1、.按秘密级事项管理启用前2020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 (模拟卷)英 语第一部分阅读(共两节， 满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5 分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、 D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AWhy go to Madrid?There may be a slight chill (寒冷) in the air, with temperatures staying around 15 in March, but Spains handsome capital is slowly starting to warm up. Even more attr
2、active are the cultural events.A new exhibition on the living and working spaces of Spains greatest artist, Picasso, has just opened in the studio at the Fundacin Mapfre at Paseo de Recoletos 23. It runs until 11 May with rarely seen pieces borrowed from his family.Later this summer, the 400th anniv
3、ersary of the death of the Renaissance (文艺复兴) painter EI Greco will be marked with an exciting exhibition at the Museo del Prado at Paseo del Prado from 24 June to 5 October.How to go?The widest range of fights is offered by EasyJet - from Bristol, Edinburgh, Gatwick, Liverpool and Luton. British Ai
4、rways and its sister airline Iberia combine forces from Heathrow and London City. Ryanair flies from Manchester and Stansted; Air Europa flies from Gatwick.Barajas airport is 13km north-east of the city centre and is served by frequent trains on Metro line 8, but the shortest underground journey is
5、a bit complex with at least one change at Nuevos Miniterios station and takes about 30 minutes. The fare to any station in the city centre is 4.50. The airport express bus runs every 15 to 35 minutes around the clock; 5 one way. It takes 40 minutes to reach the city centre. A taxi takes half the tim
6、e. A flat rate of 30 covers most of central Madrid.1. When will the exhibition about Picasso close?A. On 23 March. B. On 11 May.C. On 24 June. D. On 5 October.2. Which airline operates flights from Manchester to Madrid?A. EasyJet. B. Ryanair.C. Air Europa. D. British Airways.3. What is the fastest w
7、ay to reach central Madrid from Barajas airport?，A. Take a taxi. B. Take a city bus.C. Take Metro line 8. D. Take the airport express bus.BMy school appeared on the news last week because we had made an important change in our local area. Our class had planted a large garden in what was once only a
8、vacant lot. It was a lot of work but it was all worth it. I got blisters (水泡) from digging, and we all got insect bites, too.I learned a lot about gardening and collaboration (合作), and then I learned about the media. Our teacher telephoned the TV station and informed them of what we had accomplished
9、. She spoke with the producer. The producer checked with the directors, but they said there were plenty of stories similar to ours. They wanted to know what was special about our particular garden, since many schools plant them.The teacher explained that, after going on the Internet to learn about t
10、he prairie (大草原), we had made a prairie garden. We had gone to a prairie and gotten seeds from the plants, and then we planted them. We did not water the garden, but we did weed it. We decided to let nature water it with rain, since that was how prairies grew in the past. We sent a picture of the ga
11、rden to the news station. In the picture, the grass was so high that it stood taller than the fourth grade students.As a result, the producer sent a reporter to our school. He interviewed the headmaster and asked him many questions about the garden. After that, they interviewed us, and we explained
12、to them what we had learned through this project.That night, we watched the news, and there we were. The news reporter told our story. It was only two minutes long, but it was us. We were famous. All that work, all those blisters, it was worth it. We knew that when we saw the garden every day, but n
13、ow we knew that the whole city thought so, too.4. What seemed to be the TV directors initial reaction to the garden?A. They were excited. B. They were surprised.C. They were worried. D. They were uninterested.5. What is special about the garden?A. Weeds were allowed to spread naturally.B. The grass
14、grew faster than common grass.C. The seeds came from the plants of a prairie.D. Underground water was used for the plants.6. What does the underlined word“that refer to in the last paragraph?A. We got blisters on our hands. B. Our hard work was worthwhile.C. The garden would be famous. D. The projec
15、t would be finished.7. How did the author feel about the project?A. Annoyed. B. Curious. C. Proud. D. Regretful.CHeads up! Across the country, sports injuries are a safety concern for young athletes. Now, the American Medical Association (AMA) has a new set of guidelines aimed at protecting players
16、from the danger of concussions - serious injuries caused by a blow to the head.“By raising awareness of the serious risks associated with concussions and ensuring that the appropriate guidelines are in place, we can reduce the number of young athletes who may return to the game too soon, which can.
