1、科技论文英语表示及英文摘要科技论文英语表示及英文摘要写作写作 南方医科大学学报编辑部王征爱1/242概 述意义意义:纵向传输纵向传输;横向交流横向交流现实现实:付出与目标并非一致；锻炼，供人学习误人子弟付出与目标并非一致；锻炼，供人学习误人子弟难度难度:非易事非易事,但非不能但非不能;3000;3000词汇词汇;基本语感基本语感;英语思维英语思维关键点关键点:(1):(1)内容完整性内容完整性;(2);(2)数据跟文中数据跟文中/汉字是否一致汉字是否一致;(3);(3)内容能够不跟汉字全对应内容能够不跟汉字全对应,应比汉字更详细应比汉字更详细;(4);(4)主主谓一致谓一致:常识常识,但错误不
2、少见但错误不少见;(5);(5)时态时态:简单简单,但有时也但有时也极难掌握极难掌握;(6);(6)语态语态:有考究有考究,但基本不限但基本不限;(7);(7)人称人称:可一可一可三可三;(8);(8)词法词法:重点重点;(9);(9)语法语法:基本基本;(10);(10)句法句法:转换转换2/242七绝终审之一洋洋洒洒二十万，字字句句过我筛。正体斜体需审定，大写小写亦仲裁。之二常遇新语需释义，遍翻辞书哪有迹？光盘检索千百次，头脑析分定无歧！出差今日去北京，明天返广州，虽只住一晚，电脑也同路。成都会议蓉城十月是金秋，百万客房一无留，车水马龙奔九寨，孤家寡人回广州。3/242蝶恋花三亚行伫立危楼
3、阳光媚。鹤落鹤飞，银羽熠熠辉。人说海南山水美，天涯海角游人醉。今到三亚赴一会。扬我学报，风景又何味？会后旧朋结新友，足不出屋也无悔。垂钓忙里偷闲应郊游，临置渔具钓花都。人在池旁心系刊，一叠文稿不离手。七律周日加班有感鞠躬尽瘁创品牌，不在本土在海外。寒暑有假不曾度，昼夜各吃一中餐。周日伏案逾八时，累极背项疼难耐。摇头晃脑再一程，有怨无悔图心安。4/242国庆长假赋长假又七天，人皆议景点；友人频来电，问可来游园？“学报十期在编，写作课次层迭，保先自评三千，交稿近在眼前。”科技日新月异，新语屡见不鲜，英文修改何其难，长词短句须慎选。终日埋头电脑前，常为一词觅三天。鼠标手，职业颈，荧屏眼。蚁影游动，字
4、里行间，困睡沙发，饥餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口凉水嘴也甜。诸君疑问何所求？我为名刊当总编！（虽苦尤荣，乐在其中）10065/242网址：邮箱：PubMed:www.ncbi.nil.nih.gov6/242提要1.1.摘要类型摘要类型 2.2.英文摘要与汉字摘要区分英文摘要与汉字摘要区分3.3.摘要惯用词和句型摘要惯用词和句型4.4.摘要语态和人称摘要语态和人称5.5.摘要时态摘要时态6.6.摘要惯用表示和几个摘要惯用表示和几个/组高频词辨析组高频词辨析7.7.虚词使用方法虚词使用方法8.8.副词使用方法副词使用方法9.9.关于关于ChinglishChinglish10.10.修辞修辞11
5、.11.分词、合成词相关问题分词、合成词相关问题12.12.名词特殊使用方法及名词数名词特殊使用方法及名词数7/2421、摘要类型、摘要类型1.1评论性摘要评论性摘要(Criticalabstract)1.2说明性摘要说明性摘要(Descriptiveabstract)1.3资料性摘要资料性摘要(Informativeabstract)1.4资料资料-指示性摘要指示性摘要(Informative-indicativeabstract)1.5结构式摘要结构式摘要(Structuredabstract)8/2421.1评论性摘要不惯用评论性摘要不惯用,可见于综述可见于综述,内容上侧重内容上侧重于评
6、价于评价/论理论理.ABSTRACT:Acutetubulointerstitialnephritis(ATIN)isacommondisordercharacterizedbyaspectrumofclinicalmanifestationsrangingfromasymptomaticurinaryabnormalitiestoacuteoliguricrenalfailure.Tubulardysfunctionoutofproportiontothedegreeofrenalfailureisanimportantcluetothediagnosis.Thisreviewdescrib
7、esitspathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differentialdiagnosisandtherapy,emphasizingthedrug-inducedformofATIN.9/2421.2说明性摘要说明性摘要又又称称指指示示性性或或通通报报性性摘摘要要(Indicativeabstract)：说说明明文文章章内内容容范范围围，只只是是简简单单地地报报道道研研究究主主题题，泛泛泛泛而而谈谈，不不包包括括详详细细内内容容。普普通通只只一一到到三三句句话话，多多见见于于临临床床医医学论文。学论文。ExampleThesurvivalratesof
8、aseriesofpatientswithunstableanginatreatedsurgicallyandmedicallyarecompared.10/2421.3资料性摘要资料性摘要:详细、详细，主要观点和数据详细、详细，主要观点和数据Postoperative bleeding is usually attributed to stress ulcer;however,occult preoperative lesions could also be responsible(背背 景景).Todetermine their frequency and nature,we prospe
