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8、J J o ou u n n l ly y - - N N v v y y g g _ _ 0)0)w w y y 2022021 1 6 6 4747 SectionSection B B Di tions: In this section, you are going to read a ssage with ten statements attached to it. &eh statement contains information given in one of the ragraphs ntify the raaph om which the infoation is deriv
9、ed. You may choose a ragraph more than once. &eh ragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on AnswerAnswer SheetSheet 2.2. SciSci ce ce ofof setbacks:setbacks: HowHow il il c c improveimprove c cr r prospectsprospects A) Hw d early career eback fec ur
10、lg-erm ucce? Falure ca help u lear ad vercme ur fear. Bu daer ca ll wud u. They ca crew u up ad e u back. Wuld be ce f here wa geue, cefcally dcumeed ruh he expre wha de kll yu make yu rger? B) e way cal ce have prbed he effec f career eback lk a ce f very mlar qualfca. Thee ce, fr rea ha are mly ar
11、brary, eher ju mied geg a reearch gra r ju barely made . I cal cece, hi kw a examg ear me ad rw w area where mer ubjecve. Tha allw reearcher meaure ly he effect f beg che r . Sudie h area have foud cflcg reul. I he cmpeve game f bmcal cece, reech ha bee de ce wh arrwly l r w gra mey. I ugge ha arrw
12、wer becme eve bgger wer dw he le. I her wrd, he rch ge rcher. C) A 2018 udy publhed he Proceedings of the National Academy of iences fr example, fllwed reearcher he Neherlad. Reearcher ccluded ha he wh ju barely qualfed fr a gra were able ge wce a much mey wh he ex egh year a he wh ju mied u. Ad he
13、arrw wer were 50 perce mre lkely be gve a prferhp. D) Oher he US have fd mlar effec wh Naal Iue f Healh early-career fellwhp lauchg arrw wer f ahead f cle ler. e pheme fe referred a he Mathew effec fop1red6-y e Bble-wsdom diaf those wh have, mre w be-give: Theres-a - gd explaa fr he pheme he bk The
14、Foula: The Univel Laws of Success by Alber Lazl Baraba. Accrdig Baraba, eaer ad le rky fr he p f pwer E) bad ew fr he ler. Small early career eback eem have a dprprae effec dw he le. Wha dd k hem made hem weaker. Bu her ude ug he ame echque have hw here meime pealy a ear m. Sude wh ju mi geg i p hig
15、h chl r uvere d ju a well laer i lfe a he wh ju maage ge acceped. I hi cae, wha ddn kll em mply d maer. S here ay evdece ha eback mgh acually mprve ur career prpec? There w. F) I a udy publhe Nature Communications, Nrhwee Uvery clg Dahu Wag racked mre ha 1, 100 ce wh were he brder bewee geg a gra ad
16、 mg u bewee 1990 ad 2005. He fllwed varu meaure f perfrmace ver he ex decade. ee cluded hw may paper hey auhred ad hw iflueal he paper were, a meaured by he umber f ubeque ca. eeced, here wa a much her rae f attrition () amg 2021 6 48 scientists who didnt get grants. But among those who stayed on, t
17、he close losers performed even better than the nar ow winne s. To make sure this wasnt by chance, Wang conducted additional tests using diffe ent performance measu es. He examined how many times people were first autho s on influential studies, and the like. G) One st ai tforward reason close lose s
18、 mi t outperform na row winners is that the two groups have compa able ability. In Wangs study, he selected the most dete mined, passionate scientists from the loser group and culledculled (J1J ) what he deemed the weakest members of the winner group. Yet the persevering losers still came out on top
19、. He thinks that being a close loser might give people a psychological boost, o the p ove bial kick in the pants. H) Ut echt Unive sity sociologist Arnout van de Rijt was the lead author on the 2018 pape showing the rich get richer. He said the new finding is apparently easonable and worth some atte
20、ntion. His own work showed that although the narrow winners did get much more money in the nea future, the actual perfo mance of the close lose s was just as good. I) He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang pape a e the funding agents who distribute government grant money. Afte al
21、l, by continuing to pile riches on the nar ow winners, the taae s are not getting the maximum bang for their ck if the close losers are erforming just as well or even better. Theres a huge amount of time and effort that goes into the process of selecting who gets grants, he said, and the latest rese
