节词，在前面加 more，most 来构成比较级和最高级。如：popularmore popularmost popularimportantmore importantmost important（3）副词的比较等级单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est 来构成比较级和最高级。绝大多数副词借助 more，most 来构成比较级和最高级。（4）少数形容词和副词比较级/最高级的不规则变化：原级 比较级 最高级well better bestbadly worse worstmuch more mostlittle less leastfar farther farthest
9、farthest furthestlate later latest介词（1）表示时间的介词及介词短语in, at, on, before，after，since，for, from， to, until， by，in the middle of，at the beginning of， at the end of，at night，for a long time，for two months，after school（2）表示地点的介词及介词短语in，at，into，to，on ，beside ，before，behind ，above，under，outside, inside, up,
10、from, far, from, near, across， off， down，among， past，between八种基本时态1 一般现在时概念: 表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。构成：1) 主语 + be (am / are / is ) +2) 主语 + 实义动词/三单动词 + 常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。如：1) I go to school every day . (表经常)2) He is always like that . (表状态 )2 一般过去时概念: 1) 表示过去某时间发
11、生的动作或存在的状态.常和表示过去的时间状语连用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ago 等.如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影.2) 也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作.如: He always went to work by bike last week.构成: 1) 主语 + be (was / were ) +2) 主语 + 实义动词过去式 +3 现在进行时概念: 表示现在 (说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。如: He is singing.They are watching
12、TV now构成: 主语 + 助动词 be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing 形式构成.4 过去进行时概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示.构成: 主语 + 助动词 be(was/were) + 动词-ing 形式构成 .5 一般将来时概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future 等.构成:1) 主语 + 助动词 will + 动原 +2) 主语 + b
13、e going to + 动原 + .6 过去将来时概念: 表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态.构成:1) 主语+ 助动词 should + 动原 +2) 主语 + would + 动原 + .3) 主语 + was/ were going to +动原7 现在完成时构成: 主语 + 助动词 ( have / has ) + 动词过去分词 +用法、例句表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.-Have you had yo20152011 年各省市高考题Passage 1 (2015新课标全国 )阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词 )或括号内单词的正确形式
14、。Yangshuo，ChinaIt was raining lightly when I 1 (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours 2 ，Id been at home in Hong Kong，with 3 (it) choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mou
15、ntain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4 are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 5 (painting).Instead，Id headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin，its only an hour away 6 car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.Yangshuo 7 (be) really beautiful.A study of traveler
16、s 8 (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it 9 (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people 10 (live)
17、 in Shanghai and Hong Kong.【语篇导读】 桂林山水甲天下，阳朔 风光甲桂林。作者讲述了从香港去阳朔旅游时的所见。1.解析 考查动词的时态。主句谓语动词使用了过去进行时，根据语境此处要用一般过去时态。答案 arrived2.解析 考查副词的用法。由语境可知，几个小 时之前我还在香港的家中，由此可知 before/earlier 符合句意。答案 before/earlier3.解析 考查形容词性物主代词的用法。空格后面有名词 smog，故要使用形容词性物主代词。答案 its4.解析 考查定语从句关系代词的用法。由句子结构不难判断这是一个定语从句。先行词为指物的 mount
18、ain tops and dark waters，关系词在从句中作主语，因此答案为 that/ which。答案 that/ which5.解析 考查名词的复数。“so many复数名词”为一常用短语。答案 paintings6.解析 考查介词的固定用法。根据句意可知，这只是驱车一小时的路程。“by交通工具名词”为一固定短语。答案 by7.解析 考查主谓一致和动词时态。本段介绍阳朔的自然条件，属客观事实，要用一般现在时，由于主语是单数第三人称形式，因此答案为 is。答案 is8.解析 考查过去分词短语作后置定语的用法。study 与 conduct 之间为动宾关系，故用表示被动的过去分词形式。
19、此外，by 是解题的关键词， conducted by.意为“由所做的”。答案 conducted9.解析 考查副词的用法。该词修饰谓语动词 arrange，故要用其副词形式。答案 regularly10.解析 考查现在分词短语作后置定语的用法。由于 live 与其所修饰的名词people 之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主 动意 义的现在分词形式。答案 livingPassage 2 (2015新课标全国 )阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词 )或括号内单词的正确形式。The adobe dwellings(土坯房) 1 (build) by the Pueblo Indian
20、s of the American Southwest are admired by even 2 most modern of architects and engineers.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 3 (able) to “air condition”a house without 4 (use)electric equipment.Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot
21、 days and give out that heat 5 (slow)during cool nights，thus warming the house.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 6 (cool) the house during the hot day： 7 the same time，they warm up again for the night.This cycle 8 (go) day after day: The walls warm up d
