1、第一部分 ERP理论及形成1. 信息集成1) 企业内部管理存在的困难1、生产上所需的原材料不能准时供应或供应不足；2、零部件生产不配套、积压严重；3、产品生产周期过长，劳动生产率下降；4、库存资金积压严重，周转期长；5、市场和客户需求快速多变，使企业的经营和计划系统难以适应。解决方法信息集成2) 为什么要信息集成（作用）3) 信息集成的表现 来源唯一 任何数据，只由一个部门，一位员工负责输入 减少重复劳动、提高效率、避免差错、责任明确 实时共享 统一数据库、统一处理规则 授权人员、共享信息 环境变化、实时响应；决策一致、减少矛盾4) 信息集成的条件 信息必须规范 信息处理的流程必须规范 信息的
2、采集、处理和报告由专人负责 信息的完整性：范围供需链及相关系统时间历史、当前、未来 更新观念、改革管理2. ERP概念ERP是Enterprise Resource Planning的缩写，中文意为：企业资源计划。ERP将企业的物流、资金流和信息流统一起来进行管理，对企业所拥有的人力、资金、材料、设备、技术、信息和时间等各项资源进行综合平衡和充分考虑，最大限度地利用企业的现有资源取得更大的经济效益，科学、有效地管理企业人、财、物、产、供、销等各项具体业务工作。3. ERP的形成阶段ERP的发展经历了四个阶段：1、基本MRP阶段( 开环MRP)；2、闭环MRP；3、MRP-II；4、ERP ER
3、P -II （协同商务） 4. 物料需求计划-MRPMRP全称物料需求计划（Material Requirements Planning），它是一种企业管理软件，通过对销-产-供部门物料信息的集成，实现对企业的库存和生产的有效管理。 物料需求计划是以物料计划人员或存货管理人员为核心的物料需求计划体系，它的涵盖范围仅仅为物料管理这一块。功能上力求达到生产制造是既不出现物料短缺，又不出现物料积压库存。1) MRP 回答了 4 个制造业的主要问题（生产什么，用到什么） 已有什么 还缺什么（制造业的通用公式）2) MRP的逻辑流程图3) MRP的基本任务1、从最终产品的生产计划（独立需求）导出相关物料
4、（原材料、零部件等）的需求量和需求时间（相关需求）。2、根据物料的需求时间和生产（订货）周期来确定其开始生产（订货）的时间。4) MRP的基本依据主生产计划（MPS）；物料清单（BOM）；库存信息 (INV)5) MRP的几个概念产品结构中的物料需求： 独立需求：由市场决定而不是由企业决定的需求，它由客户订单数据直接产生的，客户对成品或备品备件的需求。它与其他需求无关，不依赖于其他物料来产生需求。 相关需求：对某种物料的需求与其他的物料有关，即是由其他物料的需求推算出来的。一般相关需求是依赖其父项物料来产生的需求。物料清单BOM(Bill of Materials)：它反映了产品的层次结构，即
5、所有零部件的结构关系和数量组成。从狭义上讲BOM就是产品的结构，即一件产品是有由哪几部分组成的。从广义上讲，BOM产品结构工艺流程。根据BOM可以确定该产品所有零部件的需要数量、需要时间以及相互关系。 6) MRP 的原理与特点 原理 基于时间坐标产品结构 基于制造业通用公式的需求优先计划 特点 优先级计划 分时段计划 快速修订的计划 主要数据 需求信息 物料清单(BOM) 工艺路线和提前期 物料可用量7) 闭环MRP基本MRP是开环控制系统，在此系统中，制定主生产计划时，不考虑企业的实际加工能力。因此，在基本MRP系统中，制定的主生产计划有可能与实际情况不符。 所以，我们必须在物料需求计划（
6、MRP）的基础上充分考虑能力的约束，加入了能力需求计划理论(CRP)，即全部工作中心的负荷平衡。 闭环MRP就是在物料需求计划（MRP）的基础上，增加对投入与产出的控制，也就是对企业的生产能力进行校检、执行和控制。闭环MRP的特点主生产计划与物料需求计划的运行(或执行)伴随着能力与负荷的运行，从而保证计划是可靠的。-采购与生产加工是计划的执行过程。-能力的执行情况最终反馈到计划制定层，整个过程是能力的不断执行与调整的过程。区别：基本MRP是开环控制系统，而闭环MRP是带反馈控制系统；基本mrp是未考虑能力约束，而闭环MRP引入能力需求计划理论(CRP)，即考虑全部工作中心的负荷平衡；闭环MRP
7、的运行是随能力变化不断调整的。5. MRP-II1) MRP-II产生的必要性（MRP-II与闭环MRP的区别）1、制定计划只考虑到人力，物力条件的约束，没有考虑到财力这一重要约束条件。 2、以往的MRP 系统，仅仅涉及到了物流，而没有涉及到资金流 3、 缺乏资金管理的系统不能完成企业管理最终目的 MRP-II是对制造业企业资源进行有效计划的一整套方法。它是一个围绕企业的基本经营目标，以生产计划为主线，对企业制造的各种资源进行统一的计划和控制，使企业的物流、资金流、信息流流动畅通的动态反馈系统。2) MRP-II的几个概念直接成本：指可以明确分辨用于某个具体物料上的费用，与生产数量有关，如生产
8、人员工资。间接成本：是指那些不能明确分清用于哪个具体物料上的费用，其中与产量有一定关系的称为变动间接费（如燃料与动力费）；与产量无直接关系的称为固定间接费（如非直接生产人员的工资、办公费、房屋折旧、维修费、厂房采暖及照明等）。6. ERP1) MRP-II的局限性： 1. MRP-II局限于对企业制造资源的管理，无法对企业的整体资源进行集成管理。2.MRP II局限于对单一企业的管理，无法满足集团化，多工厂协同作战，统一管理的要求。 3.MRP-II局限于企业内部各部门之间的信息交互，无法实现企业之间的信息共享和交流。2) ERP 核心思想企业内外集成；管理整个供需链；同步（协同）3) 背景
9、全球化经济和竞争的出现 企业集团多元化经营 计算机和网络通信技术的迅猛发展4) 特点 面向供需链管理、面向流程的信息集成 采用最新计算机及网络通信技术 支持企业业务流程重组（BPR）5) 性质 合作竞争信息沟通的手段 信息/互联网时代企业管理革命6) ERP与MRPII的区别1、在资源管理范围方面的差别MRPII主要侧重对企业内部人、财、物等资源的管理，而ERP在MRPII的基础上扩展了管理范围，它把客户需求和企业内部的制造活动、以及供应商的制造资源整合在一起，形成企业一个完整的供需链并对供需链上所有环节，如订单、采购、库存、计划、生产制造、质量控制、运输、分销、服务与维护、财务管理、人事管理
10、、实验室管理、项目管理、配方管理等进行有效管理。2、在生产方式管理方面的差别MRPII系统把企业归类为几种典型的生产方式进行管理，如重复制造、批量生产、按订单生产、按订单装配、按库存生产等，对每一种类型都有一套管理标准。而ERP则能很好地支持多企业集成管理制造环境，满足了企业的这种多角化经营需求。3、在管理功能方面的差别ERP除了MRP系统的制造、分销、财务管理功能外，还增加了支持整各个环节之间的运输管理和仓库管理；支持生产保障体系的质量管理、实验室管理、设备维修和备品备件管理；支持对工作流（业务处理流程）的管理。4、在事务处理控制方面的差别MRP是通过计划的及时滚动来控制整个生产过程，它的实
