1、English for Master of Public Administration(MPA)CandidatesOctoberFAFU1/52MPA EnglishForin-classlearning:ReadingandWriting:2units-LecturesandPracticeTextSupplementaryReadingsLectures:PublicCommunication-MsDaryafromRussiaManagementandCommunication:3units-ReadingandUnderstandingCultureandlanguageForsel
2、fstudy:ListeningandSpeaking:3units-selflearningandhomeworks2/52Unit One What the Internet Cannot Do?Lecture 1:Introduction,Background and Vocabulary3/52Warming-up:The Internet and What the Internet Can Do?4/52Background Information 1:the Internet -a phenomenon that inherently creates unexpected futu
3、res forhumanity Internetwork,the Net,InternetandWorldWideWeb(WWW)InternetProtocolSuite(TCP/IP:传输控制协议/因特网互联协议，又名网络通讯协议，是Internet最基本协议),UniformResourceIdentifiers(URIs:通用资源标识符),HypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP:超文本传送协议),VirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN:虚拟专用网络)Definition:aglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetw
4、orks,agloballydistributednetworkcomprisingmanyvoluntarilyinterconnectedautonomousnetworks;anetworkofnetworks;avastrangeofinformationresourcesandservices5/52Importanttimemarkers:the1960s,the1980s,the1990s,Technology:anarchitectureofhardwarecomponentsandasystemofsoftwarelayers6/52traditionalcommunicat
5、ionsmedia,printedencyclopediasandtraditionallibrariestheInternet:areshapeorredefinitionlowcostandnearlyinstantaneoussharingofideas,knowledge,andskillsnewformsofhumaninteractions:electronicmail/email,instantmessaging,Internetforums,andsocialnetworking,onlineshopping,business-to-business&financialserv
6、ices,e-commerce,advertising7/52Use of the Internetgreaterflexibilityinworkinghoursandlocation;thespreadofunmeteredhigh-speedconnectionsandwebapplicationsmobileInternetdevices:mobilephones,datacards,handheldgameconsolesandcellularrouterseducationalmaterialatalllevels:frompre-schooltopost-doctoralisav
7、ailablefromwebsites;virtualuniversities,distanceeducation,GoogleScholar8/52WorldWideWebbrowsersoftware:MicrosoftsInternetExplorer,MozillaFirefox,Opera;ApplesSafari,andGoogleChromehyperlinksembeddedinthedocuments:combinationofcomputerdata,includinggraphics,sounds,text,video,multimediaandinteractiveco
8、ntentincludinggames,officeapplicationsandscientificdemonstrations.keyword-drivenInternetresearchusingsearchengineslikebaidu,Yahoo!andGoogleeasy,instantaccesstoavastanddiverseamountofonlineinformation.Socialnetworkingwebsites:Facebook,Twitter,MySpace,QQ,blog,Micro-brog,Mircromessageindividualsandorga
9、nizations:publishingawebpage,ablog,amicro-blogorbuildingawebsite9/52Common factsthemostrequestedlanguages:English(27%),Chinese(23%),Spanish(8%),Japanese(5%),PortugueseandGerman(4%each),Arabic,FrenchandRussian(3%each),andKorean(2%).Byregion,42%inAsia,24%inEurope,14%inNorthAmerica,10%inLatinAmericaand
10、theCaribbeantakentogether,6%inAfrica,3%intheMiddleEastand1%inAustralia/OceaniaCommonmethodsofInternetaccessinhomes:dial-up,landlinebroadband(overcoaxialcable,fiberopticorcopperwires),Wi-Fi,satelliteand3G/4Gtechnologycellphones.10/5211/52OverallInternetusage:atremendousgrowth:thenumberofInternetusers
