1、 第第 2 卷卷 富富柏拉图对话录：辩解柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 2/384 总目录总目录 第第 1 卷卷 富兰克林自传富兰克林自传 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、克利多篇 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 第第 4 卷卷 约翰米尔顿英文诗全集约翰米尔顿英文诗全集 第第 5 卷卷 爱默生文集爱默生文集 第第 6 卷卷 伯恩斯诗歌集伯恩斯诗歌集 第第 7 卷卷
2、圣奥古斯丁忏悔录圣奥古斯丁忏悔录 第第 8 卷卷 希腊戏剧希腊戏剧 第第 9 卷卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 第第 10 卷卷 国富论国富论 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 第第 12 卷卷 普卢塔克比较列传普卢塔克比较列传 第第 13 卷卷 伊尼亚德伊尼亚德 第第 14 卷卷 唐吉坷德唐吉坷德 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 3/384 第第 15 卷卷 天路历程天路历程 第第 16 卷卷 天方夜谭天方夜谭 第第 17 卷卷 民间传说与预言民间传说与预言 第第 18 卷卷 英国现代戏
3、剧英国现代戏剧 第第 19 卷卷 浮士德浮士德 第第 20 卷卷 神曲神曲 第第 21 卷卷 许婚的爱人许婚的爱人 第第 22 卷卷 奥德赛奥德赛 第第 23 卷卷 两年水手生涯两年水手生涯 第第 24 卷卷 伯克文集伯克文集 第第 25 卷卷 穆勒文集穆勒文集 第第 26 卷卷 欧洲大陆戏剧欧洲大陆戏剧 第第 27 卷卷 英国名家随笔英国名家随笔 第第 28 卷卷 英国与美国名家随笔英国与美国名家随笔 第第 29 卷卷 比格尔号上的旅行比格尔号上的旅行 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集：物理学、化学、科学论文集：物理学、化学、天文学、地质学天文学、地质学 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harv
4、ard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 4/384 第第 31 卷卷 切利尼自传切利尼自传 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 第第33卷卷 古代与现代著名航海与旅行记古代与现代著名航海与旅行记 第第 34 卷卷 法国和英国著名哲学家法国和英国著名哲学家 第第 35 卷卷 见闻与传奇见闻与传奇 第第 36 卷卷 君王论君王论 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 第第 38 卷卷 物理学、医学、外科学和地质物理学、医学、外科学和地质学学 第第 39 卷卷 著名之前言和序言著名之前言和序言 第第 40 卷卷 英文
5、诗集（卷）从乔叟到格英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格雷雷 第第 41 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到费兹杰拉德费兹杰拉德 第第 42 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到惠特曼惠特曼 第第 43 卷卷 10001904 第第 44 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷一卷一):孔子孔子 希伯来书希伯来书 基基百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 5/384 督圣经督圣经()第第 45 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷二卷二)基督圣经基督圣经()第第 46 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 47
6、卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 48 卷卷 帕斯卡文集帕斯卡文集 第第 49 卷卷 史诗与传说史诗与传说 第第 50 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 6/384 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇克利多篇 INTRODUCTORY NOTE SOCRATES,the son of an Athenian sculptor,was born in 469 B.C.He was trained in his fa
7、thers art,but gave it up early to devote is time to the search for truth and virtue.He took his part as a citizen both in war and in peace,and bore the hardships of poverty and a shrewish wife with calm indifference.He did not give formal instruction after the fashion of other philosophers of his ti
8、me,but went about engaging people in conversation,seeking,chiefly by questions,to induce his contemporaries,and especially the young men,to think clearly and to act reasonably.He made profession of no knowledge except of his own ignorance,and the famous“Socratic irony”was shown in his attitude of ap
9、parent willingness to learn from anyone who professed to know.The inevitable result of such conversations,however,was the reduction of the would-be instructor to a state either of irritation at the unmasking of his pretensions,or of humility and eagerness to be instructed by his questioner.It was na
10、tural that such a habit should create enemies,and Socrates was finally accused of introducing new gods and of corrupting the youth.His defense,as will be seen from the“Apology,”was conducted with his customary firm adherence to his convictions,and with entire fearlessness of consequences.He could,in
11、 all probability,have easily escaped the death sentence had he been willing to take a conciliatory tone,but he died(B.C.399)a martyr to his unswerving devotion to truth.Socrates wrote nothing,and we learn what we know of his teachings chiefly from his disciples,Xenophon and Plato.Plato was also an A
12、thenian,born in 428 B.C.of a distinguished family.百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 7/384 He became a disciple of Socrates at the age of twenty,and after the death of his master he traveled in Egypt,Sicily,and elsewhere,returning to Athens about 388.Here he established his sch
13、ool of philosophy in a garden near a gymnasium,called the Academy,and here he spent the last forty years of his life,numbering among his pupils his great rival in philosophical renown,Aristotle.Unlike Socrates,Plato took no part in the civic life of Athens,but he was much interested in political phi
14、losophy,and is said to have been consulted by statesmen both at home and abroad.All the works of Plato have been preserved,and they include,besides those here printed,the“Republic,”“Symposium,”“Phaedrus,”“Protagoras,”“Theaetetus,”“Gorgias,”and many others.They take the form of dialogues,in which Pla
15、to himself appears,if at all,only as a listener,and in which the chief speaker is Socrates.As Plato developed the philosophy of Socrates,especially on speculative lines,far beyond the point reached by Socrates himself,it is impossible to judge with any exactness precisely how much of the teaching is
16、 the masters,how much the pupils.The philosophy of these dialogues has remained for over two thousand years one of the great intellectual influences of the civilized world;and they are as admirable from the point of view of literature as of philosophy.The style is not only beautiful in itself,but is
