1、RJ语法专题词法和句法考点解读实战演练教师备用习题专题9定语从句考点解读1.2018全国卷Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdisease高考链接答案that或which考查定语从句的关系词。此处astudy是先行词,其在定语从句中作主语,故填that或which。考点解读2.2018全国卷TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005whent
2、hegovernmentstartedasoil-testingprogrammegivesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers答案that/which考查定语从句。根据前面的asoil-testingprogramme及空格处缺少主语可知,填that/which。考点解读3.2017全国卷ButSarah,hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.答案who分析句子结构可知,此处是一个定语从句,缺少关系词,代指先行词Sarah
3、,在从句中作主语,故填who。考点解读4.20176月浙江卷wasspreadoverthegarden,itremaineduntilthecarrotsleafytopaccidentallysprouted(生长)throughit.答案where此处先行词是thegarden,在从句中充当地点状语,故填where。考点解读5.2016全国卷ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,IwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcari
4、ngforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.答案when此句是非限制性定语从句,先行词是时间名词,从句缺少状语,故填关系副词when。考点归纳考点一关系代词引导的定语从句规则1 who,whom,whose引导的定语从句who和whom指人,who在定语从句中作主语;whom在定语从句中作宾语,在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom;whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语,指物时可用ofwhich代替,指人时可用ofwhom代替。Somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailino
5、therfields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。考点解读考点归纳Myeldestson,whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld,isinNewYorkatthemoment.我大儿子目前在纽约,他的工作让他全世界到处跑。规则2 that,which引导的定语从句that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,作宾语或表语时可省略;which指物,在定语从句中作主语和宾语,作宾语时,在限制性定语从句中可省略。另外,which可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。考点解读考点归纳Thelittleproblemsthat/whichw
6、emeetinourdailylivesmaybeinspirationsforgreatinventions.我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题有可能会成为伟大发明的灵感。ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership,whichshowsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina.今日中国吸引了世界各地的读者,这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。考点解读考点归纳温馨提示 下列情况只用that不用which:先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothi
7、ng,little,much,few等不定代词;先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰;先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词;先行词被theonly,thevery(正是,恰是),thelast修饰;先行词中既有人也有物;在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。考点解读考点归纳考点二关系副词引导的定语从句先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词,从句中缺少状语时用关系副词when,where,why。有时可用“介词+which”结构替换。Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefus
8、edouroffer?这就是他拒绝我们的帮助的理由吗?Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。考点解读考点归纳温馨提示 当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时,即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词,仍用which/that引导定语从句。当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词,如point,situation,case,stage等,如果引导词在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where引导定语从句;如果作主语、宾语或表语,则用关系代词that/which。考点解读考点归纳考点三“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
9、若介词放在关系代词之前,关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后,即“介词+whose+名词”结构。TradingleathershoesisthebusinesstowhichtheGreensaredevoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。In1961theUNsetuptheWorldFoodProgramme,oneofwhosepurposesistorelieveworldwidestarvation.1961年,联合国成立了世界粮食计划署,其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。考点解读考点归纳LastSundayIboughtsom
10、ebooksfromthebookstore,threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstore,ofwhichthreewereEnglishnovels.上星期日我从书店买了一些书,其中三本是英文小说。温馨提示 在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代词或数词的前后可以用ofwhich/whom。the+比较级或最高级前后用ofwhich/whom等。考点解读考点归纳考点四as,which引导的定语从句as作关系代词用来
11、引导非限制性定语从句,意为“正如,正像”,as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中;which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容则只能位于句末。Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.正如报道的那样,吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。Itisatrulydelightfulplace,whichlooksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.这真是一个令人愉快的地方,它看上去和100年前的样子
12、一样,有蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的村舍。考点解读考点归纳温馨提示 as常用在下列习惯用语中:as(it)oftenhappens,asIremember,asisoftenthecase,asisexpected,asisknowntous,asisshown等。“such/sothat”表示“如此以致”的意思,用来引导一个结果状语从句;而“such/soas”表示“像这样”的意思,用来引导定语从句,as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。“thesamethat”表示同一个人或物,而“thesameas”表示同种类的人或物。考点解读实战演练.单句填空1.Sheandherfamilybicycletow