11、globallyrosefrom394millionto2.267billion.By,22percentoftheworldspopulationhadaccesstocomputerswith1billionGooglesearcheseveryday,300millionInternetusersreadingblogs,and2billionvideosvieweddailyonYouTube.12/5213/52InterestingfactsaboutmenandwomenusersInanAmericanstudyin,thepercentageofmenusingtheInte
12、rnetwasveryslightlyaheadofthepercentageofwomen,althoughthisdifferencereversedinthoseunder30.Menloggedonmoreoften,spendmoretimeonline,andaremorelikelytobebroadbandusers,whereaswomentendedtomakemoreuseofopportunitiestocommunicate(suchasemail).MenweremorelikelytousetheInternettopaybills,participateinau
13、ctions,andforrecreationsuchasdownloadingmusicandvideos.MenandwomenwereequallylikelytousetheInternetforshoppingandbanking.14/52Morerecentstudiesindicatethatin,womensignificantlyoutnumberedmenonmostsocialnetworkingsites,suchasFacebookandMyspace,althoughtheratiosvariedwithage.Inaddition,womenwatchedmor
14、estreamingcontent,whereasmendownloadedmore.Intermsofblogs,menweremorelikelytobloginthefirstplace;amongthosewhoblog,menweremorelikelytohaveaprofessionalblog,whereaswomenweremorelikelytohaveapersonalblog.15/52Background 2:the First transatlantic telegraph cableThefirsttransatlantictelegraphcablein1858
15、ThetelegraphwasfirstdevelopedbySamuelF.B.Morse莫尔斯布里斯,anAmericanpainterandinventorMorsecode/Morsetelegraphcode:thetelegraphiccodebearshisname莫尔斯电码.In1854,AmericanmerchantandfinancierCyrusWestField菲尔德赛勒斯韦斯特conceivedtheideaofthetelegraphcable.In1858,thecablehadbeensuccessfullylaid,stretchingnearly2,000
16、milesacrosstheAtlanticatadepthoftenofmorethantwomiles.OnAugust16,PresidentJamesBuchananandQueenVictoriaexchangedformalintroductoryandcomplimentarymessages.In1866,heplannedandoversawthelayingthefirstpermanenttelegraphlineacrosstheAtlanticOcean.16/52Language points appreciation and learning:Vocabulary
17、andsentencestructures17/52Vocabulary:synonyms and differentiationhostility,objection,oppositionandantagonism:behaviorthatshowthatyouareagainstsomething反抗,对立,敌对,敌视hostilityisangryremarksorbehaviorthatshowsomeoneopposesaplanorideaverystrongly.RecentlytherehasbeenhostilitytowardsthePrimeMinisterfrommem
18、bersofhisownparty.objectionissomethingthatyousaybecauseyouopposeoneparticulardetailofaplan,courseofaction,etc.Ourcompanyhasnoobjectionoftheplan,providedyourpartagreetotakemostoftheresponsibility.oppositionisusedtodescribethingsthatanorganizedgroupofpeopledooveraperiodoftime,inordertoopposeaplanoride
19、a.Thousandsofpeoplegatheredinthetownsstadiumtoexpresstheiroppositiontotheplan.antagonismisusedtodescribeangryandunpleasantfeelingsorbehaviorthatshowsomeonedislikesanddisagreesverystronglywithaperson,organization,planoridea.Theirconstantandbitterantagonismhasmadeitverydifficultforustoproceedwiththepr
20、oject.18/52Eradicate,eliminate,rootout,stampout:tostopanactivitythatisharmful,illegal,orunacceptable根除,毁灭，杜绝eradicateistocompletelygetridofsomethingharmfulsuchasanillness,asocialproblem,orsomethingthatcausesthesethings.Thepresidentclaimshewillhaveeradicatedpovertyinthecountrywithinfiveyears.eliminat