17、put their health at further risk, said AMA Board Member Jack Resneck Jr, M.D., in a statement.The policy recommends that young athletes who may have a concussion be taken off the field as soon as possible. Then, they are only to return to their sport with a doctors written approval. The policy also
18、sets age-specific rules for health care professionals and athletic organizations in evaluating and caring for concussions.According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a concussion is a type of traumatic (创伤) brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or hit to the
19、body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This type of movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist inside the skull (颅骨). It can damage brain cells and create chemical changes in the brain.The CDC says that between 1.6 million and 3.8 million traumatic brain inju
20、ries caused by sports and recreation-related activities occur in the U.S. every year. A study from the Center for Injury Research and Policy showed that as many as 40% of high school athletes return to playing before they should. The AMAS new guidelines should help to bring those numbers down.8. Why
21、 does the AMA set the new guidelines?A. To raise safety standards of sports.B. To protect athletes from concussions.C. To set rules for health care evaluation.D. To help players return to the game quickly.9. What should young athletes who may have a concussion do?A. Avoid using the head. B. Leave th
22、e field forever.C. Get treatment in time. D. Switch to another sport.10. What is paragraph 4 mainly about?A. What a concussion is. B. What causes damage to brain cells.C. How the CDC works. D. How a concussion can be prevented.11. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Rules for Sa
23、fer Play B. Sports Injuries in the USC. Advice to Athletes D. New Policies for DoctorsDOrganic food is very popular. It is also expensive. Some organic food costs twice as much as non-organic food, but new parents and pet owners are willing to pay up to 200% more for organic food. However, there are