11、时性较差，一般只有实现事中控制。而ERP支持在线分析处理OLAP（online analytical processing，简称OLAP）、售后服务及质量反馈，强调企业的事前控制能力，它可以将设计、制造、销售、运输等通过集成来并行地进行各种相关的作业，为企业提供了对质量、适应变化、客户满意、效绩等关键问题的实时分析能力5、在跨国（或地区）经营事务处理方面的差别现代企业的发展，使得企业内部各个组织单元之间、企业与外部的业务单元之间的协调变得越来越多和越来越重要，ERP运用完善的组织架构，从而可以支持跨国经营的多国家地区、多工厂、多语种、多币制应用需求。6、在计算机信息处理技术方面的差别随着IT技
12、术的飞速发展，网络通信技术的应用，使得ERP得以实现对整个供需链信息进行集成管理。ERP应用客户/服务器体系结构和分布式数据处理技术，支持Internet/Intranet/Extranet、电子商务、电子数据交换等，此外，还能实现在不同平台上的互操作。n 39 days. Never had I eaten spaghetti, and 40 of the grown-ups had enough experience to be 41 it. What laughing 42 we had about the 43 respectable method for moving spaghet
13、ti from plate to mouth. 44 , I wanted to write about that, but I wanted to 45 it down simply for my own 46 , not for Mr. Fleagle, my composition teacher. 47 , I would write something else.When I finished it the night was half gone and there was no 48 left to write a proper composition for Mr. Fleagl
14、e. There was no choice next morning but to 49 my work. Two days passed before Mr. Fleagle returned the 50 papers. He said, Now, class, I want to read you a composition, The Art of Eating Spaghetti. My words! He was reading my words out 51 to the whole class. 52 laughed, then the whole class was laug
15、hing with open-hearted enjoyment. I did my best not to show 53 , but what I was feeling was pure happiness, 54 my words had the power to make people 55 . 36 A. memory B. thought C. knowledge D. experience 37 A. when B. where C. since D. after 38 A. cooked B. served C. got D. made 39 A. their B. past
16、 C. last D. those 40 A. none B. one C. earns D. neither 41 A. careful about B. good at C. fond of D. interested in 42 A. speeches B. lessons C. sayings D. arguments 43 A. nearly B. naturally C. officially D. socially 44 A. Especially B. Probably C. Suddenly D. Fortunately 45 A. settle B. put C. bite
17、 D. let 46 A. work B. story C. luck D. joy 47 A. However B. Therefore C. As for him D. Except for that 48 A. time B. excuse C. way D. idea 49 A. give up B. continue C. hand in D. delay 50 A. written B. graded C. collected D. calmly 51 A. loud B. fast C. publicly D. calmly 52 A. People B. Nobody C. S
18、omebody D. I 53 A. shock B. wonder C. worry D. pleasure 54 A. if B. for C. while D. although 55 A. excited B. satisfied C. think D. laugh五、阅读理解（每题1分，共20分）（一）Most great inventors in the capitalist society meet with much opposition to their inventions from the people who place their own interests befo
19、re those of the people. Big monopolies try to buy inventions and turn them to their own profits. When they fail, they resort to other tricks. Inventors have to overcome thousands of difficulties put in their path before they can see their dreams realized. When George Stephenson was experimenting wit
20、h the stream engine, there was much opposition from the Parliament, the newspaper, and landlords. They claimed that the noise and the smoke would kill cows, horses and sheep, that the engine would burst or that hot coals from it would set fire to their houses. So it was a very difficult matter for G
