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Approved as an American National Standard(ANSI)IEEE Std 242-2001(Revision ofIEEE Std 242-1986)IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Sponsor Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Department of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Approved 14 June 2001 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract:The principles of system protection and the proper selection,application,andcoordination of components that may be required to protect industrial and commercial powersystems against abnormalities that could reasonably be expected to occur in the course ofsystem operation are presented in a in a simple,yet comprehensive,format.The principlespresented apply to both new electrical system design and to the changing,upgrading,orexpansion of an existing electrical distribution system.Keywords:bus protection,cable protection,calibration,conductor protection,coordinatingtime intervals,current transformers,current-limiting fuses,fuse coordination,fuse selectivity,generator grounding,generator protection,high-voltage fuses,liquid preservation systems,low-voltage motor protection,medium-voltage motor protection,motor protection,overcurrentprotection,potential transformers,power fuses,protective relays,relay application principles,relay operating principles,service protection,short-circuit protection,switchgear protection,system design,system protection,transformer protection,voltage transformers Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following organizations for having granted permission toreprint material in this document as listed below:Table 10-1 from National Electrical Manufacturers Assocation.Reprinted from NEMA MG10-1994 by permission of the National Manufacturers Assocation.Copy-right 1997 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Assocation.All rights,including translation intoother languages,reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention,the Berne Convention for the Pro-tection of Literary and Artistic Works,and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.Figure 10-14,Figure 10-15,and Figure 10-18 from Bentley-Nevada.Figure 10-16 and Figure 10-17 from API 541-1995.First Printing17 December 2001SH94930SS94930The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.3 Park Avenue,New York,NY 10016-5997,USACopyright 2001 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.All rights reserved.Published 17 December 2001.Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN 0-7381-2844-9No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards CoordinatingCommittees of the IEEE Standards Association(IEEE-SA)Standards Board.The IEEE develops its stan-dards through a consensus development process,approved by the American National Standards Institute,which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product.Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation.While the IEEEadministers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process,the IEEE does not independently evaluate,test,or verify the accuracy of any of the information containedin its standards.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary.The IEEE disclaims liability for any personal injury,prop-erty or other damage,of any nature whatsoever,whether special,indirect,consequential,or compensatory,directly or indirectly resulting from the publication,use of,or reliance upon this,or any other IEEE Stan-dard document.The IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein,andexpressly disclaims any express or implied warranty,including any implied warranty of merchantability orfitness for a specific purpose,or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringe-ment.IEEE Standards documents are supplied“AS IS.”The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce,test,measure,purchase,market,or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard.Further-more,the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change broughtabout through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard.Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation.When adocument is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed,it is reasonable to conclude that its con-tents,although still of some value,do not wholly reflect the present state of the art.Users are cautioned tocheck to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard.In publishing and making this document available,the IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional orother services for,or on behalf of,any person or entity.Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any dutyowed by any other person or entity to another.Any person utilizing this,and any other IEEE Standardsdocument,should rely upon the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reason-able care in any given circumstances.Interpretations:Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as theyrelate to specific applications.When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE,theInstitute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses.Since IEEE Standards represent a consensusof concerned interests,it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence ofa balance of interests.For this reason,IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards CoordinatingCommittees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those caseswhere the matter has previously received formal consideration.Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party,regardless of member-ship affiliation with IEEE.Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposedchange of text,together with appropriate supporting comments.Comments on standards and requests forinterpretations should be addressed to:Secretary,IEEE-SA Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O.Box 1331Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331USA iv Copyright 2001 IEEE.All rights reserved.The IEEE and its designees are the sole entities that may authorize the use of the IEEE-owned certificationmarks and/or trademarks to indicate compliance with the materials set forth herein.Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted bythe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.,provided that the appropriate fee is paid toCopyright Clearance Center.To arrange for payment of licensing fee,please contact Copyright ClearanceCenter,Customer Service,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923 USA;+1 978 750 8400.Permissionto photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtainedthrough the Copyright Clearance Center.Note:Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat-ter covered by patent rights.By publication of this standard,no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith.The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patentsfor which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity orscope of those patents that are brought to its attention.Copyright 2001 IEEE.All rights reserved.v Introduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 242-2001,IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection andCoordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems.)IEEE Std 242-2001,the IEEE Buff Book,has been extensively revised and updated since itwas first published in 1975.The IEEE Buff Book deals with the proper selection,application,and coordination of the components that constitute system protection for industrial plants andcommercial buildings.System protection and coordination serve to minimize damage to asystem and its components in order to limit the extent and duration of any service interruptionoccurring on any portion of the system.A valuable,comprehensive sourcebook for use at the system design stage as well as inmodifying existing operations,the IEEE Buff Book is arranged in a convenient step-by-stepformat.It presents complete information on protection and coordination principles designedto protect industrial and commercial power systems against any abnormalities that couldreasonably be expected to occur in the course of system operation.Design features are provided forQuick isolation of the affected portion of the system while maintaining normaloperation elsewhereReduction of the short-circuit current to minimize damage to the system,itscomponents,and the utilization equipment it suppliesProvision of alternate circuits,automatic throwovers,and automatic reclosing devices Participants At the time this recomended practice was approved,the IEEE Working Group on Protectionand Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems had the following membersand contributors:Carey Cook,Chair Chapter 1:First principles Robert G.Hoerauf,Chair;R.G.(Jerry)IrvineChapter 2:Short-circuit calculations Louie J.Powell,Chair;David S.Baker,Chet Davis,John F.WitteChapter 3:Instrument transformers James D.Bailey and David S.Baker,Cochairs;B.J.Behroon,Louie J.Powell,Marcelo ValdesChapter 4:Selection and application of protective relays Keith R.Cooper,N.T.(Terry)Stringer,John F.Witte,Cochairs;Bruce G.Bailey,David S.Baker,James W.Brosnahan,Carey J.Cook,David D.Shipp,John F.WitteChapter 5:Low-voltage fuses Vincent J.Saporita,Chair;Robert L.Smith,Alan F.WilkinsonChapter 6:High-voltage fuses John R.Cooper,Chair;Carey J.Cook,Herb Pflanz,Kris Ranjan,John F.Witte vi Copyright 2001 IEEE.All rights reserved.Chapter 7:Low-voltage circuit breakers George D.Gregory,Chair;Bruce G.Bailey,John Chiloyan,Keith R.Cooper,R.G.