24、 people who think it is a waste of money.There is one main difference between organic and non-organic food. Organic farms do not use agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides (杀虫剂). In many countries organic foods have special labels. These guarantee that the products are natural.Some people think
25、organic means locally grown. Originally this was true. Over time organic farming became more difficult. The demand for organic food grew larger than the supply. Small companies had to sell out to large companies. There werent enough organic ingredients (原料), such as grain and cattle. This made it di
26、fficult for many organic companies to stay in business. Today, many large companies have an organic line of p.中考物理基本知识分类汇编【物理学家及其重要成就】 姓名_ 牛顿牛顿第一运动定律（惯性定律），色散实验阿基米德阿基米德原理 、杠杆平衡条件焦耳焦耳定律、功能关系安培提出安培定则奥斯特电流的磁效应欧姆欧姆定律 I=U/R汤姆生发现电子奥托格里克设计完成马德堡半球实验法拉第发现电磁感应现象墨子发现小孔成像沈括发现磁偏角托里拆利最早测出大气压值麦克斯韦预言电磁波的存在赫兹验证电磁波的存
27、在【常用物理研究方法及其内容】研究方法内容实例控制变量法就是把一个多因素影响某一物理量的问题，通过控制某几个因素不变，只让其中一个因素改变，从而转化为多个单一因素影响某一物理量的问题的研究方法。研究影响滑动摩檫力大小的因素；研究液体内部的压强；研究琴弦发声的音调与弦粗细、松紧、长短的关系；研究影响液体蒸发快慢的因素；研究物体吸热与物质种类、质量、温度的关系；研究影响电阻大小的因素；研究电流与电压、电阻的关系；研究电功或电热与哪些因素有关；研究通电导体在磁场中的受力方向（大小）与哪些因素有关；研究影响感应电流的方向因素；研究动能（或重力势能）与哪些因素有关等等建立模型法用理想化的方法将实际中的事
28、物进行简化，得到一系列的物理模型。研究肉眼观察不到的原子结构时，建立原子核式结构模型；研究光现象时用到光线模型；研究磁现象时用到磁感线模型。转化法对于一些看不见、摸不着的现象或不易直接测量的物理量，通常用一些非常直观的现象去认识，或用易测量的物理量间接测量的研究方法。发声体的振动、比较动能大小、比较电阻大小等； 焦耳定律中将电流通过导体产生的热量多少：温度计上升的示数； 判断电磁铁磁性强弱 ：根据吸引大头针个数的多少； 螺线管内部磁场方向：根据小磁针北极指向；计算大气压大小：根据计算大气压支持的液体压强大小；液体压强计橡皮膜上所受压强的大小：根据U型管内液柱的高度差等效替代法等效是指不同的物理
29、现象、模型、过程等在物理意义、作用效果或物理规律方面是相同的。它们之间可以相互替代，而保证结论不变。探究平面镜成像特点、用电阻箱等效测电阻、电阻的串并联、曹冲称象。等；类比法就是用直观、容易理解的东西来描述抽象的、难以理解的东西。用水流表示电流；用水压表示电压。推理法是在观察实验的基础上,进行合理的推想,认识事物本质。研究声音能不能在真空中传播的实验。牛顿第一定律的建立。比较法对不同或有联系的两个对象进行比较，我们主要从中寻找它们的不同点和相同点，从而进一步揭示事物的本质属性。比较蒸发和沸腾的异同点；比较汽油机和柴油机的异同点；电动机和热机；比较电压表和电流表的使用。【常用物理量及其度量】物理
30、量符号主单位符号测量仪器备注长度l米m刻度尺一定要估读到分度值的下一位面积S平方米m2方格纸注意清点格数和每格面积体积V立方米m3量筒或量杯注意分度值和凹形液面时间t秒s秒表大盘表示秒数，小盘表示分钟数温度t摄氏度(常用)温度计注意零下温度的读数质量m千克kg天平使用注意点密度千克/米3kg/m3密度计（表）1g/cm3=103kg/m3 密度表规律速度v米/秒m/s速度表1m/s=3.6km/h力F牛N弹簧测力计校零、同向、稳定读数压强p帕Pa液体压强计注意检查气密性气体气压计1标准大气压=1105Pa电流I安A电流表00.6A/0.02A 03A/0.1A电压U伏V电压表03V/0.1V