22、arch shows that the scientific establishment is not very good at distributing money. Maybe we should spend less money trying to figure out who is better than who, he said, suggesting that some more equal dividing up of money might be mo e productive and mo e efficient. Van de Rijt said hes not convi
23、nced that losing out gives people a sycholocal boost; It may yet be a selection effect. Even thou Wang tried to account for this by culling the weakest winners, its impossible to know which of the winners would have quit had they found themselves on the losing side. J) For his pa t, Wang said that i
24、n his own experience, losing did light a motivating fire. He recalled a recent pape he submitted to a joal, which accepted it only to request extensive editing, and then eversed cou se and ejected it. He submitted the unedited version to a more espected jou nal and got accepted. K) In sports and man
25、y a eas of life, we think of failures as evidence of something we could have done better. We ega d these disapintments as a fate we could have avoided with more careful p eparation, different t aining, a better strategy, o more focus. And there it makes sense that failu es show us the road to succes
26、s. ese ape s deal with a kind of failure people have little control over-rejection. Others determine who wins and who loses. But at the very least, the research is starting to show that early setbacks dont have to be fatal. ey might even make us better at o jobs Getting paid like a winne , thou ? Th
27、ats a different matte . 36. Being a close loser could g eatly motivate one to pe severe in thei esearch. 37. Grt awarde s tend to favo esea chers alredy reco ized their re pective fid _s. _ _ 3 39. Resea ch by social scientists on the effects of ca eer setbacks has produced contradictory fdings. 202
28、1 6 49 40. It is not to the best interes of taxpayers to keep giving money to narrow winners. 41. Scieniss who persised in research withou receiving a grant made greaer achievements han those who got one wih luck, as suggested in one study. 42. A research paper rejected by one journal may ge acceped
29、 by anoher. 43. According to one recent study, narrow winners of research grants had better chances to be promoed o professors. 44. e researcher suggess it might be more fruitful to distribute grants on a relaively equal basis. 45. Minor sebacks their early career may have a srong negaive effec on t
30、he career of close losers. tiontion C C DiDi tions:tions: There are 2 s ges in this section . ch ge is follo d by some questions or u finished statements. r each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the co di g letter on wer t 2 with
31、a single line through the centre. P ge e estionsestions to to 5050 basedbased onon e e follfollg g p pass ssage.ge. Boredom has become trendy. Sdies po to how boredom is good for creativity and innovation, as well as mental health. I is found hat people e more creative following he completion of a t
32、edious task. When people are bored, they have an increase in associative thought-the process of making new connecions between ideas, which is lked to innovative thinking. These sdies are impressive, t in realiy, the benefits of boredom may be related to having time to clear your mind, be quiet, or d
33、aydream. In our simulation-rich world, i seems unrealisic that boredom could cur at all. Yet, there are valid reans boredom may feel so painful. As it rns out, boredom mit signal the fact that you have a need tha isnt being me. r always-on world of social media may result in more connections, bu hey
34、 are superficial and can t in h _ay_f buildin a real se !_b_elonging. Feeling bored may sial the desire for a greater sense _ of community and the feeling ha you fit in wi others around you. So take he step of joining an organizaion to build face-o-face relationships. Youll find deph that you won ge
35、t from your screen no matter how many likes you ge on your post. Similar o he need for belonng, bored people often report tha hey feel a lite sense of meaning. Its a fundamenal han need to have a larger purpose and to feel like were part of someth g bigger han ourselves. When people are bored, eyre
36、more likely to feel less meaning in their lives. If you want to reduce boredom and increase your sense of meaning, seek work where you can make a unique contribuion, or find a cause you can support wih your time and talent. If your definiion of boredom is being quie, minul, and reflecive, keep it up