21、eistocompletelygetridofsomethingthatisunnecessaryorunwanted.Recentadvancesinmedicalsciencehaveeliminatedtheneedformostpatientstospendlongperiodsinhospital.rootoutistosearchforallexamplesofaprobleminaverydeterminedway,andcompletelygetridofit.Chinesegovernmenthaspromisedtorootouthigh-levelcorruption.s
22、tampoutistocompletelystopanillegalorharmfulactivitybymakingaverydeterminedeffort.Thepolicehaveintroducednewmeasurestohelpstampoutviolenceonthecitysstreets.19/52obsolete,outdated,antiquated:describingold-fashionedmachines,equipment,ormethodsobsoleteisawordfordescribingmachinesorequipmentthatarenolong
23、erusefulbecausetheyhavebeenreplacedbysomethingnewerandbetter.Largestockpilesofobsoleteweaponsaretobescrapped.outdatedisusedtodescribeinformation,knowledge,laws,etc.,thatarenolongerusefulbecausetheybelongtothepastandhavenotbeenchangedtomakethemmodern.Thisguidebookisfiveyearsold;itmustbeveryoutdated.a
24、ntiquatedisusedtodescribesomethingveryoldandold-fashionedandnolongersuitableformodernuse.Mymothersantiquatedoldvacuumcleanerstillworks,believeitornot.20/52ludicrous,ridiculous,absurd:describingideas,plans,suggestionsthatarestupidandshowlackofgoodjudgment.ludicrousisusedtodescribeanidea,plan,suggesti
25、on,etc.,thatissostupidthatnoonecouldtakeitseriously.Istillfindthatpointofviewabsolutelyludicrousandcantbelievethatanyintelligentpersonwouldagreewithit.ridiculousisusedtodescribeanidea,plan,suggestion,etc.,thatissostupidthatyoucannotbelievethatanyonewoulddoitorthinkofit.Ifyouhaveanysenseyouwouldhaveg
26、ivenupthewholeridiculousidea.absurdmeanscompletelystupidandunreasonable.Itsabsurd-theywantmetodrivesixhoursforatwenty-minutemeeting.21/52Vocabulary:phases and idiomatic expressionsstavesthoff:preventsomethingbadfromaffectingyouforaperiodoftime;delaysomebody/somethingWehaveenoughfoodtostaveoffhungerp
27、ains.onceandforall:nowandforthelasttime;finallyandcompletelyJohnsbackhomeonceandforall;hewontgoawayagain.putanendto:stopsomething,especiallysothatitneverstartsagainThepoliceputanendtoherordealwhentheyburstintothehouseandoverpoweredherkidnapper.contributeto:increase,improveoraddtosomethingImmigrantsh
28、avecontributedtoAmericancultureinmanyways.22/52makesense:tobeawisecourseofactionItmakessensetotakecareofyourhealth.aimfor:totryorplantoachievesomethingTheEnglishclassisaimingforprovidinganopportunityforyoutolearningEnglishmoreeffectivelyandsystematically.aroundtheclock:anactivitywhichcontinuesallday
29、andallnightwithoutstoppingOuraround-the-clockinformationservicegivestimetablesandfaresforalldestinationsinFuzhoucity.23/52Sentence structures1“Itisimpossiblethattheoldprejudicesandhostilitiesshouldlongerexist,whilesuchasinstrumenthasbeencreatedfortheexchangeofthought”(Para.1)WhiletheAmericaneconomyg
30、rewby9%overthosetwoyears,(para.5)“while”:用作连词“当时候，和同时”，引导时间状语从句。“即使，尽管”，引导让步状语从句while引导时间状语从句时间状语从句既可放在句首，也可放在句末；而while引导让步状语从句让步状语从句普通放在句首，不放在句末。24/522Peoplesaythatsortofthingaboutnewtechnologies,eventoday.(Para.1)Indeed,evenifthatweretrue,(Para.4)Yet,eveninthemoreludicrousclaimsfortheInternet,(Par
