1、英国文学选读教学课件1/13Unit2 William Shakespeare (I564-1616)HamletRomeo and JulietSonnet 182/13WilliamShakespeare(15641616)WedontknowmuchaboutShakespearebecauseveryfewfactsofhislifehavebeenpreserved.Thefacts of his life mainly came from three sources:church and legal records,folk traditions,and thecommentsof
2、hiscontemporaries.Fromthesefactswepiecetogetherhislife.WilliamShakespearewasbornonApril23,1564inStratford-on-AvoninWarwickshire.Hisfather,JohnShakespeare,was a well-to-do merchant andleadingcitizeninthetown.There is no official record of Shakespearesschooling,butitiswidelybelievedthatheattendedthelo
3、calgrammarschoolandreadwidely.In 1582,Shakespeare,aged eighteen and half,married Anne Hathaway,a farmers uneducateddaughter,whowaseightyearsolderthanShakespeare.3/13Shakespeare went to London in 1586 or1587 when drama was rapidly becomingpopular.There are legends that he kepthorsesoutsidetheplayhous
4、es(theater).Aftermany hardships he became an actor andplaywrightinoneoftheleadingcompaniesofplayers“LordChamberlainesCompany.”Herevisedoldplaysandwrotenewones.Hisplaysalwayshavetracesoftheeventsofcontemporarylife.Becauseofthis,togetherwithhismaturedcraftsmanship,hisplaysbecameextremelypopular.Beside
5、 plays,Shakespeare wrote somenarrativepoemsandsonnets.Hisnarrativepoem,VernusandAdonis,waspublishedin1593.It immediately became popular andwas reprinted eleven times in the first fewyears.His154sonnetswerefirstcirculatedamongfriends,andwerenotpublisheduntil1609.Thecontemporariessoonrecognizedhimasag
6、eniusofapoet.Todaysomeofhissonnets are regarded as the best in theworldofpoetry.4/13Shakespeareshistoryplaysandmajorcomedieswerewrittenbeforetheendofthesixteenthcentury.Aftertheturnofthecentury,hewrotehismajortragedies.Thecomediesweremainlywritteninthelastfewyearsofhislife.AlthoughShakespearediedonA
7、pril23,1616,helefttheworldarichheritageofimmortalplays.Thirty-twoofhisplayswerefirstcollectedin1623,andBenJohnsonwroteinthededicationtotheeditionthat“hewasnotofanage,butforalltime!”5/13Shskespearescomedies:A Midsummer Nights DreamThe Merchant of VeniceShskespearestragedies:Hamlet;Othello;King Lear;M
8、acbethShskespeareshistoricplay:Henry IVShskespeareslegendplay:The Tempest6/13Hamlet,PrinceofDenmarkThestoryHamlet is called back from theUniversity ofWittenbery(维滕堡)totheDanishCourtbynewsofhisfathersdeath.Hismotherhastilymarrieshisuncle,Claudius.Horatio,Hamletsfriend,tellshimoftheappearanceoftheghos
9、tofhis father talking around thecastle at night.Later he learnsfromtheghostthathisfatherwasmurderedbyhisuncle.Heisthenfaced with the duty to takerevengeforhisfather.7/13FirstHamletpretendstobemad.HisbelovedOpheliaissenttohimtoseethatheismad.However,Claudiusis not convinced and sends two of Hamlets f
10、ormerfriends to spy on him.Hamlet,in order to catch theconscienceofClaudius,arrangesamurder-playwhichactsouttheprocessofthemurder.TheplaycatchesClaudius by surprise that he leaves the hall in themiddle of the play.The story of the ghost is thusproved,but Hamlet fails to kill Claudius when he isalone
11、praying.Instead,hekillsthespyingPoloniusbyaccident.Hamlet is sent to England by Claudius,plotingthatheiskilledbythekingofEngland.OnhiswaytoEngland,Hamletfindsouttheplotofhisdeath.HeescapesandgetsaboardapirateshipandreturnstoDenmark.Meanwhile,Opheliabecomesmadanddrownsherself.Her brother,Laertes came
12、 to take revenge for theirfatherandhissister.HamletandLaertesagreetosettletheir argument by a duel.Hamlet is wounded byLaertesswordwithpoisonandHamletwoundsLaerteswith the same sward.Hamlets mother mistakenlydrinks poisoned wine that Claudius has prepared forHamlet.Asheliesdying,Laertesrevealsthefac
13、tthatClaudiushaskilledHamletsfather.Finally,HamletkillsClaudiuswiththepoisonedswordandwinebeforehefallsdead.8/13CommentsonthethemeofHamletThestoryoftheplaycomesfromanDanishlegend.It is very likely that Shakespeare borrowedsomethingfrom(托马斯，基德，英戏剧家)ThomasKyds“The Spanish Tragedy”.The whole play shows
14、 howHamlet,herooftheplay,whorepresentsgoodandjustice,fightsagainsthisuncleinwhomalltheevilthingsofthetimecanbeseen.Hamletsfather,theold king has been poisoned to death by his ownbrother.Thenewking,thatisHamletsuncle,hasmarriedtheQueen,Hamletsmother.Hamletwantstorevengeforhisfather.Heisnotaweak-minde
15、dyoung man.He loves his people and is loved bythem.He shows his bravery in running after theGhost of his father,in killing the kings minister,Polonius,infightingwiththepiratesonthesea,andwithLaertes.Hehasseenthroughthewickedandunjust world which he lives in.He observes that“Denmarkisaprison”.Heisdet
16、erminedtodoawaythe evils in the society.Finally he kills all theenemiesandaverageshisfather.Hediesaheroicdeath.Shakespeareshowedhisgreatcreativeabilitiesinwriting this play.Hamlet is made a hero ofRenaissance period and the representative ofhumanist ideas.This play is regarded as thesummitofShakespe
17、aresplay.9/13Thesoliloquyiscertainlyoneofthebestdramaticmonologuesinworldliteratureandhasbecomeafavoriteselectionformemorization.Hismeditationismorethanpersonal,butapplicabletoallmankind:For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,.That patient merit of the unworthy takes.InthesoliloquyHamletfir
18、staskswhetheroneshouldchoosetoliveordie,andthendefinestwopossiblecourses.First,heasksifpassiveacceptanceof“outrageousfortune”isnotthenoblercoursetofollow.Thesecondcourseistotake“armsagainstaseaoftrouble,Andbyopposingendthem.”Hamletthenconsidersathirdsolution:suicide.Wemustpointoutthatthissoliloquypo
19、sesmanycriticalproblemsandmorethanoneinterpretationispossible.10/13十四行诗之第十八首莎士比亚有心比汝作浓韵似酒夏日，却言不尽温宛里醉人妩媚。五月疾风迅，凌落多少娇花，而时光予夏如此短暂辰光！苍穹之明眸闪耀如火热芒，他金色面庞却也常蒙上迷惘。美好事物终难免消亡，或因偶故，或取天由。夏日如君，永不消逝，流年似水，伴你如花美眷。怎会如亡灵徘徊在断井颓垣？惟有岁月里幸福淡而深远！只要还有些人一息尚存，眸中仍有微芒流闪，汝漂亮容颜，便随这诗篇，亘古留传。11/13RomeoandJuliet12/13Thank you for learning13/13
