1、and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my o
2、ld friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himse
3、lf has done it lots of times! Lesson79 By air 乘飞机I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy. My parents, used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays. An airhostess would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience. I am used to travelli
4、ng by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened. After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, an air-hostess told us to keep calm and to get off the plane
5、 quietly as soon as it had touched down. Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find out what had happened. Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board. The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane. After we had landed, the plane was searched
6、thoroughly. Fortunately, nothing was found and five hours later we were able to take off again.Lesson80 The Crystal Palace 水晶宫Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace wa
7、s different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great deal of
8、 machinery on display. The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyths steam hammer. Though in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by
9、train. There were six million visitors in all, and the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. Later, the Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.Lesson81 Escape 脱逃When he had kil
10、led the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes. Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead mans clothes. Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp. He could hear shouting
11、 in the camp itself. Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they
12、passed. When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. The man obviously wanted to talk. He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a
13、 sharp blow. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could. Lesson82 Monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼？Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these monsters which have at
14、times been sighted are simply strange fish. Occasionally, unusual creatures are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea. Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar. A small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the l
15、ine. Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way. When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. It had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail, The fish, which has
16、since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.Lesson83 After the elections 大选之后The former Prime Minister, Mr Wentworth Lane, was defeated in the recent electio
17、ns. He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad. My friend, Crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of Mr Lanes Radical Progressive Party. After the elections, Crawley went to the former Prime Ministers house. When he asked if Mr Lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him