17、 adapted with great dramatic skill to the large variety of speakers;and the suggestion of situation and the drawing of character are the work of a great artist.The three dialogues here given are at once favorable examples of the literary skill of Plato and intimate pictures of the personality of his
18、 master.THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES HOW you have felt,O men of Athens,at hearing the speeches of my accusers,I cannot tell;but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was,such was the effect of them;and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth.But many as their falsehoods were,
19、there was one 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 8/384 of them which quite amazed me:I mean when they told you to be upon your guard,and not to let yourself be deceived by the force of my eloquence.They ought to have been ashamed of saying this,because they were sure to be dete
20、cted as soon as I opened my lips and displayed my deficiency;they certainly did appear to be most shameless in saying this,unless by the force of eloquence they mean the force of truth:for then I do indeed admit that I am eloquent.But in how different a way from theirs!Well,as I was saying,they have
21、 hardly uttered a word,or not more than a word,of truth;but you shall hear from me the whole truth:not,however,delivered after their manner,in a set oration duly ornamented with words and phrases.No,indeed!but I shall use the words and arguments which occur to me at the moment;for I am certain that
22、this is right,and that at my time of life I ought not to be appearing before you,O men of Athens,in the character of a juvenile orator:let no one expect this of me.And I must beg of you to grant me one favor,which is thisif you hear me using the same words in my defence which I have been in the habi
23、t of using,and which most of you may have heard in the agora,and at the tables of the money-changers,or anywhere else,I would ask you not to be surprised at this,and not to interrupt me.For I am more than seventy years of age,and this is the first time that I have ever appeared in a court of law,and
24、 I am quite a stranger to the ways of the place;and therefore I would have you regard me as if I were really a stranger,whom you would excuse if he spoke in his native tongue,and after the fashion of his country:that I think is not an unfair request.Never mind the manner,which may or may not be good
25、;but think only of the justice of my cause,and give heed to that:let the judge decide justly and the speaker speak truly.And first,I have to reply to the older charges and to my first accusers,and then I will go to the later ones.For I have had many accusers,who accused me of old,and their false cha
26、rges have continued during many years;and I am more afraid of them than of Anytus and his associates,百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 9/384 who are dangerous,too,in their own way.But far more dangerous are these,who began when you were children,and took possession of your min
27、ds with their falsehoods,telling of one Socrates,a wise man,who speculated about the heaven above,and searched into the earth beneath,and made the worse appear the better cause.These are the accusers whom I dread;for they are the circulators of this rumor,and their hearers are too apt to fancy that
28、speculators of this sort do not believe in the gods.And they are many,and their charges against me are of ancient date,and they made them in days when you were impressiblein childhood,or perhaps in youthand the cause when heard went by default,for there was none to answer.And,hardest of all,their na
29、mes I do not know and cannot tell;unless in the chance of a comic poet.But the main body of these slanderers who from envy and malice have wrought upon youand there are some of them who are convinced themselves,and impart their convictions to othersall these,I say,are most difficult to deal with;for
30、 I cannot have them up here,and examine them,and therefore I must simply fight with shadows in my own defence,and examine when there is no one who answers.I will ask you then to assume with me,as I was saying,that my opponents are of two kindsone recent,the other ancient;and I hope that you will see
31、 the propriety of my answering the latter first,for these accusations you heard long before the others,and much oftener.Well,then,I will make my defence,and I will endeavor in the short time which is allowed to do away with this evil opinion of me which you have held for such a long time;and I hope
32、I may succeed,if this be well for you and me,and that my words may find favor with you.But I know that to accomplish this is not easyI quite see the nature of the task.Let the event be as God wills:in obedience to the law I make my defence.I will begin at the beginning,and ask what the accusation is
33、 which has given rise to this slander of me,and which has encouraged Meletus to proceed against me.What do the slanderers say?They shall be my 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 10/384 prosecutors,and I will sum up their words in an affidavit.“Socrates is an evil-doer,and a cur