21、eorge Stephenson to persuade the people that trains could go on smooth rails, could pull carriages and wagons full of people and goods, and that there was no great danger of accidents. However, he was able to do it, and the first train driven by Stephenson himself showed that the newly invented stea
22、m engine was a complete success.56. The word those in the first sentence refers to A. inventors B. inventions C. interests D. monopolies 57.Why do big monopolies buy inventions? A. They want to make a further research. B. They want to improve them. C. They want to make more money. D. They want to pl
23、ay tricks with inventors. 58.Which of the following is not the very reason for the opposition to Stephensons experiment? A. It would make terrible noise. B. It would give off heavy smoke. C. It would waste coal. D. It would set fire to houses. 59. The word dream in the first paragraph refers to _ A.
24、 inventors interests in inventions B. inventors plans for inventions C. the profits inventors would make D. the difficulties in their inventions. 60. What is the main idea of this paragraph? A. Stephenson invented the stream engine. B. Big monopolies opposed to inventions. C. Inventors difficulties
25、in their invention. D. Oppositions to Stephenson the inventor.（二）As a young girl, Elizabeth Barrett (Browning英国作家勃朗宁) ruptured a blood vessel on the lungs which did not heal. The physician consigned her to a milder climate for the winter and she went Devonshire for restoration. Among the members of
26、her family who accompanied her to those healing shores was her eldest brother.For a whole year they lived side by side in affectionate companionship, she all the while being greatly benefited by mild sea breezes of Torquay. One summer morning her brother went board a small sailboat with two friends
27、for a trip of several hours around the coast. Just as the vessel came in sight of the window where Miss Barrett sat watching, the boat struck a sunken reef; and all who were in it went down and perished in the sea, before assistant could be rendered. None of the bodies were ever found although the w
28、hole village, full of sympathy, assembled in search. This was the tragedy which utterly prostrated for some years afterwards the health and soul of Elizabeth Barrett. Somehow she felt that she herself had in some measure been the cause of all this horror, and she suffered accordingly. Her whole bein
29、g seemed shattered, and a year longer elapsed before, she was able to be more to London. This fatal event, which so saddened her youth gave also a still deeper devotional feeling to hue of sorrow so apparent in many of her earlier pieces.61.What sort of climate did Elizabeths doctor prescribe? A. Te
30、mperate. B. Tropical. C. Humid. D. Arid.62.How many people were drowned when the boat sank? A. One B. Two C. Three D. The article doesnt indicate63. How did the tragedy affect Elizabeth? A. It affected her physically but not emotionally. B. It affected her emotionally but not physically. C. It did not affect her in any way. D. It affected her both physically and emotionally. 64. Whom did she blame for the accident? A. Her brother. B. Herself. C. No one. D. The villagers.65. The incident
