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4、法提纯乙，正确；C、a1时，乙的溶解度为40g，将30g乙加入50g水中充分溶解，只能溶解20g，故所得溶液中溶质与溶剂的质量比为2：5，错误；D、a3甲、乙、丙三种物质的饱和溶液分别降温至a2，甲和乙的溶解度减小会析出固体，而丙的溶解度增大，溶液组成不变，故所得溶液的溶质质量分数由大到小的顺序是甲丙乙，错误；故选：B。13甲、乙、丙、丁四种金属，只有丙在自然界中主要以单质形式存在，用甲制的容器不能盛放丁盐的水溶液，用乙制的容器却可以盛放丁盐的水溶液。由此推断四种金属的活动性由强到弱的顺序是（）A丙乙甲丁B甲丁乙丙C丁甲乙丙D甲乙丁丙【分析】金属活动性顺序中，排在氢前面的金属，能和稀盐酸或稀硫
5、酸反应生成盐和氢气，排在前面的金属，能把排在后面的金属从它的盐溶液中置换出来。【解答】解：只有丙在自然界中主要以单质形式存在，说明丙最不活泼，用甲制的容器不能盛放丁盐的水溶液，说明甲比丁活泼，用乙制的容器却可以盛放丁盐的水溶液，说明丁比乙活泼，因此四种金属的活动性由强到弱的顺序是甲丁乙丙。故选：B。14下列实验操作不能达到实验目的是（）选项实验目的实验操作A鉴别棉纤维、羊毛纤维和涤纶点燃后闻气味B鉴别KOH、（NH4）2SO4、BaCl2、HCl四种溶液不另加试剂C除去铁粉中少量的铜粉加足量盐酸，过滤、洗涤、干燥D除去氧化钙中少量的碳酸钙高温煅烧AABBCCDD【分析】A、根据三种物质燃烧产生
6、的现象，进行分析判断。B、根据四种物质与同种试剂反应产生的不同现象来鉴别它们，若两种物质与同种物质反应的现象相同，则无法鉴别它们。C、除杂质题至少要满足两个条件：加入的试剂只能与杂质反应，不能与原物质反应；反应后不能引入新的杂质。D、除杂质题至少要满足两个条件：加入的试剂只能与杂质反应，不能与原物质反应；反应后不能引入新的杂质。【解答】解：A、点燃后闻气味，产生烧焦羽毛气味的是羊毛纤维，产生烧纸气味的是棉纤维，产生特殊气味的是涤纶，可以鉴别，故选项实验操作能达到实验目的。B、组内四种物质的溶液两两混合时，其中有一种溶液与其它三种溶液混合时出现一次白色沉淀和一次放出气体，该溶液为（NH4）2SO
7、4溶液；与（NH4）2SO4溶液产生刺激性气味气体的溶液为KOH，产生白色沉淀的为氯化钡溶液；与碳酸钠溶液混合无任何明显现象的为HCl；不加其他试剂可以鉴别，故选项实验操作能达到实验目的。C、铁粉能与足量盐酸反应生成氯化亚铁溶液和氢气，铜粉不能与稀盐酸反应，反而会把原物质除去，不符合除杂原则，故选项实验操作不能达到实验目的。D、CaCO3固体高温煅烧生成氧化钙和二氧化碳，能除去杂质且没有引入新的杂质，符合除杂原则，故选项实验操作能达到实验目的。故选：C。15下列图象中有关量的变化趋势正确的是（）A图向一定量的盐酸和氯化钡的混合溶液中，逐渐滴加碳酸钾溶液至过量B图加热等质量的两份氯酸钾，一份加入
8、二氧化锰，一份不加入二氧化锰C图一定量的硫粉与过量的氧气在密闭容器内点燃并充分反应D图向一定量的氯化亚铁和氯化铜的混合溶液中，逐渐加入镁粉至过量【分析】A、碳酸钾和盐酸反应生成氯化钾、水和二氧化碳，和氯化钡反应生成碳酸钡沉淀和氯化钾；B、氯酸钾受热分解生成氯化钾和氧气；C、硫在氧气中燃烧生成二氧化硫；D、镁和氯化铜反应生成氯化镁和铜，和氯化亚铁反应生成氯化镁和铁。【解答】解：A、向一定量的盐酸和氯化钡的混合溶液中，逐渐滴加碳酸钾溶液至过量时，碳酸钾先和盐酸反应生成氯化钾、水和二氧化碳，随着反应进行，溶液酸性减弱，pH升高，后和氯化钡反应生成碳酸钡沉淀和氯化钾，反应过程中溶液pH不变，完全反应后
9、继续加入碳酸钾溶液时，碳酸钾溶液显碱性，pH继续升高，该选项对应关系不正确；B、加热等质量的两份氯酸钾，一份加入二氧化锰，一份不加入二氧化锰，只是反应速率不同，但是最终生成氧气质量相等，该选项对应关系不正确；C、一定量的硫粉与过量的氧气在密闭容器内点燃并充分反应，硫完全反应，剩余硫粉质量为零，该选项对应关系不正确；D、向一定量的氯化亚铁和氯化铜的混合溶液中，逐渐加入镁粉至过量时，镁先和氯化铜反应生成氯化镁和铜，反应过程中溶液质量减小，后和氯化亚铁反应生成氯化镁和铁，反应过程中溶液质量减小，完全反应后溶液质量不变，该选项对应关系正确。故选：D。二、填空与简答题（本题共5道小题，每空2分，共32分
10、）16（4分）用正确的化学符号填空：（1）3个氦原子3He；（2）五氧化二磷P2O5；【分析】（1）原子的表示方法，用元素符号来表示一个原子，表示多个该原子，就在其元素符号前加上相应的数字。（2）化合物化学式的书写一般规律：金属在前，非金属在后；氧化物中氧在后，原子个数不能漏，进行分析解答。【解答】解：（1）由原子的表示方法，用元素符号来表示一个原子，表示多个该原子，就在其元素符号前加上相应的数字，故3个氦原子可表示为：3He。（2）五氧化二磷的化学式为P2O5。故答案为：（1）3He；（2）P2O5。17（6分）现有下列物质：石墨熟石灰稀有气体氯化钠纯碱，请选择合适物质的序号填空：（1）常用
11、于制作电极的是；（2）常用于消除公路积雪的是；（3）常用于改良酸性土壤的是；【分析】物质的性质决定物质的用途，根据石墨具有优良的导电性、氯化钠溶于水使溶液的凝固点降低、中和反应的应用，进行分析解答。【解答】解：（1）石墨具有优良的导电性，常用于制作电极。（2）氯化钠溶于水使溶液的凝固点降低，常用于消除公路积雪。（3）熟石灰具有碱性，常用于改良酸性土壤。故答案为：（1）；（2）；（3）。18（8分）生活中处处蕴含着化学知识。请用所学知识回答下列问题：（1）日常生活中常用加热煮沸的方法降低水的硬度；（2）端午节临近，我们包粽子准备了如下食材：糯米、瘦肉、花生、红枣，其中瘦肉富含的营养素主要是蛋白质
12、。（3）食品安全是一个永恒的话题。下列说法不科学的是C（填字母）。A霉变的花生、大米蒸煮后仍不可食用B不可用亚硝酸钠代替食盐腌制食物C使用了食品添加剂的食品对人体都有害处（4）固体叠氮化钠（NaN3）被广泛应用于汽车安全气囊。撞击后30毫秒内，叠氮化钠迅速分解生成两种单质，写出该反应的化学方程式：2NaN32Na+3N2。【分析】（1）根据硬水软化的方法考虑；（2）根据廋肉中富含有蛋白质考虑；（3）根据霉变食品中含有致癌物、亚硝酸钠有毒、合理使用食品添加剂；（4）根据信息判断反应物、生成物、反应条件，然后写出方程式。【解答】解：（1）日常生活中常用加热煮沸的方法降低水的硬度；（2）廋肉中富含有
