1、standards will ultimately be required for microprocessors, devices, and device modules, as well as the 3 main layers of network infrastructure: Core network, the backbone of network exchanges, gathering and dispatching data packages Radio Access Network, made up of equipment that links the core netw
2、ork to user devices Services and systems, overall architecture and service capabilities Each of these layers requires the coordination of multiple hardware and software elements that were developed by independent technology vendors. Interoperability amongst them is necessary to ensure good network p
3、erformance and economic efficiency in production. Technical standards aim at ensuring interoperability. As 5G involves stakeholders from other industries, the standardization process is broader than for 4G: it includes standards for specific application interfaces. For successful, universal 5G, it i
4、s vital to produce hardware with a general design based on common standards with exible network capabilities. If modules and user devices have standardized interfaces and specications, the industry will benet from better scale effects and faster 5G adoption. 2.1 Standards benet consumers and compani
5、es as they lower investment and deployment costs, facilitate connectivity and foster interoperability8 Founded in 1998 by regional standards organizations, 3GPP produces the Technical Reports and Technical Specications that dene 3GPP technologies: Nature of the organization: “Non political“ role in
6、decision-making, but “a partnership“ between Standard Development Organizations (SDOs); culture of consensus drives decision making process; focused on science and technology Structure and procedures: Technical specification groups (TSG) dedicated to Radio Access Network, Services clearly dened agen
7、das, deadlines, and rules 5G standards are developed by 3GPP in multiple releases. Release 15 started in 2017. Release 16 is set to be completed in 2020. Release 17, expected for 2021, will bring more technologies for industry applications. Release 15 is the rst set of 5G standards including standal
8、one 5G (5G RAN and the 5G new Core Network) and non-standalone 5G (a migration architecture helping MNOs to switch from a LTE to a 5G based system). Standalone 5G was frozen in June 2018 and non-standalone 5G was frozen in December 2017. 2.2 Cooperation among standards organizations and all stakehol
9、ders has been expanded for 5G Figure 3: 5G standardization roadmap and milestones Sources: 3GPP website, 3GPP Workshop October 23rd-24th 2018, Roland Berger TSG # 3GPP Release 15 3GPP Release 16 2017 Q1 Q3 Q2 Q4 Q1 Q3 Q2 Q4 Q1 Q3 Q2 Q4 Q1 Q2 75 77 76 78 79 81 80 82 83 85 84 86 87 88 3GPP Release 14
10、2018 2019 2020 Rel.14 Extension Rel.15 Stage 1 Rel.15 Stage 2 Rel.15 Stage 3 Rel.15 ASN.1 5G Non-standalone 5G full incl. standalone Rel.16 Stage 1 Rel.16 Stage 2 Rel.16 Stage 3 5G Vehicle to X (V2X) 5G Industrial IoT 5G URLLC enhancements Rel.16 ASN.1 3GPP 3-stage methodology Stage 1: Service descr
11、iption from a service-users point of view Stage 2: Architecture to support the service requirements Stage 3: Concrete implementation of the functionality & protocols Technical Enhancement9 Release 16, expected to be published in mid-2020, will contain technical enhancements relating to general impro
12、vements in 5G and industry-specic topics. Release 16 has 2 important vertical sectors: automotive and industrial automation. Automotive: Release 16 will include advanced V2X features primarily based on low latency, for use cases such as platooning. Industrial automation: Release 16 will support fact
13、ory automation by dening time sensitive networking and high reliability. 3GPPs objective is to make 5G NR complement wired Ethernet connections in factories. URLLC enhancement are key advances in Release 16. Release 16 will also support other vertical industries such as Transportation (e.g. Future Mobile Communication System for Railways), and Me
