1、.2018年考研英语(一)真题（word版）2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, its a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile thi
2、ngs: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings
3、and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts
4、of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult test
5、er holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “Whats in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the childr
6、en who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. A on B like C for D from2. A faith B concern C a
7、ttention D interest3. A benefit B debt C hope D price4. A Therefore B Then C Instead D Again5. AUntil B Unless C Although D When6. A selects B produces C applies D maintains7. A consult B compete C connect D compare8. A at B by Cof Dto9. A context B mood C period D circle10.A counterparts B substitu
8、tes C colleagues Dsupporters11.A Funny B Lucky C Odd D Ironic12.A monitor B protect C surprise D delight13.A between B within C toward D over14.A transferred B added C introduced D entrusted15.A out B back C around D inside16.A discovered B proved C insisted D .remembered17.A betrayed Bwronged C foo
9、led D mocked18.A forced B willing C hesitant D entitled19.A In contrast B As a result C On the whole D For instance20.A inflexible B incapable C unreliable D unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
10、B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of
11、U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering have aro
12、used their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it
13、eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The f
14、irst step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should
15、do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The
16、challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best
17、 uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need t
18、o be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to t
19、hose who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?A Leading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class
20、workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the authors view?A Worries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssues arising from automation need to be tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.Education in the age of autom
21、ation should put more emphasis onA creative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed atA encouraging the development of automation.Bincreasing the return on capital investment.Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor.Dpr
22、eventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem withA opposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps
23、use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up
24、 their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News foun
25、d 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed
26、 trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources a: 3000回车输入轴线编号: 1/B回车拾取参考轴线:回车图 19单段画次梁 通过以上的操作，我们已经添加了2条辅助轴线：1/A轴和1/B轴。下面，我们通过这两条轴线形成的交点，来添加次梁线。3. 绘制次梁菜单：TS平面梁画直线梁（梁平面画直线梁）点取菜单后，先按图 19填写好梁的绘制参数，同时命令行出现下面提示：点取梁线起点:图 17 中P5点点取梁线终点:图 17 中P6点点取梁线起点 U-回退:图 17 中P7点点取梁线终点:图 17 中P8点点取梁线起点 U-回退:回车现在，所有