13、蛋白质；（3）A、霉变食品中含有致癌物，霉变的花生、大米蒸煮后仍不可食用，故A说法科学；B、亚硝酸钠有毒，不可用亚硝酸钠代替食盐腌制食物，故B说法科学；C、合理使用食品添加剂，有的食品添加剂对人体无害，故C说法不科学；（4）汽车经撞击后，30毫秒内引发NaN3迅速分解生成两种单质，应为Na、N2，即反应物是NaN3，生成物是Na、N2，条件是撞击，所以反应方程式为：2NaN32Na+3N2。故答案为：（1）加热煮沸；（2）蛋白质；（3）C；（4）2NaN32Na+3N2。19（8分）能源、材料和安全是人们关注的热点话题。请回答：（1）太阳能电池路灯被越来越广泛地应用。如图所标示的路灯各主要部件
14、中属于有机合成材料的是（填序号），电池板中用铜丝导线主要是利用了铜的导电性。（2）无人驾驶汽车处理系统的核心材料是高纯度硅。工业上制硅的反应之一是：2X+SiCl4=Si+4HCl，该反应中X的化学式为H2。（3）恰当的安全措施能减少生命财产损失。下列措施正确的是AC （填字母）。A燃气泄漏，立即关闭阀门并开窗通风B电器着火，立即用水浇灭C点燃甲烷前，先检验气体纯度D住房着火，立即打开所有门窗【分析】（1）根据材料的分类以及金属的性质与用途来分析；（2）根据质量守恒定律来分析；（3）根据安全事故的正确处理方法以及可燃性气体的验纯来分析。【解答】解：（1）有机合成材料包括塑料、合成纤维和合成橡胶
15、，所以属于有机合成材料；铜具有导电性，所以可用来制导电；故填：；导电性；（2）反应前：1个硅原子，4个氯原子，反应后：1个硅原子、4个氯原子和4个氢原子，根据质量守恒定律，2X中含有4个氢原子，故X的化学式为H2；故填：H2；（3）A燃气泄漏，立即关闭阀门并开窗通风，正确；B电器着火，不能用水浇灭，以防发生触电，错误；C点燃甲烷前，先检验气体纯度，以免不纯时发生爆炸，正确；D住房着火，不能立即打开门窗，否则空气流通，火势更旺，错误。故选：AC。20（6分）AH是初中化学常见的物质，A、B、C、D、E是五种不同类别的物质。A和G的组成元素相同，D为蓝色沉淀。它们之间存在如图所示的相互关系，“”表
16、示在一定条件下能发生转化，“”表示在一定条件下能相互反应（部分2018年上海高考英语真题及答案考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。试卷分为第I卷（第112页）和第II卷（第13页），全卷共13页。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。第I卷(共103分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear t
17、en short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide
18、which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. It is satisfactory. B. It is luxurious.C. It is old-fashioned. D. It is disappointing.2. A. On August 5th. B. On August 6th. C. On August 7th. D. On August 8th.3. A. A waiter. B. A butcher. C. A porter. D. A farmer.4. A. In a theatre.
19、 B. In a library. C. In a booking office. D. In a furniture store.5. A. She expected to a better show. B. She could hardly find her seat. C. She wasnt interested in the show. D. She didnt get a favourable seat. 6. A. The woman often eats out for breakfast. B. The cafeteria serves good breakfast. C.
20、The woman doesnt have breakfast. D. The cafeteria doesnt serve breakfast.7. A. Selling cucumbers. B. Planting vegetables. C. Cooking a meal. D. Picking tomatoes.8. A. The man should work hard. B. The man should turn down the job offer. C. The man may have another chance. D. The man can apply for the
21、 job again.9. A. It is a hot and smoggy day. B. There is a traffic jam on King Street. C. A vehicle is polluting the air. D. The man is reading a report online.10. A. Its ending is not good enough. B. Its special effects are not satisfying. C. It deserves an award. D. It is good except for the scary
22、 part.Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide wh
23、ich one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.$1. B.$2 C.$3 D.$52.12.A.Paythebillsfirst.B.Spend2%ofthesalaryonlivingexpenses.C.Deposit$1000everymonth.D.Putpartofthemoneyinasavingsaccount.13.A.Methodsofsavingmoney.B.Savingmoneyf
