1、entions）：说明确切的治疗或 处理方法 6主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）： 说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目 7结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果 8结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括 直接临床应用意义。 23 Informative abstract 全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors），同时也更符合计算机数据库 的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而 易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长, 而且 不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的
2、 。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结 构式（semi-structured）摘要。 24 Informative abstract 半结构式(semi-structured)摘要： 半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括 ： 目的（objective/purpose/aim） 方法（methods） 结果（results） 结论（conclusion） 采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体 要求而定。 25 Indicative abstract 指示型摘要 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性 摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract), 一般只用二三句话概括
3、论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告 等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是 否需要阅读全文。 该种摘要通常包含研究目的、方法，但不 提供研究结果、结论和建议等，只有阅读全文 才能得知具体的结果和结论。 26 Informative-indicative abstract 报道-指示型摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中 的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的 形式表述其余部分。 27 Parts of an Abstract The abstract is a very brief overview of your ENTIRE study. It tells th
4、e reader： WHAT you did, WHY you did it, HOW you did it, WHAT you found, WHAT it means. 28 Parts of an Abstract The abstract should briefly state： the purpose of the research (introduction), how the problem was studied (methods), the principal findings (results), what the findings mean (discussion an
5、d conclusion). It is important to be descriptive but concise say only what is essential, using no more words than necessary to convey meaning. 29 Tense of Abstract 说法一：从理论上讲 一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭 示自然界的客观规律。 一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规律 性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性。 现在完成时 表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（或过程） 发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响。 以
6、一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和现在完成时 30 Tense of Abstract 说法二： EI 数据库建议： 用过去时态叙述作者工作； 用现在时态叙述作者结论 说法三: 论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。 所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在 或将来都是如此。故常用现在时表达 31 Tense of Abstract 摘要写作时所采用的时态应视情况而定, 力求 表达自然、妥当. 写作中可大致遵循以下原则 介绍背景资料时, 如果句子的内容为不受时间 影响的普遍事实, 应使用现在时 1.Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in
7、plants. 2.Among plant secondary metabolites terpenoids are a structurally most diverse group 3.Synthetic genetic approaches often reveal potential interacting partners for any given target protein 32 Tense of Abstract 介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种 研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成时 1.The advances in molecular biology have gre
8、atly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses. 2.DNA microarrays have long been the established technology for measuring gene expression levels 3.It has been known that the transverse orientation is essential for normal cell morphogenesis 33 Tense of Abstract 介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研 究趋
9、势的概述, 则使用现在完成时 4, Water deficit-induced ABA accumulation is one of the most important stress signaling pathways in plant cells. Redox regulation of cellular signaling has currently attracted particular attention, but much less is known about its roles and mechanisms in plant signaling. 34 Tense of A
10、bstract 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采 用“论文导向”, 多使用现在时 (如: This paper presents) 1.This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors. 2.The paper aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe . 3.This review focuses on the contribut
11、ion of electron techniques to our understanding of cellular processes 35 Tense of Abstract 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采用 “研究 导向”, 则使用过去时(如: This study investigated) 1.This study investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients . 2.Our aim was to explore the relationship betwee
12、n the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds 3.The present study investigated whether NO activity is involved in the signaling of drought- induced protective responses 36 Tense of Abstract 概述实验程序、方法时, 通常用现在时 1.We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing . 2.W
13、e present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a detector 3.We report here that immature thymocytes lacking . 37 Tense of Abstract 概述实验程序、方法时, 通常用现在时,但 描述的是具体已经发生的行为和动作时,用 过去时 1.To investigate the mechanisms controlling flowering time, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with late- flowerin
14、g phenotypes. One mutant was identified with delayed flowering time. 2.A plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus was analyzed. 38 Tense of Abstract 概述主要结果时, 通常用现在时 1.Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. 2.The results we obtained demonstrate that this
15、technique . 3.We present the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from . 39 Tense of Abstract 概述主要结果时, 但是也有相当的刊物 用过去时 1.The results showed that childrens material needs and basic requirements . 2.Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables. 40 Tense of Abstr
16、act 叙述结论或建议时, 可使用现在时、臆测动 词或may, should, could等助动词 1.We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of . 2.Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt 41 摘要的人称和语态 有相当数量的作
17、者和审稿人认为， 科技 论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动 语态。但调查表明， 科技论文中被动语态的 使用在19201970年曾经比较流行， 但由于 主动语态的表达更为准确， 且更易阅读，因 而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态，国际 知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此， 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。 42 摘要的常用句式 引言部分 回顾研究背景, 常用词汇有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 1.We review evidence for this view of . 2.This paper outlin
18、es some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical and practical issues. 3.We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as . 4.We present estimators for several . 5.We describe the conceptual background and development of . 43 摘要的常用句式 引言部分 阐明写作或研究目的, 常用词汇有: purpose, attempt, aim
19、等; 另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的 状语来表达 1.We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. 2.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. 3.For comparison purposes we present some . 4.With the aim to provide observational co
20、nstraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived . 44 摘要的常用句式 引言部分 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围, 常用的词汇有: study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 1.This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the relationship with . 2.This paper focuses on the promise of artif
21、icial neural networks. 3.We emphasize the following points . 4.The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of . 5.We draw attention to two problems associated with . 45 摘要的常用句式 方法部分 介绍研究或试验过程, 常用词汇有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 1.We
22、tested this hypothesis in various human T cells . 2.This paper examines how the molecular shapes of . 3.This paper discusses a class of models for . 4.This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function. 46 摘要的常用句式 方法部分 说明研究或试验方法, 常用词汇有: measure, estimate, calculate等 1. This study
23、presents estimates of lifetime . 2.We assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 m emission. 3.We provide a analytic procedure to calculate the equilibrium profiles 47 摘要的常用句式 方法部分 介绍应用、用途, 常用词汇有: use, apply, applic
24、ation等 1.Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach. 2.As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm. 3.We apply the network to the source separation problem. 48 摘要的常用句式 结果部分 展示研究结果, 常用词汇有: show, result, present, demonstrate等 1.We show this cell death to be dependent upon expr
25、ession of . 2.Our results show that p53 exerts a significant in . 3.The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to . 49 摘要的常用句式 结果部分 介绍结论, 常用词汇有: summary, introduce, conclude等 1.We introduce a procedure that suppresses noise. 2.We conclude that PQL is of practical value for . 3.We give a summary of the main physics component of . 50 摘要的常用句式 讨论部分 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点, 常用词汇有: suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等 1.The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development . 2.In this study, we described a psychobiologica