9、ctively examined 72patients(目目标标)endoscopicallypriortomajorelectiveoperations.EntrycriteriaincludedaplannedstayintheSurgicalIntensiveCareUnit,2days,andanegativehistory,physicalexamination,andstoolguaiac(愈愈伤伤木木脂脂，一一个个检检便便潜潜血血试试剂剂).Gastric and duodenal mucosae werescoredseparately,usinga0-to7-pointsca
10、le.Scoresweregradednegative(0),hyperemia(1),gastroduodenitis(2-5),mucosal erosions(6),andulcers(7)(方方法法).Erosionsorulcerswerefoundin14%ofpatientsandgastroduodenitisisanadditional10%.Wefoundthatnoneofthe27riskfactors or any combination of factors tested correlated with ulcers,erosoins,orgastroduodeni
11、tis(结结果果).Thus,patientswithasymptomaticgastroduodenal erosions or ulcerations could not be identifiedpreoperatively,except by endoscopy(结结论论).Until the significance ofthese lesions as cause of postoperative bleeding is determined,werecommendedroutinepostoperativegastricpHtitrationwithantacidsforpati
12、entsundergoingmajorelectiveoperations(提议提议).11/2421.4资料资料-指示性摘要指示性摘要:内容更完整内容更完整,多了一条提醒多了一条提醒Therelationshipbetweendepression（抑抑郁郁症症）andstressors（应应激激）andtherelationshipbetweendepressioninchildrenanddepressionintheirparentswereinvestigated.（概概括括或或提提醒醒性性语语言言）Depressedchildrenaged7-11years(n=20)werecom
13、paredwithclinicalnon-depressedchildren(n=88)andnormalchildren(n=55).Children,mothersandfathersinthe three groups were tested.Measures included theChildrensDepressionInventory,RecentLifeEventsScale,StressorScaleandBeckDepressionInventory.Thefindingsshowed thatchildrenandmothersinthedepressedgrouprepo
14、rted more stressors than other children and othermotherswhilefathersofchildreninthedepressedgroupdidnot report more stressors.The findings also showed thatmothers of depressed children were more depressed thanmothersofnormalchildrenwhiletherewerenodifferencesbetweenthescoresoffathersinthethreegroups
15、.12/2421.5结构式摘要结构式摘要(structuredabstract)BACKGROUND:Hypothyroidism is a common condition that isfrequentlyirreversibleandrequireslifelongthyroidreplacementtherapy.OBJECTIVE:To assess the incidence and factors that can predictreversibility of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis.METHODS:We
16、studied 79 patients in whom Hashimotos thyroiditiswas diagnosed according to suggestive cytologic features and/or thepresence of thyroid antibodies(antimicrosomal antibody titer,or=1:1600;antiglobulinantibodytiter,or=1:400).RESULTS:Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment,thyroidbloodtestsshowedthatt
17、he degree of hypothyroidism worsened in 20 patients,remainedunchangedin40,andimprovedin19.Ninepatients(11.4%)didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest.CONCLUSIONS:Ourresultsconfirmthat hypothyroidismcaused by Hashimotosthyroiditisis notalwayspermanent.Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyrotropinleve
18、ls at the time of diagnosis,associated with a familialincidence ofthyroid disease,may be related to an increased incidence ofhypothyroidismremission.13/2422、英文摘要与汉字摘要区分、英文摘要与汉字摘要区分2 21 1 独立摘要和随文摘要独立摘要和随文摘要22内容详简度内外有别内容详简度内外有别14/2422 21 1独立摘要和随文摘要独立摘要和随文摘要独立摘要独立摘要指用于检索性刊物如指用于检索性刊物如Excepta MedicaExcep
19、ta Medica、Index MedicusIndex Medicus、Chemical AbstractsChemical Abstracts、Biological AbstractsBiological Abstracts、Engineering Engineering IndexIndex等及大型国际会议论文摘要汇编，另等及大型国际会议论文摘要汇编，另外还有一些文摘杂志。外还有一些文摘杂志。随文摘要随文摘要指普通期刊内与正文同存摘要。指普通期刊内与正文同存摘要。15/24222内容详简度内外有别内容详简度内外有别汉字摘要详细介绍国外经验；英文摘要重点描述国内特色；总来说英文摘要应比汉字
20、摘要更全方面反应全文主旨。16/2423、摘要惯用词和句型、摘要惯用词和句型31表示目标惯用词和句型或结构表示目标惯用词和句型或结构32表示方法句型表示方法句型33表示结果句型表示结果句型34表示结论句型表示结论句型17/2423 31 1 表示目标惯用词和句型或结构表示目标惯用词和句型或结构3.1.1 3.1.1 摘要中表示摘要中表示“目标目标”惯用词使用惯用词使用方法方法3.1.1.13.1.1.1用用于于表表示示“目目标标”惯惯用用名名词词（字顺）（字顺）AimA.名词使用方法名词使用方法B.动词使用方法动词使用方法AttemptA.名词使用方法名词使用方法B.动词使用方法动词使用方法1
21、8/242A名词使用方法名词使用方法Theaimofthisinvestigation/study/thepresentstudywasto.Ouraimisto.determinewhetheraclinicallyrelevantpositiveinotropiceffect（增强收缩力作用增强收缩力作用）canbedemonstratedinhumans.establishanobjective,easy-to-usetechniquetoevaluate.Theaimsofthisstudywere:1)to.；and2)to.19/242B动词使用方法动词使用方法a.主动态后接动词不
22、定式主动态后接动词不定式Thisstudyaimedto./Weaimedto./Thisstudyaimsto.b.主主动态后接介词动态后接介词at动名词动名词This research aimed at identifying.c.被被 动动 态态 后后 接接 介介 词词 at 动动 名名 词词This study was aimed at document-ing.20/242AttemptA名词使用方法名词使用方法Anattemptwasmadeto./Anattempthasbeenmadeto./Anattemptwasundertakento.Thepresentstudyisa
23、nattempttoreplicateearlierevidencethat.Forthisreason,anattemptwasundertakenfor.尝试干.21/242Inanattempttoextendthisfinding,threeexperimentswereconducted.Inafirstattempttoelucidateitsfunction,weexamined.B动词使用方法动词使用方法Inthisstudyweattemptto.Theauthorsattempttoevaluatethedegree.22/242GoalA major goal is pr
24、evention ofacceleration-induced loss of con-sciousness.Thegoalofthisinvestigationwasto.Goal一词含义、使用方法及其句式跟名词aim完全一样，例句从略。23/242Intend想要，意在想要，意在(人作主语用主动态，事物作主语用被动态)Thisreport/paperisintendedto.Inbriefthearticleisintendedto.Thisthree-groupdesign/Thisstudywasintendedto.In this study,we intended to test
25、thehypothesisthat,.Itisintendedtoremindthereader.24/242Intent意图，目标意图，目标(不太惯用不太惯用)Theintentofthestudywasto.Objective（惯用作标题或项目词）（惯用作标题或项目词）TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluateObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion(s)25/242PurposePurpose使用方法同aim，不复举例。但在forthepurpose(of)这一固定结构中，普通不用aim替换其中purpose。如：.isdescri