(Jerry)Irvine,Steve SchafferChapter 8:Ground-fault protection Shaun P.Slattery,Chair;James P.Brosnahan,John Chiloyan,Edward Gaylon,Daniel.J.Love,Elliot Rappaport,StevenSchaffer,S.I.VenugopalanChapter 9:Conductor protection William Reardon,Chair;John Chiloyan,George D.Gregory,Alan C.Pierce,Vincent J.SaporitaChapter 10:Motor protection Daniel J.Love,Chair;Al Hughes,Alan C.Pierce,Lorraine K.Padden,Joseph S.Dudor,R.G.(Jerry)IrvineChapter 11:Transformer protection Alan C.Pierce,Chair;Carey J.Cook,John R.Cooper,Jerry Frank,Vincent J.Saporita,N.T.(Terry)Stringer,Ralph H.YoungChapter 12:Generator protection Alan C.Pierce,Chairs;Jay D.Fisher,Robert G.Hoerauf,Danial J.Love,Robert L.Simpson,Ralph H.YoungChapter 13:Bus and switchgear protection Robert L.Smith,Jr.,Chair;Edward Gaylon,Steve Schaffer,John SteeleChapter 14:Service supply line protection Lorraine K.Padden,Chair;ConsumerInterface Protection and Relaying Practices Subcommittees of the IEEE PowerSystems Relaying CommitteeChapter 15:Overcurrent coordination N.T.(Terry)Stringer,Chair;Bruce G.Bailey,Keith R.Cooper,Joseph S.Dudor,Douglas Durand,Tim Fink,Jay D.Fisher,George D.Gregory,William M.Hall,Steve Schaffer,John F.Witte,Ralph H.YoungChapter 16:Maintenance,testing,and calibration R.G.(Jerry)Irvine,Chair;Donald J.Akers,Jerry S.Baskin,Roderic L.Hageman,Ted Olsen,Gabe Paoletti,ElliotRappaport,David,L.Swindler,Neil H.Woodley The following members of the balloting group voted on this standard.Balloters may havevoted for approval,disapproval,or abstention:Bruce G.BaileyJames D.BaileyDavid S.BakerRay M.ClarkCarey J.CookJohn R.CooperChet DavisGeorge D.GregoryRobert G.HoeraufR.G.(Jerry)IrvineDaniel J.LoveLorraine K.PaddenAlan C.PierceLouie J.PowellWilliam ReardonVincent J.SaporitaDavid D.ShippShaun P.SlatteryRobert L.Smith,Jr.N.T.(Terry)StringerJohn F.WitteRalph H.Young Copyright 2001 IEEE.All rights reserved.viiWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 14 June 2001,it had the fol-lowing membership:Donald N.Heirman,Chair James T.Carlo,Vice Chair Judith Gorman,Secretary*Member Emeritus Also included is the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaison:Alan Cookson,NIST Representative Donald R.Volzka,TAB Representative Noelle D.Humenick IEEE Standards Project Editor IEEE Color Book Series and IEEE Buff Book are both registered trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers,Inc.National Electrical Code and NEC are both registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association,Inc.National Electrical Safety Code and NESC are both registered trademarks and service marks of the Institute of Elec-trical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.Satish K.AggarwalMark D.BowmanGary R.EngmannHarold E.EpsteinH.Landis FloydJay Forster*Howard M.FrazierRuben D.GarzonJames H.GurneyRichard J.HollemanLowell G.JohnsonRobert J.KennellyJoseph L.Koepfinger*Peter H.LipsL.Bruce McClungDaleep C.MohlaJames W.MooreRobert F.MunznerRonald C.PetersenGerald H.PetersonJohn B.PoseyGary S.RobinsonAkio TojoDonald W.Zipse viii Copyright 2001 IEEE.All rights reserved.Copyright 2001 IEEE.All rights reserved.ix Contents Chapter.1First principles.11.1 Overview.11.2 Protection against abnormalities.31.3 Planning system protection.41.4 Preliminary design.51.5 Basic protective equipment.71.6 Special protection.81.7 Field follow-up.81.8 References.8Chapter 2Short-circuit calculations.112.1 Introduction.112.2 Types of short-circuit currents.122.3 The nature of short-circuit currents.132.4 Protective device currents.152.5 Per-unit calculations.192.6 Short-circuit current calculation methods.192.7 Symmetrical components.202.8 Network interconnections.282.9 Calculation examples.332.10 Specialized faults for protection studies.412.11 References.442.12 Bibliography.45Chapter 3Instrument transformers.473.1 Introduction.473.2 Current transformers(CTs).473.3 Voltage(potential)transformers(VTs).623.4 References.653.5 Bibliography.65Chapter 4Selection and application of protective relays.674.1 General discussion of a protective system.674.2 Zones of protection.694.3 Fundamental operating principles.704.4 Functional descriptionapplication and principles.714.5 References.1194.6 Bibliography.119 x Copyright 2001 IEEE.All rights reserved.Chapter 5Low-voltage fuses.1295.1 General discussion.1295.2 Definitions.1295.3 Documentation.1335.4 Standard dimensions.1385.5 Typical interrupting ratings.1465.6 Achieving selectivity with fuses.1475.7 Current-limiting characteristics.1515.8 Special applications for low-voltage fuses.1555.9 References.1665.10 Bibliography.168Chapter 6High-voltage fuses(1000 V through 169 kV).1696.1 Definitions.1696.2 Fuse classification.1736.3 Current-limiting and expulsion power fuse designs.1776.4 Application of high-voltage fuses.1836.5 References.1976.6 Bibliography.198Chapter 7Low-voltage circu
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