34、ious person,who searches into things under the earth and in heaven,and he makes the worse appear the better cause;and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others.”That is the nature of the accusation,and that is what you have seen yourselves in the comedy of Aristophanes;who has introduced a man wh
35、om he calls Socrates,going about and saying that he can walk in the air,and talking a deal of nonsense concerning matters of which I do not pretend to know either much or littlenot that I mean to say anything disparaging of anyone who is a student of natural philosophy.I should be very sorry if Mele
36、tus could lay that to my charge.But the simple truth is,O Athenians,that I have nothing to do with these studies.Very many of those here present are witnesses to the truth of this,and to them I appeal.Speak then,you who have heard me,and tell your neighbors whether any of you have ever known me hold
37、 forth in few words or in many upon matters of this sort.You hear their answer.And from what they say of this you will be able to judge of the truth of the rest.As little foundation is there for the report that I am a teacher,and take money;that is no more true than the other.Although,if a man is ab
38、le to teach,I honor him for being paid.There is Gorgias of Leontium,and Prodicus of Ceos,and Hippias of Elis,who go the round of the cities,and are able to persuade the young men to leave their own citizens,by whom they might be taught for nothing,and come to them,whom they not only pay,but are than
39、kful if they may be allowed to pay them.There is actually a Parian philosopher residing in Athens,of whom I have heard;and I came to hear of him in this way:I met a man who has spent a world of money on the Sophists,Callias the son of Hipponicus,and knowing that he had sons,I asked him:“Callias,”I s
40、aid,“if your two sons were foals or calves,there would be no difficulty in finding someone to put over them;we should hire a trainer of horses or a farmer probably who would 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 11/384 improve and perfect them in their own proper virtue and excell
41、ence;but as they are human beings,whom are you thinking of placing over them?Is there anyone who understands human and political virtue?You must have thought about this as you have sons;is there anyone?”“There is,”he said.“Who is he?”said I,“and of what country?and what does he charge?”“Evenus the P
42、arian,”he replied;“he is the man,and his charge is five min.”Happy is Evenus,I said to myself,if he really has this wisdom,and teaches at such a modest charge.Had I the same,I should have been very proud and conceited;but the truth is that I have no knowledge of the kind,O Athenians.I dare say that
43、someone will ask the question,“Why is this,Socrates,and what is the origin of these accusations of you:for there must have been something strange which you have been doing?All this great fame and talk about you would never have arisen if you had been like other men:tell us,then,why this is,as we sho
44、uld be sorry to judge hastily of you.”Now I regard this as a fair challenge,and I will endeavor to explain to you the origin of this name of“wise,”and of this evil fame.Please to attend them.And although some of you may think I am joking,I declare that I will tell you the entire truth.Men of Athens,
45、this reputation of mine has come of a certain sort of wisdom which I possess.If you ask me what kind of wisdom,I reply,such wisdom as is attainable by man,for to that extent I am inclined to believe that I am wise;whereas the persons of whom I was speaking have a superhuman wisdom,which I may fail t
46、o describe,because I have it not myself;and he who says that I have,speaks falsely,and is taking away my character.And here,O men of Athens,I must beg you not to interrupt me,even if I seem to say something extravagant.For the word which I will speak is not mine.I will refer you to a witness who is
47、worthy of credit,and will tell you about my wisdomwhether I have any,and of what sortand that witness shall be the god of Delphi.You must have known Chrephon;he was early a friend of mine,and also a friend 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第一卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇 12/384 of yours,for he shared in the
48、exile of the people,and returned with you.Well,Chrephon,as you know,was very impetuous in all his doings,and he went to Delphi and boldly asked the oracle to tell him whetheras I was saying,I must beg you not to interrupthe asked the oracle to tell him whether there was anyone wiser than I was,and t
49、he Pythian prophetess answered that there was no man wiser.Chrephon is dead himself,but his brother,who is in court,will confirm the truth of this story.Why do I mention this?Because I am going to explain to you why I have such an evil name.When I heard the answer,I said to myself,What can the god m
50、ean?and what is the interpretation of this riddle?for I know that I have no wisdom,small or great.What can he mean when he says that I am the wisest of men?And yet he is a god and cannot lie;that would be against his nature.After a long consideration,I at last thought of a method of trying the quest