31、015V/0.5V电阻R欧不随U、I的变化而变化，伏安法热量Q焦J不计热损失时，Q吸=Q放比热容c焦/(千克)J/(kg)比热容表比热容表的规律热值q焦/千克或(焦/米3)J/kg或J/m3热值表热值表的规律功W焦J电功电能表1kWh=3.6106J功率P瓦W频率f赫兹Hz能量E焦J【几个定义量的物理意义】定义量物理意义铝的密度2.7103kg/m31立方米米铝的质量为2.7103kg手表对课桌压强为100Pa课桌每平方米受到手表的压力为100N某机械做功功率为40W此机械每秒所完成的功（消耗的能）为40J某机械的机械效率为80%此机械有用功占总功的80%q石油=4.4107J/kg1千克石油
32、完全燃烧时放出的热量为4.4107Jc水=4.2102J/(kg)1kg水温度升高（或降低）1时吸收（或放出）的热量为4.2102Jg = 9.8N/kg质量为1千克的物体受到的重力大小为9.8牛若自行车的速度为3m/s该自行车1秒内通过的路程是3米某滑动变阻器上标有“3A、20”3A表示：该滑动变阻器允许通过的最大电流是3安20表示：该滑动变阻器的最大阻值为20欧姆电能表所标注的3000r/kwh或6400imp/kwh表示电路中用电器每消耗1kWh的电能，电能表的转盘转过3000r或表示电路中用电器每消耗1kWh的电能，电能表的指示灯闪烁6400次。某电能表上标有“220V5A（ 10A）
33、”220V表示:该电能表适用的额定电压为220伏； 10A表示:额定最大电流为10安培【电能表允许测量的最大功率P=UI=220V10A=2200W】【重要的物理公式】序号定义式变形公式各物理量及单位1m/VV=m/m=V密度kg/m3m质量kgV体积m3g/cm3gcm32v=s/ts=vtt=s/vv速度m/ss路程mt时间skm/hkmh3P= W/tW=Ptt=W/PP功率wW功Jt时间skwKwhh4G =mgm = G/gG重力/ Nm质量/kgg=9.8N/kg5F浮=G排 =液gV排 液 = F浮/g V排F浮 浮力/N液体密度kg/m3V排排开液体体积/m3V排 = F浮/液
34、g6p = F/SF = pS S = F/pp压强/PaF压力/NS受力面积/m27W = FsF = W/s s = W/F W功/JF力/Ns做功的距离/m8= W有/W总W有 =W总 W总=W有/效率W有 有用功/JW总总功/J9W总=W有+ W额W有= W总-W额 W总总功/JW有 有用功/JW额 额外功/J10W = UI tU= W /I t t = W/ UIW电功/ JU电压/Vt时间/sI电流/ A11I = U/RU = RI R = U/I I电流/AU电压/VR电阻12W = n/NN = n/ W n = N Wn电表转数/rW电能/ KwhN电能表常数/r/ Kw
35、h13P = W/t =UIU = P/I I = P/U P电功率/WU电压/VI电流/A14Q放=I2RtR = Q放/I2t t= Q放/I2R I2 = Q放/ Rt Q 电热/ JI电流/ AR电阻/ t时间/s15Q放 = mqm = Q放/q q = Q放/m Q热量/Jm质量/ kgq热值J/kg J/ m316Q = cmtt = Q/cm m = Q/ct c = Q/mt Q热量/Jc 比热容J/(kg )m质量/kgt温度差/17v=/T=fT =/ v f=1/Tv波速/m/s波长/mT周期/sf频率/Hz18F1L1 = F2L2F1/F2 = L2/L1F1 F2
36、 动力和阻力/NL1 L2 动力臂阻力臂/m【重要的推导公式及其适用条件】公式适用范围公式适用范围F浮 = GF拉知道弹簧测力计在空气和液体中的示数差求浮力F浮 = G当物体在液体中漂浮或悬浮时求浮力的大小W有Gh求把物体抬高时做的有用功W总 = FS求作用在机械上的动力做的总功F(G+G动) /n滑轮组中已知物重和动滑轮重求拉力（忽略摩擦）S = nh求绳子自由端的距离S和物体或动滑轮移动的距离h正确答案： A4【多选题】 健康的自我评价可以有（）A、睡得实B、心情好C、面有光D、脉搏齐正确答案： ABCD5【多选题】 中医的优势体现在以下那些方面（）A、中医思维B、慎医C、中医理论 D、中
37、医诊疗手段正确答案： ACD3.11【单选题】 中医诊断的原理？（）A、司外揣内B、四诊合参C、整体审察D、病证结合正确答案： A2【单选题】 睡中踏实，醒后神清气爽，是什么的表现？（）A、肺气宣降B、肝气条达C、心神内守D、胃气和降正确答案： C3【单选题】 笑口常开，心情愉快，表情自然，是什么的表现？（）A、肺气宣降B、肝气条达C、脏腑气血调和D、胃气和降正确答案： C4【单选题】 面色红的临床意义？（）A、寒B、热C、气虚D、血虚正确答案： B5【多选题】 中医诊断的基本原理是什么？（）A、司外揣内B、见微知著C、以常衡变D、因发知受正确答案： ABCD3.2【单选题】 诊脉最常用的部位