22、uring the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消)for the outside temperatures.As 9 (nature) architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 10 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.【语篇导读】 相比现代化的建筑， 简陋的土坯房可 谓丑陋不堪。但当代的建筑师却对其情有独钟。短文主要
23、介绍了土坯房能够调节温度的原理。1.解析 考查过去分词短语作后置定语。主语 dwellings 与动词 build 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。又由 by 一词的暗示也可知用表示被动意义的过去分词。答案 built2.解析 考查定冠词的用法。空格之后为形容词的最高级形式，故填定冠词。答案 the3.解析 考查形容词与名词的转换。形容词性物主代词 their 之后应当用名词，故将 able 转化为其名词形式。答案 ability4.解析 考查介词的用法。介词 without 之后的动词要用动名词形式。答案 using5.解析 考查副词的用法。由土坯制成的墙壁在炎热的白天吸收太阳的热
24、量并在凉爽的夜间慢慢将热量释放出来。修饰谓语动词 give out，因此要用副词形式。答案 slowly6.解析 考查固定句式的用法。“形容词enough 动词不定式”为一常用句式。答案 to cool7.解析 考查固定短语的用法。at the same time 意 为“同时”，是一个常用介 词短语。答案 at8.解析 考查动词的时态。这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了土坯房冬暖夏凉的原理，故用一般现在时态。答案 goes9.解析 考查形容词的用法。修饰名词 architects，故要用形容词形式。答案 natural10.解析 考查宾语从句的连接词用法。分析句子结构可知，这是一个宾语从句。根据形容
25、词 thick 及结构可知这里的意思是印第安人要算出土坯 墙的确切厚度。所以答案为 how。答案 howPassage 3 (2015福建)阅读下面短文，根据以下提示：1)汉语提示， 2)首字母提示，3)语境提示，在每个空格内填入一个适当的英语单词，所填单词要求意义准确，拼写正确。Sometimes we have disagreements with people.When this (1)h ， the important thing is to try not to let a calm discussion turn into a heated argument.Here (2) my
26、 tips for you.The (3)f thing I would say is that the way you begin the conversation is very important.Imagine you are a student and you share a flat (4) another student who you think isnt doing her share of the housework.If you say, “Look, you never do your share of the housework.(5) are you going t
27、o do about it？”， the discussion will very soon turn into an argument.Its much more (6) (有帮助)to say something like, “I think we had (7)b have another look about how we divide up the housework.Maybe there is a better way of dealing with it.”My second piece of (8)a is simple.If youre the person who is
28、in the wrong, just admit it! This is the easiest and best way to avoid an argument.Just make an (9) (道歉), and move on.The other person will have more respect for you (10) the future if you do that.答案 1.happens 2.are 3.first 4.with 5.What 6.helpful/beneficial 7.better 8.advice 9.apology 10.inPassage
29、4 (2015湖南)Directions: Complete the following passage by filling in each blank with one word that best fits the context.Research has become both simpler and more complex. Its simpler because, 1 you have a computer, you can find information you need by searching the Internet. For all your information,
30、 you dont have to go to 2 library to find the relevant resource and take notes on it. Instead, you can find some sources from the Internet 3 print the copies needed.Remember, however, that you should usually consult different types of sources. That is, you 4 always rely just on the Internet for your
31、 research.While finding information is easier than ever, at the same time, researching has become 5 complex. There is a lot more material available, which means you may be overwhelmed 6 the amount of information. You need to learn 7 to sort through and find the relevant information for your particul
32、ar project. Also, 8 need to check the accuracy of it.【语篇导读】 随着电脑和因特网的出现，研究变得既简单又复杂。一方面，我们不必像以往一样在书中搜索资料，这为我们提供了极大的方便；另一方面，网络中众多的资料良莠不齐，选择准确的信息使我们的工作变得愈加复杂。1.解析 考查状语从句。根据句意，如果你有了电脑，你可以通 过上网获得所需的信息。答案 if2.解析 考查冠词。go to the library 去图书馆；in the library 在图书馆。答案 the3.解析 考查连词。and 连接并列谓语 find 和 print。答案 and
33、4.解析 考查情态动词。根据上文你应该(should)查阅不同的资料。答案 shouldnt5.解析 考查形容词比较级。参见上文第一句 more complex。答案 more6.解析 考查介词。be overwhelmed with 面临，陷入。答案 with7.解析 考查疑问词。根据句意，你需要学习如何分类并找到特定任务的相关信息。how to do 是含有疑问词的不定式，在此 处作宾语。答案 how8.解析 考查代词。参见上文 You need to learn how to sort throug.答案 youPassage 5 (2014新课标全国 )阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的
34、内容(不多于 3 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?In 1969，the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland，Ohio.It 1 (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.The river was so polluted that it 2 (actual) caught fire and burned.Now，years later，
35、this river is one of 3 most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.But the river wasnt changed in a few days 4 even a few months.It took years of work 5 (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.Finally，that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 6 (clean) than ever.