31、a.10)Eveninequalitymay,insomecases,(Para.11)EvenwheneveryoneontheplanethasbeenconnectedtotheInternet,(Para.13)“even”:放在它所强调词、短语或从句前，用来加强语气，表示放在它所强调词、短语或从句前，用来加强语气，表示“即使，甚至连即使，甚至连都都”之意之意1.强调名词。Evenachildcanunderstandthebook.即使小孩也能看懂那本书。2.强调形容词。Bambooissostrongthatpeopleuseittobuildhousesandevenhighbr
32、idgesoverrivers。竹子很坚固，人们用它建造房屋，甚至在河上架大桥。3.强调副词。Eventhenhewouldnotadmithismistake.甚至那时他还不认可错误。4.强调数词。Thentheneedtoturntoadictionaryorareferencebookperhapstenoreventwentytimesapage,tireshimout.以后，每读一页需要查阅词典或参考书10次甚至20次，这就使他疲惫不堪。5.强调动词。Ievenforgetwhatmymothersaid.我连母亲话都忘了。6.强调介词短语。Withthatmanspermissio
33、nandevenwithhishelp,heseizedherandtookheraway.在那个人许可下，甚至在他帮助下，他把她抓走了。7.强调从句。Ithappenedevenasweexpected.事情正如我们所预料那样发生了。even和if，even和though可分别组成连词，引导让步状语从句，意思是“即使”。Nothingcouldhavesavedhimevenifhehadbeentendedwithoutdelay.即使当初他得到了及时救护，也无法挽救他生命。Itwouldnotmattereventhoughheshouldrefuse.即使他拒绝，那也没有什么关系。25
34、/523Thewildestoptimism,though,hasgreetedtheInternet.(Para.1):though:转折连词，相当于andyet,but（然而，可是），它引导句子通常对前一分句起转折、补充说明作用Paraphrase:Andyet/ButpeoplegreetedtheInternetwiththewildestoptimism.E.g.IamherestudyingforaFAFUMPAdegree.Mymoreimportanthope,though,istogettoknowmorepeoplefromallprofessions.26/524This
35、isnotnew,alas,anymorethanweretheclaimsforpeace-makingpossibilitiesofothernewtechnologies.(Para.3)alas:int.regrettably,unfortunately,unluckilyThis/thatisnotnew/interesting,etc.,anymorethanbe:这/那种并不比更新鲜/有趣到哪里去。Paraphrase:Thisclaimisnotmoreinterestingthanthoseclaimsforpeace-makingpossibilitiesofotherne
36、wtechnologies.这种观点并不比相关于微博能够改进个人交际说法新鲜到哪里去。Thisisnotinterestinganymorethanistheclaimforthemicro-blogspromotionofpersonalcommunication.27/525AccordingtoastudycarriedoutbyAmericasDepartmentofCommerce,householdswithannualincomesabove75,000aremorethan20timesaslikelytohaveInternetaccessasthepooresthouseh
37、olds.(Para.8)表示倍数比较：morethan20timesasas:与相比，前者是后者20倍还多翻译：当前在中国贫富悬殊现象越来越严重。富人们年收入往往比穷人们要高出数倍甚至数十、数百倍之多。Currently/AtpresentthewealthgapbetweentherichandthepoorinChinaisincreasinglywide;theannualincomesofthewealthypeoplearegenerallymorethantentimes,evenhundredtimesashighasthoseofthepoorones.28/526Theex
38、tenttowhichtheInternetwilltransformotherfieldsofhumanendeavor,however,islesscertain.however:aparenthesistheextenttowhichtoanextent:toacertaindegree抵达一个程度Hisstatementistruetoacertainextent.他陈说多多少少有些真实。tosuchanextentthatTheproblemoffoodsecurityinChinaisserioustosuchanextentthatcommonpeopleeverydayfeel
39、atalosswhattoeatandwhattobuy.tosome/acertainextent:从某种程度上讲Toacertainextentshewasright.29/52Lecture2 Text-reading and analysis Writing skill learning:argumentation Exercises Check on Listening and Speaking projects Supplementary readings30/52 Text Analysis -reading and understandingStructureandOrgani
40、zation31/52Introduction,thinking and understandingThetitle:What the Internet Cannot Do?Writingstyle:anargumentationMainideaandStructure(4parts)32/52Structure and OrganizationWhattheInternetCannotDo?Part3reasonableaspectsofthoseclaims(Paragraphs10-11)Part1claimsoftechno-prophets(Paragraph1)Part4concl