38、为？（）A、肱动脉B、桡动脉C、尺动脉D、桡骨茎突正确答案： B2【单选题】 肾之府为？（）A、腰B、筋C、骨D、髓正确答案： A3【单选题】 五脏六腑之大主为？（）A、肾B、心C、肝D、脾胃正确答案： B4【单选题】 先天之本为？（）A、肾B、心C、肝D、脾胃正确答案： A5【多选题】 二便畅反映胃肠等多个脏腑功能的正常，中医学主要从其哪些方面来看？（）A、次数B、感觉C、色质D、气味正确答案： ABCD3.31【多选题】 健康状态的自我评价包括什么？（）A、睡得实B、面有光C、心情好D、步态稳E、腰背直正确答案： ABCDE2【多选题】 老人维护健康的共性包括什么？（）A、注意先兆B、预防
39、感冒C、远离危险D、避免激动E、切忌强补正确答案： ABCDE3.41【单选题】脾开窍于？（）A、口B、耳C、目D、鼻正确答案： A 答案解析：指脾胃的功能可以从口反映出来。反映了脾的运化功能与人体的食欲、口味的关系。脾气健旺则知饥欲食。灵枢脉度篇提到：“脾气通于口，脾和则能知五谷矣”。脾病则食欲不振，脾虚则口淡无味，脾热往往口有甜味。2【单选题】 睡中踏实，醒后神清气爽，是什么的表现？（）A、肺气宣降B、肝气条达C、心神内守D、胃气和降正确答案： C 答案解析：中医说的心藏神。神就是人体的生命活动，狭义地说，神是人的精神、意识、思维活动，这部分的功能是由心主宰的。一觉醒来，精神饱满，生命活动
40、才能正常有序。晚上睡得好，这是心神内守的表现，反之，是心不能藏神，“神不守舍”。3【单选题】 笑口常开，心情愉快，表情自然，是什么的表现？（）A、肺气宣降B、肝气条达C、脏腑气血调和D、胃气和降正确答案： C 答案解析：笑口常开，心情愉快，表情自然，是脏腑气血调和的表现。4【单选题】 面色红的临床意义？（）A、寒B、热C、气虚D、血虚正确答案： B 答案解析：红色主热证，面色红多见于热证。5【单选题】 诊脉最常用的部位为？（）A、肱动脉B、桡动脉C、尺动脉D、桡骨茎突正确答案： B 答案解析： 诊脉最常用的部位为腕后桡动脉搏动处，其行径相对固定、表浅、诊察方便易行，故为诊脉的理想位置。6【单选
41、题】 肾之府为？（）A、腰B、筋C、骨D、髓正确答案： A 答案解析：肾左右各一，位于腰部脊柱两侧。素问脉要精微论说：“腰者，肾之府。”7【单选题】 五脏六腑之大主为？（）A、肾B、心C、肝D、脾胃正确答案： B 答案解析：心藏神，为精神之所舍，故称为“五脏六腑之大主”（灵枢邪客8【单选题】 先天之本为？（）A、肾B、心C、肝D、脾胃正确答案： A 答案解析：肾藏先天之精，主生殖，为人体生命之本原，故称肾为“先天之本”。9【多选题】 健康状态的自我评价包括什么？（）A、睡得实B、面有光C、心情好D、步态稳E、腰背直正确答案： ABCDE 答案解析：我们从视频里可以看到健康状态的自我评价包括睡得
42、实、面有光、心情好、步态稳、腰背直。10【多选题】 老人维护健康的共性包括什么？（）A、注意先兆B、预防感冒C、远离危险D、避免激动E、切忌强补正确答案： ABCDE 答案解析：我们从视频里可以看到老人维护健康的共性包括注意先兆、预防感冒、远离危险、避免激动、切忌强补。11【多选题】 中医诊断的基本原理是什么？（）A、司外揣内B、见微知著C、以常衡变D、因发知受正确答案： ABCD 答案解析：中医诊断的基本原理：司外揣内、见微知著、以常衡变、因发知受。“司外揣内”：由于“有诸内者，必行诸外”，通过诊查其外部的征象，便有可能测知内在的变化情况。12【多选题】 二便畅反映胃肠等多个脏腑功能的正常，
43、中医学主要从其哪些方面来看？（）A、次数B、感觉C、色质D、气味正确答案： ABCD 13【多选题】 中医诊断的基本原则是什么？（）A、整体审察B、四诊合参C、病证结合D、动静结合正确答案： ABCD 14【多选题】 衡量睡眠质量的标准包括什么？（）A、入睡快B、睡得深C、能解乏D、睡得早正确答案： ABC 答案解析：每个人的需要的睡眠时间都不一样，所以睡觉时间的早晚并不能衡量睡眠质量。15【多选题】 小便异常表现包括什么？（）A、尿频B、尿急C、尿赤D、遗尿正确答案： ABCD 4.11【单选题】 中医健康养生的前提是什么（）A、辨别状态的寒热虚实B、阴阳调和C、精神内守D、正气存内正确答案： A 2【单选题】 以下哪一项不是中医治疗疾病的基本原则（）A、虚则补之B、热者寒之C、劳者温之D、实则泻之正确答案： C 答案解析： 中医治疗疾病的基本原则可以概括成：“寒者热之，热者寒之，虚者补之，实者泻之”。“劳者温之”不属于中医治疗疾