37、. Bu if youre sruggling wih real boredom and e emptiness it provokes, consider whether you might seek new coections and more significan challenges. These are he hings that will genuinely relieve boredom and make you more effecive in the process. 46. What have studies found abou boredom? A) I facilia
38、tes iovative think g. B) It is a rest of doing boring tasks. 2021 6 50 C) It helps people connec with others. D) I does harm o ones mental health. 47 Wha does the au hor say boredom mi t indica e? A) A need o be lef alone. B) A desire o be fulfilled C) A conflic to be resolved D) A feeling to be val
39、idated 48 What do we learn abou cial media from the passage? A) It may be an obs acle to e anding ones connections. B) It may ge in he way of enhancing ones social s atus C) It may preven people from developing a genuine sense of community D) I may make people feel hat they ough o fit in with he ou
40、side world. 49. Wha does the au hor sugges people do o ge rid of boredom? A) Count the likes hey ge on their pos s B) Reflect on how hey relate to o hers C) Engage in real-life interac ions D) Participa e in online discussions 50 Wha should people do to enhance heir sense of meaning? A) Try o do som
41、ething ori nal B) Confront si ifican challenges.C) Define boredom in heir unique way D) Devo e hemselves o a wor hy cause. Passage o tio 51 to 55 a ba on the following pa age. Can you remember wha you a e yes erday? If asked, mos people will be able to ve a vague description of heir main meals: brea
42、 ast, lunch, dinner Bu can you be sure youve no ed every snack bar in your car, or every handful of nu s at your desk? Most people will have a feeling ha heyve missed something out. We originally had this suspicion back in 2016, puzzled by he fac ha na ional statis ics showe calorie consumption fall
43、ing dramatically over pas decades. We found reliable evidence that people were dras ically under-repor ing wha hey a e. Now the Office for National S a is ics has confirmed ha we are consuming 50% more calories han our na ional s atis ics claim Why is his happening? We can int o at least hree poten
44、ial causes. One is he rise in obesity levels i self Under-reporting ra es are much higher for obese people, because they simply consume more and hus have more to remember Ano her cause is that the propor ion of people who are rying to lose weight has been increasing over time People who want to lose
45、 weigh are more likely o under-repor heir eating-regardless of whe her hey are overweight or no This may be driven par ly by self-decep ion or wishful thinking. The final poten ial cause is an increase in snacking and eating ou over recent decade bo h in terms of how often hey happen and how much th
46、ey contribute o our overall energy in ake Again, there is 2021 6 51 evidence that food conswned out of the home is one of the most poorly recorded categories in surveys. So, whats the message conveyed? For statistics we should invest n more accurate measurement options. For policy, we need to focus
47、on options that make it easy for people to eat fewer calories. If people do not know how much they are eating, it can be really hard for them to stick to a diet. Also, we should be looking for new ways to ensure what people eat wouldnt have much impact on their waistlinesIf this works it wont matter
48、 if they cant remember what they ate yesterday. 51. What did the author suspect back in 2016? A) Calorie cons ption had fallen drastically over the decades. B) Most people surveyed were reluctant to reveal what they ate. C) The national statistics did not reflect the actual calorie cons pt on. D) Mo
49、st people did not include snacks when reporting their calorie intake. 52. What has the Office for National Statistics verified? A) Peoples ca orie intake was far from accurately reported. B) The missing out of main meals leads to the habit of snacking. C) The nations obesity level has much to do wit
50、h calorie intake. D) Calorie conswnption is linked to the amount of snacks one eats. 53. What do we ea about obese people from the passage? A) They usually keep their eating habits a secret. B) They over ook the potential causes of obesity. C) ey cannot help eating more than they should. D) They hav