18、that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad. On the following day, Crawley went to the house again. The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when Crawley asked the same question. Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. The d
19、ay after, Crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question. This time, the policeman lost his temper. I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday, he shouted, Mr Lane was defeated in the elections. He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad ! I know, answ
20、ered Crawley, but I love to hear you say it ! Lesson84 On strike 罢工Busmen have decided to go on strike next week. The strike is due to begin on Tuesday. No one knows how long it will last. The busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working c
21、onditions. Most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. Many owners of private cars are going to offer free rides to people on their way to work. This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. Meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses
22、while the strike lasts. All the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test. The students are going to take the test in two days time. Even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. But so far, the public has expressed i
23、ts gratitude to the students in letters to the Press. Only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!Lesson85 Never too old to learn 活到老学到老I have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head- master, Mr Regmald Page, will be retiring next wee
24、k. Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmasters home. We shall all remember Mr Page for his patience and understanding and for the ki
25、ndly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. A great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday. It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. After he has re
26、tired, he will devote himself to gardening. For him, this will be an entirely new hobby. But this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn. Lesson86 Out of control 失控As the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. He wav
27、ed desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes. Both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violent1y into the sea. The speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. Both men had jus
28、t begun to swim towards the shore. when they noticed with dismay that the speed-boat was moving in a circle. It now came straight towards them at tremendous speed. In less than a minute, it roared past them only a few feet away. After it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could because they
29、 knew that the boat would soon return. They had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle. On this occasion, however, it had slowed down considerably. The petrol had nearly all been used up. Before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift
30、 gently across the water.Lesson87 A perfect alibi 极好的不在犯罪现场的证据At the time the murder was committed, I was travelling on the 8.0 oclock train to London, said the man.Do you always catch such an early train ? asked the inspector.Of course I do, answered the man. I must be at work at 10.0 oclock. My em
31、ployer will confirm that I was there on time. Would a later train get you to work on time ? asked the inspector. I suppose it would, but I never catch a later train.At what目录第一章 施工组织设计或施工方案2第1节 工程概况3第2节 主要分项工程施工方案4第二章 木化石的施工工艺18第三章 投入本招标工程的主要施工机械设备22第四章 劳动力计划26第五章 施工进度计划及进度控制措施28第六章 施工总平面布置图及用地表39第一
32、章 施工组织设计或施工方案编制依据一、.市*植物园化石森林扩建工程招标文件。二、.市*植物园化石森林扩建工程施工图。三、.市*植物园化石森林扩建工程招标会议纪要及现场踏勘。四、参照的技术规范。（一）城市绿化工程施工及验收规范（CJJ/T8299） （二）混凝土结构工程施工及验收规范（GB5020492） （三）建筑工程质量检验评定标准（GBJ30188） （四）地基与基础工程施工及验收规范（GBJ20283） （五）其他有关施工技术标准、规范和验收标准（六）古建筑修建工程质量检验评定标准（CJJ7090） （七）木结构工程施工及验收规范（GBJ20683） 第1节 工程概况第一节工程概况.市*
33、植物园化石森林扩建工程是深圳市市委、市政府加快.旅游事业发展、切实解决梧桐山*景区核心景点旅游景点之一，.市.山*植物园的改建对提高*植物园的知名度和美誉度，优化城市环境、提高人民的生活质量，把.市建成现代化国际高科技术发展与风景旅游的高素质城市有着十分重要的意义。本工程位于.市*植物园内，森林化石一期西侧坡地（具体位置见总平面图）规划建筑面积约为5000M2 ，本工程的总工期为100 日历天，工程质量要求达到国家施工验收规定合格标准。第二节 工程管理及设计单位建设单位：.市*植物园设计单位：.市建筑设研究总院监理单位：.市.建设监理公司第三节本工程的重点、难点分析根据招标文件及图纸要求，该工
34、程的重点、难点主要表现在木化石施工过程及技术措施。木化石是非常珍贵稀有的宝石，在整个工程施工过程中，其难点、重点是木化石的吊装、运输方法；木化石堆砌及粘接木化石的方法和采用的贴接材料，在施工过程中，施工工艺应有非常完整的施工计划，完整的施工技术及操作措施，并结合甲方与设计院，监理部门对该项目的实施要求，相互配合应用于现场中，对整个工程的建成才能达到一个非常完美的建筑艺术作品。对于本工程的重点、难点，详细的施工组织方案及技术措施，详见第二章主要分项工程施工方案的第二节木化石的施工技术方案。第2节 主要分项工程施工方案第一节园路铺装工程园林铺地工程主要包括为马达斯加区、印尼区、美国区、蒙古区等几部
35、分，面层为深绿麻花岗岩、米色花岗岩、粉色花岗岩、灰色花岗岩、深灰龙眼面色花岗岩、烧面灰花岗岩及拼花花岗岩等各色花岗岩石板铺装，其中局部还包括各色卵石等铺装。垫层做法有砂、碎石垫层、C20 砼基层和砂浆等几类。园林铺装工程的好坏直接关系到整个园林工程的效果。为此，我们要加强施工力量、加强施工质量监督，严格按照施工规范实施。在整个园路铺装工程中，重点设置垫层的密实度和面层的标高二个质量控制点。在此我们以花岗岩、卵石为例，对园林工程中最常用的铺装方法进行介绍，具体如下：一、施工准备（一）技术交底进行施工图交底，认真阅读施工图，对照施工技术规范及质验标准，制订相应技术措施，检查落实班组的施工准备情况，
36、做到施工质量、进度的事前控制。然后将施工技术方案报请监理工程师审批方可施工。（二）材料准备园路铺地工程中，由于工程量大，形状变化多，需事先对铺装的园路实际尺寸进行放样，确定边角的方案及园路交接处的过渡方案，然后再确定各种花岗石的数量。在进料时要把好材料的规格尺寸，机械强度和色泽一致的质量关。因为在实际施工中，往往会遇到上列问题。（三）场地放样、定标高按照园路设计图所绘的施工坐标方格网，将所有坐标点测设到场地上并打桩定点。然后以坐标桩点为准，根据广场设计图，在场地地面上放出场地的边线，主要地面设施的范围线和挖方区、填方区之间的零点线。然后定出坐标桩点标高，注意尽量采用共同基准点。（四）地形复核对
37、照园路竖向设计图，复核场地地形。各坐标点、控制点的自然地坪标高数据，有缺漏的要在现场测量补上。二、地面施工（一）挖方与填方施工根据设计的标高进行挖填土方。填方时应当先深后浅、先分层填实深处，按施工规范每填一层就夯实一层。挖方时挖出的适宜栽植的肥沃土壤，要临时堆放在路边，通知监理业主处理。（二）场地平整与找坡挖填方工程基本完成后，对挖填出的新地面进行整理。要铲平地面，使地面平整度限制在0.05 米内。根据各坐标桩标明的该点填挖高度和设计的坡度数据，对场地进行找坡，保证场地内各处地面都基本达到设计的坡度。根据场地旁存在建筑、园路、管线等因素，确定边缘地带的竖向连接方式，调整连接点的地面标高。还要确
38、认地面排水口的位置，调整排水沟管底部标高，使广场地面与周边地平的连接更自然，排水、通道等方面的矛盾降到最低。(三)、素土夯实素土夯实是重要的质量控制工作，首先应清除腐植土，清除日后地面下陷隐患。1、基础开挖时，机械开挖应预留1020cm 的余土使用人工挖掘。2、当挖掘过深时，不能用土或细石等回填。3、夯实当挖土达到设计标高后，可用打夯机进行素土夯实，达到设计要求素土夯实的密实度。当夯实过程中如果打夯机的夯头印迹基本看不出时，可用环刀法进行密实度测试。如果密实度尚未达到设计要求，应不断夯实，直到达到设计要求为止。（四）、碎石垫层1、首先要控制碎石的质量。根据肉眼观察，禁止风化碎石进场，避免树枝等
39、有机质混入，并按设计要求控制石子颗粒大小。2、标高的控制。为保证广场和路面标高合理，控制造价，保证施工质量，控制好垫层的厚度很重要。在回填时先在场地内设置好标高控制点，并注意对控制点的保护。回填时其虚铺厚度应有所控制，以便在夯实后能达到要求。3、碎石垫层的夯实。由于考虑到本工程为园路工程，路面荷载较小，同时路幅较窄，一般采用打夯机夯实，夯实前应铺摊5CM 厚的碎石，具体夯实方法同素土夯实。（五）、稳定层的浇筑必须控制厚度和强度，按施工图做好砼强度试块检测工作。1、在完成的基层上定点放线，每10m 为一点，根据设计标高，园路的边线放中间桩和边桩。并在园路整体边线处放置施工挡板。挡板的高度应在稳定