24、orfamilyemergencies.C.Theimportanceofsavingmoney.D.Secretsofspendingmoneywisely.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Freeeducation.B.Asumofmoney.C.Donationsfromalocalnewspaper.D.Giftsfrommanypeople.15.A.Letstudentsinbeforeschool.B.Offericecreamandcoffee.C.Introduceabankintothecampu
25、s.D.Reducethetrafficjamsaround.16.A.Itlackspositivenews.B.Itshouldgrowintoabigcity.C.Itisaplaceworthlivingin.D.Itremainspeacefulandquiet.Section C Directions: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are require
26、d to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer. Class Diary (June 13-19)SUNMON 17 for after-class activity applicationTUEWEDHa
27、nding in three student 18 THUBasketball Club meetingTime:12:451:30pm Place: The 19 FRIFilling in a form with up-to-date personal dataTime: 20 break Place: The computer roomSATBlank 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer
28、.Who is Sue Walter?She is 21 in court and a writer.What is Sues suggestion for people with difficulties? 22 In Sues eyes, what is the best part about her job? 23 in decision-making.What does Sue think happiness is? 24 II. Grammar and VocabularySection A Directions: After reading the passages below,
29、fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Bags of Love Last year, I was assigned to work at an office near m
30、y mothers house, so I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries. After less than a week, I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly we were always suddenly out of something. (25)_(wonder) how my mum coul
31、d consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. To my surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26)_ happened truly amazed me. She was taking the food to the
32、refugee camp, in (27)_ she distributed it to children. I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area. The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me shy would she mot want to tell me about what she (28)_(do)?
33、Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop (29)_(buy) the groceries if I found out? When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didnt need to keep it a secret (31)_ me. She told me that some of the children lived wi
34、th an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets. For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by (32)_ selfless she was. (B)Stress: Good or Bad? Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking ab
35、out it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed. In recent years, stress(33)_(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too much stress(34)_ does you harm. It is t
36、ime you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the (35)_(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36)_ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (3
