1、Columbia University Shivaram Kalyanakrishnan, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Ece Kamar, Microsoft Research Sarit Kraus, Bar Ilan University Kevin Leyton-Brown, University of British Columbia David Parkes, Harvard University William Press, University of Texas at Austin AnnaLee (Anno) Saxenian,
2、 University of California, Berkeley Julie Shah, Massachussets Institute of Technology Milind Tambe, University of Southern California Astro Teller, X Acknowledgments: The members of the Study Panel gratefully acknowledge the support of and valuable input from the Standing Committee, especially the c
3、hair, Barbara Grosz, who handled with supreme grace the unenviable role of mediating between two large, very passionate committees. We also thank Kerry Tremain for his tireless and insightful input on the written product during the extensive editing and polishing process, which unquestionably streng
4、thened the report considerably.4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a science and a set of computational technologies that are inspired bybut typically operate quite differently fromthe ways people use their nervous systems and bodies to sense, learn, reason, and take action. While th
5、e rate of progress in AI has been patchy and unpredictable, there have been significant advances since the fields inception sixty years ago. Once a mostly academic area of study , twenty-first century AI enables a constellation of mainstream technologies that are having a substantial impact on every
6、day lives. Computer vision and AI planning, for example, drive the video games that are now a bigger entertainment industry than Hollywood. Deep learning, a form of machine learning based on layered representations of variables referred to as neural networks, has made speech-understanding practical
7、on our phones and in our kitchens, and its algorithms can be applied widely to an array of applications that rely on pattern recognition. Natural Language Processing (NLP) and knowledge representation and reasoning have enabled a machine to beat the Jeopardy champion and are bringing new power to We
8、b searches. While impressive, these technologies are highly tailored to particular tasks. Each application typically requires years of specialized research and careful, unique construction. In similarly targeted applications, substantial increases in the future uses of AI technologies, including mor
9、e self-driving cars, healthcare diagnostics and targeted treatments, and physical assistance for elder care can be expected. AI and robotics will also be applied across the globe in industries struggling to attract younger workers, such as agriculture, food processing, fulfillment centers, and facto
10、ries. They will facilitate delivery of online purchases through flying drones, self-driving trucks, or robots that can get up the stairs to the front door. This report is the first in a series to be issued at regular intervals as a part of the One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100
11、). Starting from a charge given by the AI100 Standing Committee to consider the likely influences of AI in a typical North American city by the year 2030, the 2015 Study Panel, comprising experts in AI and other relevant areas focused their attention on eight domains they considered most salient: tr
12、ansportation; service robots; healthcare; education; low-resource communities; public safety and security; employment and workplace; and entertainment. In each of these domains, the report both reflects on progress in the past fifteen years and anticipates developments in the coming fifteen years. T
13、hough drawing from a common source of research, each domain reflects different AI influences and challenges, such as the difficulty of creating safe and reliable hardware (transportation and service robots), the difficulty of smoothly interacting with human experts (healthcare and education), the ch
14、allenge of gaining public trust (low-resource communities and public safety and security), the challenge of overcoming fears of marginalizing humans (employment and workplace), and the social and societal risk of diminishing interpersonal interactions (entertainment). The report begins with a reflec
15、tion on what constitutes Artificial Intelligence, and concludes with recommendations concerning AI-related policy . These recommendations include accruing technical expertise about AI in government and devoting more resourcesand removing impedimentsto research on the fairness, security , privacy , a
16、nd societal impacts of AI systems. Contrary to the more fantastic predictions for AI in the popular press, the Study Panel found no cause for concern that AI is an imminent threat to humankind. No machines with self-sustaining long-term goals and intent have been developed, nor are they likely to be
17、 developed in the near future. Instead, increasingly useful applications of AI, with potentially profound positive impacts on our society and economy are likely to emerge between now and 2030, the period this report considers. At the same time, many of these developments will spur disruptions in Sub
18、stantial increases in the future uses of AI applications, including more self-driving cars, healthcare diagnostics and targeted treatment, and physical assistance for elder care can be expected. 5 how human labor is augmented or replaced by AI, creating new challenges for the economy and society more broadly . Application design and policy decisions made in the near term are likely to have long-lasting influences on the nature and directions of such developments, making it important for AI researchers, developers, social scientis