41、usionsdrawnaboutthenatureofInternet(Paragraphs12-13)Part2theauthorscounterargumentsagainstthoseclaimswithevidence(Paragraphs2-9)33/52Main ideaclaimsoftechno-prophets,theauthorscounterargumentsagainstthoseclaims,reasonableaspectsofthoseclaims,&conclusionsdrawnaboutthenatureofInternet34/52Claims of te
42、chno-prophets35/52Counterarguments against those claims36/52The authors attitude and tone1.criticalattitude:quitederogatorywords:like“cybergurus”(Para1),“prophets”(Para1),“guru”(para2)and“techno-prophets”(Para13).Thesewordsareoriginallyassociatedwithreligionandconnotethatsomeonehastheabsolutetruthan
43、dcannotbewrong.guru:ateacherandguideinspiritualandphilosophicalmatters;arecognizedleaderinafieldprophet:apersonwhospeaksbydivineinspiration;apredictorThechoiceoflanguagemakesclearthattheauthorcriticizespeoplelikeNegroponteandDertouzos.37/522.Thewriterinsertscriticalcommentsinparentheses(“though”,“al
44、as”)thatreflecthisdisapprovingattitudealas-exclamation,olduseorliteraryusedtoshowthatyouareverysadorsorry3.Thehyperbole“wildestoptimism”(Para1)andtheinformalword“gizmos”(Para13)gizmo-Amechanicaldeviceorpartwhosenameisforgottenorunknown;agadget.conveythatthewriterhasadetached/impersonalviewoftheInter
45、net.38/52Sentence Analysis and Translation:-understanding details39/52Difficult Sentences 1.“Itisimpossiblethatoldprejudicesandhostilitiesshouldlongerexist,whilesuchaninstrumenthasbeencreatedfortheexchangeofthoughtbetweenallthenationsoftheearth.”acclaimedVictorianVictorianenthusiastsonthearrivalin18
46、58ofthefirsttransatlantictelegraphcable.（Para.1)impossiblelongerwhilesuchaninstrument:Victorian:oftheVictorianera(theperiodofQueenVictoriasreignfrom20June1837untilherdeathon22January1901alongperiodofpeace,prosperity,refinedsensibilitiesandnationalself-confidence)sentenceorderofthemainclause译文：在1858年
47、第一根横穿大西洋通讯电缆铺设成功时，维多利亚时代主动分子们曾欢呼说：“像电报这种为世界各国交流思想工具诞生之后，那些根深蒂固偏见与敌意不可能再长时间存在了。”40/522.Thewildestoptimism,though,hasgreetedtheInternet.(Para.1)thoughgreetedFigureofspeech:Personification:therepresentationofanobjectorconceptasifitwereaperson;emotions,desires,sensations,physicalgesturesandspeecharestat
48、edincontextofnon-livingthingscommonlyusedinpoetrythingsareoftendescribedashavingfeelings;widelyusedinfictionandchildrensliteratureThefirstraysofmorningtiptoedthroughthemeadow.Shedidnotrealizethatopportunitywasknockingatherdoor.Hedidnotrealizethathislastchancewaswalkingoutthedoor.Thebeesplayedhideand
49、seekwiththeflowersastheybuzzedfromonetoanother.译文：然而，人们把最盲目乐观想法倾注在了因特网上。41/523.However,althoughtheInternetisstillyoungenoughtoinspireidealism,ithasalsobeenaroundlongenoughtotestwhethertheprophetscanberight.(Para.1)youngenoughtolongenoughtobearound:beexistingtheprophetsParaphrase:However,theinterneth
50、asalreadybeeninexistenceforquiteawhilethatpeoplecantellwhethertheclaimsarerightornot,thoughtheinternetisstillanewtechnologythatiswarmlyembracedacrosstheworld.译文：然而，尽管因特网出现时间不长，依旧足以激起理想主义灵感，但它存在时间也已长得足以判断预言家预言正确是否了。42/524.Thisisnotnew,alas,anymorethanweretheclaimsforpeace-makingpossibilitiesofotherne