26、bedforthepurposeof.26/2423.1.1.23.1.1.2目标目标句句中惯用动词中惯用动词(多用被动态多用被动态)Carryout执行The retrospective study/An experimentalstudy/An investigation was carried out toevaluate.Wecarriedoutthisstudytodetermine.Conduct引 导，实 施，进 行 A(.)study/survey/An experiment wasconducted to evaluate/establish/investigate.27/2
27、42Perform执行vt;进行viThisstudywasperformedtodetermine.Undertake从事，着手做Humanstudieshavebeenundertakentotestthisthesis.Design设计Thisstudy/Thepresentstudy/Ourstudywasdesignedto.Wealsodesignedanin vitrostudyto.28/242Develop研制，创建method(s).was/weredevelopedto(动词不定式)/for(名词或动名词).Anon-linethermosprayliquidchroma
28、tography/massspectrometrymethodwasdevelopedto.Twomethodsweredevelopedtodisplace.Wehavealsodevelopedmethodsfortheanalysisof.Formulation/drug/strategy/protocol/recipe29/2423.1.2 3.1.2 结构式摘要中表示目标常见不定结构式摘要中表示目标常见不定式结构式结构 ToanalyzewhetherpatientswithRAhaveanintrinsicdefect（先天性缺点）in T cell proliferation a
29、ndsurvival,.为了分析.Toascertain/assess/characterize/clarify/compare/construct/describe/determine/distinguish/elaborate/elucidate/establish/estimate/evaluate/examine/explore/expose/help/identify/investigate/isolate/provide/report/study/test/understandTovalidatecriteriapredicting.为了验证预测.标准30/2423.2 3.2 表
30、示方法句型表示方法句型 3.2.1using/byusing分句+主动态主句Usingarabbitmodelofpneumococcalmeningitis,wecompared.and.3.2.2using/byusing分句+被动态主句Byusingamultivariateriskalgorithm,56.5%ofDownsyndromecasescouldbedetectedwitha5.3%false-positiverate.31/2423.2.3被动态被动态using/byusing/by/with引出状语引出状语The diagnoses were established u
31、singAmericanCollegeofRheumatologycriteria.Themechanismof.wasstudiedbyusingasetof.PCR products were detected by gelelectrophoresisanddot-blothybridization.Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywith.32/2423.2.4叙述方法最常包括几个动词(carryout、conduct、perform、do、make、develop;receive、unde
32、rgo;had等)及其句型Hyperthermia was carried out using a novelwater-filtered,infrared-Aradiationtechnique.Aprospectivestudywasdonein76subjectswhounderwent.Clinical evaluations were made on the 14patients including 4 with pharyngitis,7 withtonsillitis,.33/242Allpatientsreceivedsatisfactoryanesthesiaforopera
33、tion.patientsunderwentoperationsandtherewerenooperativedeaths.Amongthe62survivors,18hadanotheroperation.34/2423.2.5 3.2.5 表示分组句型表示分组句型be(randomly)divided/allocated/assignedcategorized/classified/grouped/separated(in)to.groups.berandomizedinto.groups.be(randomly)into.groups,basedon.Thegroupswereasfol
