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24、8fbcb7dad4642111895d2c2f1bdb5La4d8b5ce6b70d9ece296a57b8098a75eh employers and students the potential demand for one-year conversion Masters degrees in AI for graduates in subjects other than computing and data science. 7. Government and universities should create, at a minimum, an aditional 20 PhD p
25、laces dedicated to AI at leading universities. As the UK trains and atracts additional academic talent, this number should grow continualy year on year. 8. Universities should encourage the development of advanced credit-bearing AI MOOCs and online Continuing Profesional Development courses leading
26、to MScs for people with STEM qualifications to gain more specialist knowledge. Growing the Artificial Inteligence Industry in the UK 5 9. An International felowship programe for AI in the UK should be created in partnership with the Alan Turing Institute: the Turing AI Felowships. This should be sup
27、ported by a targeted fund for identifying and recruiting the best talent, and by ensuring that the UK is open to any and al of the eligible experts from around the world. RECOMENDATIONS TO MAXIMISE UK AI RESEARCH 10. The Alan Turing Institute should become the national institute for artificial intel
28、ligence and data science, becoming truly national and expanded beyond the curent five universities, with a key stated aim that centres its mision on artificial intelligence. 11. Universities should use clear, acesible and where posible comon policies and practices for licensing IP and forming spin-o
29、ut companies. 12. The Alan Turing Institute, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and Joint Information Systems Comite (JISC) should work together to cordinate demand for computing capacity for AI research, and negotiate for the
30、 UK research comunity. RECOMENDATIONS TO SUPPORT UPTAKE OF AI 13. Government should work with industry and experts to establish a UK AI Council to help cordinate and grow AI in the UK. 14. The Information Commisioners Ofice and the Alan Turing Institute should develop a framework for explaining proc
31、eses, services and decisions delivered by AI, to improve transparency and acountability. 15. The Department for International Trade should expand its current support programe for AI busineses. 16. TechUK should work with the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Digital Catapult, and key players in indu
32、stry sectors, to develop practical guidance on the opportunities and chalenges of succesful adoption of AI across the UK economy. 17. Government, drawing on the expertise of the Government Digital Service, the Data Science Partnership and experts working with data in other Departments, should develo
33、p a programe of actions to prepare the public sector and spread best practice for applying AI to improve operations and services for citizens. 18. Government should ensure that chalenges addresed by the Industrial Strategy Chalenge Fund (ISCF) and Smal Busines Research Initiative (SBRI) are Growing
34、the Artificial Inteligence Industry in the UK 6 designed to atract and support applications of AI across the full range of challenge areas and set funded challenges which use public sector data for AI. Growing the Artificial Inteligence Industry in the UK 7 Contents FOREWORD 1 EXECUTIVE SUMARY 2 SUM
35、ARY OF RECOMENDATIONS 4 SECTION ONE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS REVIEW 8 SECTION TWO: OVERVIEW OF CURENT USE OF AI, MARKETS AND SUPPORT FOR GROWTH 21 SECTION THREE: RECOMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE ACCES TO DATA 43 SECTION FOUR: RECOMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE SUPPLY OF SKILS 52 SECTION FIVE:
36、 RECOMENDATIONS TO MAXIMISE AI RESEARCH AND COMERCIALISATION 65 SECTION SIX: RECOMENDATIONS TO SUPPORT UPTAKE OF AI 68 CONCLUSION 78 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 79 Growing the Artificial Inteligence Industry in the UK 8 SECTION ONE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS REVIEW This section covers what
37、 AI is, why it maters now in the UK, and the objectives of this Review. What is Artificial Inteligence? Artificial Inteligence (AI) describes a set of advanced general purpose digital technologies that enable machines to do highly complex tasks effectively. The Enginering and Physical Science Resear
38、ch Council uses this description: “Artificial Inteligence technologies aim to reproduce or surpas abilities (in computational systems) that would require inteligence if humans were to perform them. These include: learnig and adaptation; sensory understanding and interaction; reasoning and planning;
39、optimisation of procedures and parameters; autonomy; creativity; and extracting knowledge and predictions from large, diverse digital data.” Examples of AI already in use include: comunicating with computers in natural language, deriving new insights from transport data, operating autonomous and ada
40、ptive robotic systems, managing suply chains, and designig more life-like video games. Applied AI is already changing business practices across financial services, law, medicine, accounting, tax, audit, architecture, consulting, customer service, manufacturing and transport. More examples are shown
41、below, but no limited set of examples can be representative. AI could improve the functioning of most digital operations, products and services. Wherever a proces uses digital data, AI may enable us to use that data more effectively and in new ways. This report uses “Artificial Inteligence” as an um
42、brella term to cover a set of complementary techniques that have developed from statistics, computer science and cognitive psychology. While recognising distinctions betwen specific technolgies and terms (e.g., artificial intelligence vs. machine learnig, machine learnig vs. dep learnig), it is usef
43、ul to se these technologies as a group, when considering how to suport development and use of them. Growing the Artificial Inteligence Industry in the UK 9 What can AI do? Artificial inteligence holds great potential for increasing productivity, most obviously by helping firms and people use resourc
44、es more efficiently, and by streamlining the way we interact with large sets of data. For example, firms like Ocado and Amazon are making use of artificial intelligence to optimise their storage and distribution networks, planning the most efficient routes for delivery and making best use of their w
45、arehousing capacity. Artificial intelligence can help firms do familiar tasks in more efficient ways. Importantly, it can also enable entirely new business models and new approaches to old problems. For example, in healthcare, data from smartphones and fitness trackers that is analysed using new mac
46、hine learning techniques can improve management of chronic conditions as well as predicting and preventing acute episodes of ilness. Artificial inteligence can help both companies and individual employes to be more productive. Routine administrative and operational jobs can be learned by software agents (bots), which can then prioritise tasks, manage routine interactions with colleagues (or other bots), a