36、Maybe you are facing an impossible situation.Maybe you have a habit 7 is driving your family crazy.Possibly you drink too much or dont know how to control your credit card use.When you face such an impossible situation，dont you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?While there are 8 (
37、amaze) stories of instant transformation，for most of us the 9 (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.Just be 10 (patience).1.解析 文章讲的是 1969 年的事情，故用过去时。答案 was2.解析 修饰动词 caught，用副词 actually“实际上”。答案 actually3.解析 most outstanding 是最高级，前面需要加 the。答案 the4.
38、解析 河流不是几天或者几个月里就改变了的，这里两个时间是选择关系，故用 or。答案 or5.解析 这里考查固定句型：It takes some time to do sth“做某事花费多长时间”。故应填不定式 to reduce。答案 to reduce6.解析 根据下文 than 知用形容词的比较级。答案 cleaner7.解析 habit 是先行词，故用 that/which 引导定语从句。答案 that/which8.解析 是“令人吃惊的”，用形容词修饰名词 stories，而 amazed 指“人感到吃惊的”，用来修饰人。答案 amazing9.解析 根据句子的谓语“are”可知主语应
39、为复数。答案 changes10.解析 根据空格前系动词“be”可知这里应为形容词。答案 patientPassage 6 (2014广东) 阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。Last year，my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation.Some of my friends who had been there before said 1 was a wonderful holiday destination.Before we went，we had planned
40、for months.When the day came，we were ready.After our plane landed，we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months 2 (early)， but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.We 3 (tell)that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week， 4 for the week after.I didnt understand 5
41、this would happen and my credit card had already been charged 6 the reservation.Whats worse，the hotel had been fully booked.When we were wondering what to do，the manager came out.She was 7 (surprise)helpful.She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 8 top floor.We had never staye
42、d in such an amazing room，and we werent charged extra.The next day，my brother and I went to the beach 9 we watched some people play volleyball.We got a little 10 (sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didnt mind.【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，记述了我和我兄弟去 Miami(迈阿密)旅游，当到达目的地后，来到六个月前订的宾馆，却意外被告知订的房间是下个星期的，且
43、该宾馆房间已订满。正当不知如何 办时，经 理出来了，将他们安排在留出来的 VIP 房间，且不另外收他们的钱，真是喜出望外的事。1.解析 在 said 后的宾语从句中缺主语，应填代词；指代前句中的 Miami 这个地方，应用 it。答案 it2.解析 在句中作状语，依然用副词；不变词性，因为是较早的做的事，所以用比较级。答案 earlier3.解析 由句意可知，是“我们被告知”，由上下文的时态可知，用一般 过去时的被动语态。答案 were told4.解析 根据上下句意，意为“不是为那个星期订的，而是为后一个星期所订的”，为 not.but.结构。答案 but5.解析 意为“我不知道为什么会发生
44、这样的事”，故用 why 引导宾语从句。答案 why6.解析 charge.for. 是习惯 搭配。答案 for7.解析 因本句已有作表语的形容词 helpful，所以应当用副词来修饰形容词helpful，指“令人惊讶地，意外地 ”，故填 surprisingly。答案 surprisingly8.解析 特指“在顶楼”。答案 the9.解析 先行词是地点 the beach，且在定语从句中作状语，故填 where (on which and on the beach and there) 。答案 where10.解析 在表示“变化”的 got 后作表语，要用形容词；sunburn 是名词，其形
45、容词形式是 burnt 或 burned。答案 sunburnt/sunburnedPassage 7 (2014福建)阅读下面短文，根据以下提示：1)汉语提示， 2)首字母提示，3)语境提示，在每个空格内填入一个适当的英语单词，所填单词要求意义准确，拼写正确。Many of us were raised with the saying“Waste not，want not.”None of us，(1)h ，can completely avoid waste in our lives.Any kind of waste is thoughtless.Whether we waste our potential talents，our own time，our limited natural (2) (资源) ，our money，or other peoples time，each of us can become more aware and ca