34、lows.(例句见第一军医大学学报，例句见第一军医大学学报，11：66970)35/2423 32 26 6 相关各种检验句型相关各种检验句型 Blood sugar（项目）was examined in 50patients（对象）.Fiftypatients（对象）wereexaminedforbloodsugar（项目）by（伎俩）at2and24hafteradmission.写“检验”句时候，注意for使用方法：检验病人x能够说：Thex（对象）wasexaminedby.也能够说：Thepatientwasexaminedforx（项目）by.36/2423 32 26 6 相关各
35、种检验句型相关各种检验句型 Each tooth was sectioned and examinedfor dye penetration under a stereomicro-scope(x60magnification).注意在描述用显微镜观察或检验什么时候，很 多 人 常 惯 用 错 microscope和microscopy这两个词。正确使用方法是：undermicroscope或bymicroscopy/withmicroscope。37/2423.3 3.3 表示结果句型表示结果句型331叙述观察或发觉了什么叙述观察或发觉了什么（1）主动态句：We found(observed
36、,noted,saw,recorded.)that.（2）被动态句：Itwasfound(observed,noted,seen,recorded.)that.38/242332量量 或或(1)泛言泛言 或或 The prevalence increased with age./CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA.Estrogen replacementtherapy reduced excretionofzinc,.levels rapidly declined in HL-60 cellsfollowing induction of apoptosis b
37、y,but weretransiently elevated by two other apoptosis-inducingagents.levelsofgreatlydeclinedwithasubsequentincreaseintheconcentrationof.39/242(2)或或 了多少了多少普通地说，应该用by引出实际增加或降低数目：Cell number increased by almost50%duringthefirst24-hafterthebeginningoftreatment.Zincexcretiondecreased(by)35%after3monthsan
38、d26%after1yearoftreatment.332量量 或或 40/242(3)从多少从多少 或或 到多少到多少Urinemaximumflowrateandaverageflowrateincreasedsignificantlyfrom.to.and from.to.,respectively.Residualurinevolumedecreasedsignificantlyfrom.tolessthan.By60minofreperfusion,levelsof6-ketowerereducedtothoseintheIVC.332量量 或或 41/242(4)跟跟B相比，相比，
39、A 或或 了了Healingtimesofthedonorsitesweresignificantly decreased(as)comparedwithpatients.showedasignificantincreaseincomparisonwithpreviousdeterminations.332量量 或或 42/242There was a/an.associationofAwithB/betweenAandB./.did not demonstrate anassociationofAwith B./.suggestthatAappearstohave noassociation
40、with B./A.associationwasobserved*betweenAandB./AssociationsbetweenAandBwereassessedwith.A was associatedwith B.同、与、跟：of A with B；之间：betweenAandB.333表示关系句型表示关系句型43/242A.correlationwasfound*forAand B/between A and B./No(statisticallysignificant)correlation was found*betweenAandB./Therewasa(no).correla
41、tionbetween A and B/among the four./Correlationbetween concentrationsinAand B serumwaspoor./Correlationswerehighest betweenmeasureswithsimilarresponseformats.333表示关系句型表示关系句型44/242A correlated(well*)with B./A be.*correlatedwithB./AbenotcorrelatedtoB.Adid notcorrelatewithB./A.*correlateswithB.Inadditi
42、on,therewasasignificantrelationbetweenAandB.跟relation搭配介词用to、with、betweenand，如：Intralymphocyticsodiumandfreecalciumconcentrations in relation to salt sensitivity inpatientswithessentialhypertension.333表示关系句型表示关系句型45/242AmorelikelytoberelatedtoB./Amaybe.*relatedtoB./AwerenotrelatedtoB.Therelationship