27、的梁线均已绘制完成，梁线相交部分已有程序自动处理好。但柱子内还有一些梁线穿过，我们可以通过交线处理命令来进行修正。4. 交线处理菜单：TS平面梁交线处理（梁平面交线处理）点取菜单后，命令行出现下面提示：用窗口选择要进行交线处理的区域:窗口第一角:图 17 中P1点另一角:图 17 中P2点开始交线处理，共选择了梁墙线28根。交线处理完毕!命令执行后，会把柱子里面的梁线全部清除。图 20梁集中标注5. 梁集中标注菜单：TS平面梁集中标注（梁平面梁集中标）点取菜单后，程序进入图 20对话框。调整好输入数据后，点取OK按钮，命令行出现下面提示：请选取标注对象:图 17 中P9点点取文字位置:图 17
28、 中P0点绘制好梁线的图形见图 17。6. 梁板剖面菜单：TS工具常用符号梁断面号2（符号梁断面号2）点取菜单后，命令行出现下面提示：请选择一条边:图 21中P1请选择另一条边:图 21中P2请输入梁板标高差: 120 回车请选择一条边:回车图 21梁剖面图这时，我们已经将图形左上角的楼板下沉了120mm。下面，我们把该楼板的边缘梁线改成实线。由于构成该楼板左右2侧的梁是主梁，因此我们在把梁线变实前，首先要利用AutoCAD的Break命令，把这2根主梁线在P3、P4点断开。7. 虚实变换菜单：TS平面梁虚实变换（梁平面虚实变换）点取菜单后，命令行出现下面提示：选择要变换的梁线: W回车第一角
29、点: 图 21中P5另一角点:图 21中P6选择对象: 回车现在，我们已经把板边梁线变成了实线。下面，我们来标注一下梁宽。8. 梁宽标注菜单：TS工具尺寸梁宽墙厚（尺寸梁宽墙厚）点取菜单后，命令行出现下面提示：选取要标注宽度(厚度)的梁(墙):选择图 21中P7点梁线选取要标注宽度(厚度)的梁(墙):回车这样，我们的梁宽就标好了。现在，我们来观察一下图形，发现AB轴之间、BC轴之间的尺寸依然是6米，没有在我们添加了1/A轴和1/B轴之后断开。下面，我们就把这里处理一下。9. 标注断开菜单：TS工具尺寸标注断开（尺寸标注断开）点取菜单后，命令行出现下面提示：拾取要拆分的尺寸:选择图 21中P8点
30、尺寸点取尺寸断开点 /输断开长度 /n - n等分:图 21中P9这样，左侧的BC轴之间的尺寸就被拆开成2个3米，我们按照相同的方法，把其他1/A轴和1/B轴之间的尺寸断开。接下来，我们来绘制梁的截面详图。10. 剖切符号菜单：TS工具常用符号截面剖切（符号截面剖切）在绘制梁的截面之前，我们首先在平面图上绘制剖切符号。点取菜单后，命令行出现下面提示：图 22梁截面详图请给出截面剖切符号起点:点取图 22中P1点请给出截面剖切符号终点:点取图 22中P2点请给出截面剖切方向:点取图 22中P3点请输入截面剖切号:回车现在，梁的截面剖切符号已经画好了，下面我们来画梁的截面详图。图 23梁截面对话框
31、11. 截面详图菜单：TS构件梁截面（梁详图梁截面）点取菜单后，出现图 23所示对话框。修改相关数据之后，点取确定按钮，命令行出现下面提示：请选择图形插入点: 点取图 22中P4点现在，我们的梁图基本上绘制完成了，见图 22。二 布置楼板1. 布预制楼板菜单：TS平面板布预制板（楼板布预制板）点取菜单后，命令行出现下面提示：请选择板内一点:点取图 24中P1板支撑方向: 点取图 24中P2图 24布置楼板这时，屏幕上出现图 25所示对话框，我们填写号相关数据后，只要点取确定按钮，一块预制楼板就会自动在图形上生成了。图 25制楼板对话框2. 楼板开洞菜单：TS平面板楼板开洞（楼板楼板开洞）下面，
32、我们在楼板上开设洞口。点取菜单后，出现图 26所示对话框；在填写好相关数据后，点取插入按钮，命令行出现一下提示：图 26楼板开洞请输入洞定位点:点取图 24中P3点转折点或标注点位置:点取图 24中P4点请输入标注点:点取图 24中P5点图 27钢筋控制框这样，我们在平面上布置楼板的工作就完成了。下面，我们进一步对楼板上的钢筋进行补充。3. 板内正筋菜单：TS工具钢筋自动正筋（钢筋自动正筋）点取菜单后，出现图 27钢筋控制框所示对话框，我们可以直接在上面控制绘制钢筋的数据；同时在命令行出现以下提示：选取钢筋第一点:点取图 28中P1按回车:点取图 28中P2输入钢筋直径和间距(dXXXX或DX
33、XXX):d6100 回车输入钢筋编号:1回车现在，板内正筋就已经绘制完成了。下面，我们继续布置板的负筋。图 28绘制楼板内的钢筋4. 板边负筋菜单：TS工具钢筋自动负筋（钢筋自动负筋）点取菜单后，出现图 27钢筋控制框所示对话框，我们把钢筋级别改为二级，并且打开标注选项；这时在命令行出现以下提示：选取钢筋第一点:点图 28中P3这时，将光标移动到图 28中P4附近。Dist-输入距离/选取钢筋第二点/:d回车输入距离值:1500回车输入钢筋直径和间距(dXXXX或DXXXX):D12150回车输入钢筋编号:2回车第一根板边负筋就已经绘制好了，我们再次点取命令，绘制靠中间的负筋：选取钢筋第一点
34、:点图 28中P5这时，将光标移动到图 28中P6附近。Left-左边距离 /Right-右边距离/选取钢筋第二点/:L回车输入左边距离值:1500回车输入右边距离值:1500回车输入钢筋直径和间距(dXXXX或DXXXX):D12150回车输入钢筋编号:3回车至此，这张梁板布置图形已经基本完成了。下面我们利用文字的功能对它进行完善。三 图形完善1. 文字输入在结构绘图过程中，我们经常要使用到各种特殊符号，如：钢筋、；另外，由于在AutoCAD中没有提供排版功能，致使我们在使用AutoCAD中的文字功能进行结构绘图时，会感觉非常不方便。为此，TSSD提供了大量的文字工具，使得这一矛盾得到很好的
35、解决。菜单：TS工具文字多行输入（文字多行输入）点取菜单后，出现图 29所示对话框：对话框的第一行是一排按钮，用于输入钢筋直径和角标等特殊符号；在第二行的编辑框中，我们可以很方便的对文字高度、行间距和每行的字符数进行调整，从而达到排版的目的；最右侧的一排按钮可以对文字进行增强处理：图 29多行文字输入例如，我们在结构中经常需要写一些“构造要求”，但这些文字在AutoCAD中不方便排版；这时，我们可以先把“构造要求”用记事本等工具写好后保存起来。然后点取文件导入功能，屏幕出现图 30所示对话框，选择已经写好的文本文件，如x:tssd14samplebeam.txt，然后点取打开按钮，文件中的内容
36、就会被传入到多行文字输入的编辑框里面来；我们进行相关调整后点取确定按钮，命令行出现提示：图 30文件导入请选取文字插入点:点取图 31中P1点图 31文字说明这样，我们的文字说明就写好了，如果您对输出的结果仍不满意，还可以用多行编辑对已有文字反复进行调整。下面，我们把本图的名称添加上去，这样，这张图形看起来就更加完整了。2. 图形名称菜单：TS工具符号图形名字（符号图形名字）点取菜单后，出现图 32所示对话框；在填写好相关内容后，点取插入按钮，这时命令行出现提示：图 32图形名称选取文字插入点:点取图 31中P2点完成后洀渀漀瀀焀爀猀琀甀瘀眀砀礀稀笀簀紀縀缀耀脀舀茀萀蔀蘀蜀蠀褀言謀谀贀踀輀退鄀鈀錀鐀销阀需頀餀騀鬀鰀鴀鸀鼀一伀倀儀刀匀吀唀嘀圀堀夀娀嬀尀崀帀开怀愀戀挀搀攀昀最栀椀樀欀氀洀渀漀瀀焀爀猀琀甀瘀眀砀礀稀笀簀紀縀缀耀脀舀茀萀蔀蘀蜀蠀褀言謀谀贀踀輀退鄀鈀錀鐀销阀需頀餀騀鬀鰀鴀鸀鼀一伀倀儀刀匀吀唀嘀