40、层以上，但不要太高，并在挡板划好标高线。2、复核、检查和确认园路边线和各设计标高点的正确无误后，可进入下道工序。3、在浇筑混凝土稳定层前，在干燥的基层上洒一层水或1：3 砂浆。4、按设计的材料比例配制砼试块，然后浇筑、捣实混凝土，并用直尺将顶面刮平，顶面调整至设计标高。施工中要注意做出路面的横坡和纵坡。5、混凝土面层施工完成后，应及时开始养护，并及时对砼基层进行伸缩缝的切割，切割时应注意与道路面层铺设尺寸的吻合，然后考虑园路和广场面层的铺装。可用湿的稻草、湿砂及塑料薄膜覆盖在路面上进行养护。（六）、混凝土浇筑1、由于本工程混凝土具有厚度较小，面积较大的特点，故可采用全面分层法进行浇筑。混凝土卸
41、至浇筑现场后，由人工摊铺平整，用插入式振动棒沿浇筑方向排列式振捣，每个插入点振动时间为20s 左右，点距为300mm 。振捣完毕后，用长钢管碾子碾压数遍，将凸石压下，保持表面平整；接着用真空吸水机吸去混凝土中多余的水分；经过2 小时左右可用专用混凝土磨浆机将表面打磨出浆，然后人工进行压光；最后用拉毛机在混凝土表面压槽，压槽深度为12mm。2、混凝土养护混凝土养护工作在其凝后进行，养护时在混凝土表面铺一层麻袋片，在养护初期（ 约3 天左右）必须保持混凝土表面湿润，以防水分蒸发太快，引起混凝土干缩裂缝，养护时间按照设计规定为14 天。（七）、花岗岩面层的铺装1、面层铺装是园路和广场铺装的又一个重要
42、的质量控制点，必须控制好标高，结合层的密实度及铺装后的养护。2、在完成的稳定层上放样，根据设计标高和位置打好横向桩和纵向桩，纵向线每隔板块宽度1 条，横向线按施工进展向下移，移动距离为板块的长度。3、在稳定层上扫净后，洒上一层水，略干后先将1：2 的干硬性水泥砂浆在稳定层上平铺上一层，厚度为2cm 厚作结合层用，铺好后抹平。4、再在上面薄薄的浇一层水泥浆，然后按设计的图案铺好，注意留缝间隙按设计要求保持一致，面层每拼好一块，就用平直的木板垫在顶面，以橡皮锤在多处振击（或垫上木板，锤击打在木板上）使所有的石板的顶面均保持在一个平面上，这样可使园路铺装十分平整。5、路面铺好后，再用干燥的水泥粉撒在
43、路面上并扫入砌块缝隙中，使缝隙填满，最后将多余的灰砂清扫干净。以后，石板下面的水泥砂浆慢慢硬化，使板与下面稳定层紧密结合在一起。6、施工完后，应多次浇水进行养护。（八）、卵石面层施工在基础层上浇筑后34 天方可铺设面层。首先打好各控制桩。其次挑选好35cm 的卵石要求质地好，色泽均匀，颗粒大小均匀。然后在基础层上铺设1：2 水泥砂浆，厚度为5cm， 接着用卵石在水泥砂浆层嵌入，要求排列美观，面层均匀高低一致（可以一块1X1m 的平板盖在卵石上轻轻敲打，以便面层平整）。面层铺好一块（手臂距离长度）用抹布轻轻擦除多余部分的水泥砂浆。待面层干燥后，应注意浇水保养。（九）草坪铺装1、场地平整因为场地的
44、平整与否，直接关系到以后草坪的生长质量，所以这一工序尤为重要。1初步整平：先将表层垃圾拣拾干净后翻耕土地，翻耕深度不低于30cm，而后将土块打碎。对于杂项较多的土地可用10mm*10 mm 的筛网筛一遍，以确保杂物除净，而后用铁耙将地整平，地土质较差的地段需局部或全部换土。换土的深度不低于30cm ，换土后灌水，使其下沉压实，再回填土，如此反复几次，直至场地平整。2建坪前除杂草及病虫害的纺织：为防止种植草坪后杂草的滋生，除整地时清除树根、草根外，可用草甘磷、百草枯等灭生性内吸传导性除草剂，每亩用75100g 进行喷洒，一般在建坪前一个月使用。为防止虫害，可在植坪前一周喷洒甲胺磷、辛硫磷等杀虫剂
45、，以达到灭虫的效果。3植草前施肥：对整平好的场地，均匀撒施熟化的有机肥3kg/ m2、复合肥0.08kg/m2，再进行土壤翻耕，然后耙平，耙细，准备播种。2、草坪种植施工土壤整平耙细后，就可进行草坪的种植。1播种法：种子量一般为810g /m2， 播种方法采用撒播与机械播种相结合。播种后，应及时覆盖土，土层厚度为0.51cm ，而后用铁滚子镇压，以保证出苗均匀。浇水工作及保持水分，可在坪床上盖草帘子，以减少浇水次数。待草苗出齐后，再将草帘揭去，注意揭帘子时须在阴天或傍晚前进行，防止太阳直射灼烧草苗。2草坪栽植法：在平整好的地面上以2030cm 为行距，开5cm 深的沟，将撕开的草块放入沟中，然
46、后填土，踩实。为提高成活率，缩短缓苗期，移栽过程中要注意两点：一是草皮要带适量的护根土，二是尽可能缩短掘草到植草的时间，最好当天掘草当天栽，栽后要充分灌水，清除杂草，养护一个月后可成坪。第二节木化石的施工技术方案一、吊装、运输木化石的安全技术措施吊装的工程构件形式、吊装所使用的机具及吊装的方式方法都趋向于多样化、复杂化。因此，吊装木化石工程的安全技术十分重要。现将不同吊装工程的安全技术要点介绍如下：一安全技术的一般规定 1、木化石吊装前应编制施工组织设计或制订施工方案，明确起重吊装安全技术要点和保证安全的技术措施。 2、参加木化石吊装的人员应经体格检查合格。在开始吊装木化石前应进行安全技术教育
47、和安全技术交底。 3、木化石吊装工作开始前，应对起重运输和吊装木化石以及所用索具、卡环、夹具、卡具、锚碇等的规格、技术性能进行细致检查或试验，发现有损坏或松动现象，应立即调换或修好。起重设备应进行试运转，发现转动不灵活、有磨损的应及时修理；重要的木化石吊装前应进行试吊，经检查各部位正常后才可进行正式吊装木化石。二防止高空坠落1吊装木化石的人员应戴好安全帽；高空作业人员应佩安全带，穿防滑鞋，带工具袋。2、吊装木化石工作区应有明显标志，并设专人警戒，与木化石吊装无关人员严禁入内。起重机工作时， 起重臂杆旋转半径范围内，严禁站人或通过。3运输、吊装木化石时，严禁在被运输、吊装的木化石上站人指挥和放置
48、材料、工具。4 高空作业施工人员应站在操作平台或轻便梯子上工作。吊装层应设临时安全防护栏杆或采取其他安全措施。5登高用梯子、临时操作台应绑扎牢靠；梯子与地面夹角以6070为宜，操作台跳板应铺平绑扎，严禁出现挑头板。三防物体掉落伤人1高空往地面运输物件时，应用绳捆好吊下。吊装木化石时，不得在木化石上悬挂零星物件。零星材料和物件必须用吊笼或钢丝绳、保险绳捆扎牢固后才能吊运和传递，不得随意抛掷材料物体、工具，防止滑脱伤人造成意外事故。2 木化石必须绑扎牢固，起吊点应通过构件的重心位置，吊升时应平稳，避免振动或摆动。3起吊构件时，速度不应太快，不得在高空停留过久，严禁猛升猛降，以防木化石脱落或撞伤。4木化石就位后临时固定前，不得松钩、解开吊装索具。木化石固定后，应检查连接牢固和稳定情况，当连接确定安全可靠，才可拆除临时固定工具和进行下步吊装。5 风大天气、霜雾天气和雨天吊装应采取必要的防滑措施，夜间作业应有充分照明。四防止起重机倾翻 1起重机行驶的临时道路必须进行挖平整理、保证坚实、可靠，停放地点必须平坦。 2 起重机不得停放在斜坡道上工作，不允许起重机两条覆带或支腿停留部位一高一低或土质一硬一软。 3 起吊木化石时，吊