43、between AandBhasbeenwellestablishedinhistopathologicalstudies./Norelationship was noted*between A and B./Regressionanalysisshowednorelationshipbetween Aand B./In contrast,there were highly significantrelationshipsbetweenAandB.*found或noted可与seen、observed、obtained交换；*此处副词能够据意使用closely、directly、highly、
44、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之类词。333表示关系句型表示关系句型46/2423341相同比较相同比较用用as.as.等表示等表示Infact,forallhealthresourcescategoriesstudies,Canadians utilized at least as manyservicesastheirAmericancounterparts.A与与B和和C二者关系怎么表示二者关系怎么表示?TherelationshipbetweenAandbothBandC334表示比较句型表示
45、比较句型47/2423342不一样比较不一样比较tobe+比较级+than，如：Generally,menarehigherthanwomen.动词 比较级 than，如：A secreted andexpressedhigheramountsthandidB.比较级comparedwith，如：AwaslowerinOAchondrocytes(as)comparedwithB.Incomparisonwith，含“比较级”主句，如：In comparison with B,A occurred earlier,butdisplayedaclearlylowermagnitudeofexpr
46、ession.Themorethemore越是就越334表示比较句型表示比较句型48/242Themorethemore越是就越1）省略）省略2）词序）词序3）语序）语序4）翻译）翻译334表示比较句型表示比较句型49/2421）省略）省略（1）从句中一些成份（谓语），如：）从句中一些成份（谓语），如：The warmer water(is),the faster itevaporates.水越热，蒸发越快。水越热，蒸发越快。Thesmallertheparticles(are),themorefreelydotheymove.粒子越小，运动越自由。粒子越小，运动越自由。（do为倒装助动词）为
47、倒装助动词）（2）主、从句中主语、谓语全部省略，如：）主、从句中主语、谓语全部省略，如：Themore,thebetter.多多益善。多多益善。Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。越快越好。50/2422）词序）词序（1）倒倒装装词词序序：The+比比较较级级(从从句句)，the+比较级（主句）比较级（主句）从从句句在在前前，主主句句在在后后，主主从从句句比比较较级级都都在在谓谓语语之之前前，而而且且不不能能把把more和和后后面面形形容容词词、副词及名词分开：副词及名词分开：The more he worked on the arithmeticproblem,themorec
48、onfusedhebecame.这道算术题他越做越糊涂。这道算术题他越做越糊涂。51/242（2）正常词序）正常词序+比较级（主句），比较级（主句），the+比较级被比较成份或从句比较级被比较成份或从句主句在前，从句在后，主句比较级主句在前，从句在后，主句比较级在谓语之后：在谓语之后：Thereforeacompoundisconsideredthemorestable,thesmalleritspotentialenergy.所以势能越小，化合物就被认为越稳定。所以势能越小，化合物就被认为越稳定。52/2423）语序）语序大大多多数数情情况况是是前前者者为为隶隶属属分分句句（相相当当于于程度
49、状语分句），后者为主句：程度状语分句），后者为主句：AccordingtoKeynes,thegreaterthetotalincome of a nation is,the less(the)peoplewanttoinvest,becauseitisnotprofitabletoinvestwhenproductionishighlydeveloped.结结论论是是：主主句句若若用用正正常常语语序序，则则前前置置；换言之，若主句前置，则主句为常序。换言之，若主句前置，则主句为常序。53/2424）翻译翻译英英译译汉汉，先先从从后后主主，即即“顺顺句句倒倒译译，倒倒句顺译句顺译”；汉汉译译英
50、英，正正序序翻翻译译主主句句在在前前，倒倒序序翻翻译译主句在后。主句在后。notso.as不不如如(或或没没有有)那那样样，notas.as(和和.不一样不一样)不多见。不多见。提法不一提法不一手手27/指南指南88TheincidenceofacuteDVisnotascommonamong women visiting an ED as previouslyreported,althoughthecumulativeprevalenceofDVisstrikinglyhigh.54/242就是多用了指示代词that或those，如：SDHactivityofcochleawasloweri