13、ork,helpsthemkeepfit.答案which句意:她和家人骑自行车上班,这有助于帮助他们保持健康。此句是非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个分句,故用which来指代前面的句子并作主语。实战演练2.Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson,madehiseldersondiscouraged.答案which句意:那个老人把生意交给了小儿子,这使他的大儿子很沮丧。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面一整句话的内容,并在从句中作主语,故填which。实战演练3.IwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillageIspe
14、ntmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.答案where句意:我永远不会忘记那个如此美丽的村庄,在那里我和祖父母一起度过我的童年。设空处引导定语从句,先行词是village,且在从句中作地点状语,因此用where引导,相当于inwhich。实战演练4.Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry,hadalsovolunteeredtohelp.答案who句意:在那里他们遇到了从这个国家其他地方来的人,他们也是自愿来帮忙的。分析句子结构可知,此处应是非限制性定语从句的引导词,先行词是people,从句缺少主语,故填关系代词who
15、。实战演练5.Thebooktellsstoriesoftheearthquakethroughtheeyesofthoseliveswereaffected.答案whose句意:这本书从生活遭受地震影响的人们的视角来讲述地震的故事。主句结构完整,先行词为those,引导词代替先行词在从句中修饰名词lives,作定语,因此用whose。实战演练6.Onanautumnafternoon,weweresenttoafarmwelearnttoplantpotatoes.答案where句意:在一个秋天的下午,我们被送到一个农场,在那里我们学习了种植土豆。设空处引导定语从句修饰先行词afarm,且在
16、从句中作地点状语,故用where引导。实战演练7.Itshelpfultoputchildreninasituationtheycanseethemselvesdifferently.答案where句意:让孩子们处于能看到不同的自己的境地对他们很有帮助。situation作定语从句的先行词,从句中缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where引导该定语从句。实战演练8.Hewrotemanychildrensbooks,nearlyhalfofwerepublishedinthe1990s.答案which句意:他写了很多少儿读物,几乎一半都是在20世纪90年代出版的。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,对主句进
17、行补充说明。在介词of之后作宾语,代替指物的先行词childrensbooks,故用which。实战演练9.Tomsnewwatchhandsaremadeofgoldisquiteexpensive.答案whose句意:汤姆的新手表的指针是金制的,相当昂贵。设空处引导定语从句,先行词为watch,hands与watch之间为所属关系,应用whose引导该定语从句。实战演练10.Manyyoungpeople,mostofwerewell-educated,headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.答案whom句意:很多年轻人前往偏远地区去追逐他们的梦想
18、,他们中的大多数都受过良好教育。根据句子结构可知,此处为定语从句,先行词为manyyoungpeople,作介词of的宾语,故要用whom。实战演练11.Kate,sisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewereatcollege,hasgonetoworkinAustralia.答案whose句意:凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了,当我们在大学里时我与她姐姐同住一间宿舍。Kate与sister是所属关系,需用whose引导定语从句。实战演练12.Theairqualityinthecity,isshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomon
19、ths.答案as句意:正如报道显示的那样,过去两个月这座城市的空气质量已经改善了很多。此句用as引导定语从句,并在从句中作主语,意为“正如”。实战演练13.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,hassurprisedusall.答案which此句是非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句,关系词在从句中作主语,故填which。实战演练14.Pleasesendusalltheinformationyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.答案that句意:请你把有关这个职位候选人的所有信息发给我们。先行词information
20、在定语从句中充当have的宾语,前面又有all修饰,故只能用that,不用which。实战演练15.Self-drivingisanareaChinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.答案where句意:自动驾驶是中国和世界其他地区站在同一起跑线上的领域。先行词anarea在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导定语从句。实战演练.单句改错1.2018全国卷Theyalsohadasmallpondwhichtheyraisedfish.答案which改成inwhich或where句意:他们还有一个小池塘,里面养着鱼。asmallpond是
21、先行词,并在后面的定语从句中作地点状语,故用inwhich或where。实战演练2.2017全国卷theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.答案that改为which该处前有逗号,后句为非限制性定语从句,故用which。实战演练3.2016四川卷ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMumsfavourite.答案what改为that/which或者去掉what实战演练4.WealllikeourEnglishteacher,fromhimwehavelearne
22、dalot.答案him改为whom或from前加and实战演练5.Betweenthelecturesisa20minutesbreak,wherethestudentscangetrelaxed.答案where改为when实战演练.语法填空Thingscangowrongonabigscaleasanumberofpeoplerecentlydiscovered.Inactuallife,noteverythingcangosmoothlyjustaswewished.Wehaveall1.(experience)dayswheneverythinggoeswrong.【文章大意】正如很多人
23、发现的那样,在现实生活中并非所有的事情都会一帆风顺。有时,糟糕的事情甚至会导致一连串的连锁反应,这就是所谓的“祸不单行”吧。1.experienced考查动词时态。句意:我们都经历过事事不顺心的日子。此句是现在完成时,根据现在完成时的结构“have/has+done”可知填experienced。实战演练Adaymaybeginwellenough,butsuddenlyeverythingseemstogetoutofcontrol.Whatinvariablyhappensisthatagreatnumberofthingschoosetogowrong2.preciselythesame
24、moment.Itisasifasingleunimportanteventsetupachainof3.(react).答案2.at考查介词。atthesamemoment是固定词组,意为“在同一时刻”。3.reactions考查名词复数。句意:似乎一件小事就会导致一连串的连锁反应。“一连串的连锁反应”应是复数形式,故填reactions。实战演练Letussupposethatyouarepreparingamealandkeeping4.eyeonthebabyatthesametime.Thetelephonerings,5.makesmattersworse.Whileyouareo
25、nthephone,thebabypullsthetableclothoffthetablesmashinghalfyourbestcupsandcutting6.(he)intheprocess.答案4.an考查不定冠词。keepaneyeon是固定词组,意为“注意,照看,留心”。5.which考查定语从句。句意:电话响了,这使事情变得更糟。此句是非限制性定语从句,从句缺少主语,故用which引导定语从句,指代前句内容。6.himself考查代词。句意:当你在接电话时,小孩儿把台布拉了下来,把最好的杯子打碎了一半,同时又割伤了自己。cutoneself划伤了自己。实战演练Youhangup7
26、.(hurry)andattendtothebaby,cups,etc.Meanwhile,themealgets8.(burn).Attheverymoment,youalmostloseyourmind.Butyoutrynotto.答案7.hurriedly考查副词。此处指你匆忙地挂上电话,修饰动词用副词hurriedly表示“仓促地,匆忙地”。8.burnt/burned考查固定词组。getburnt/burned烧伤了,烧着了。实战演练Asifthiswerenotenough9.(reduce)youtotears,yourhusbandarrives,unexpectedly10
27、.(bring)threegueststodinner.Allofasudden,youfindyourselfonlyinsleepingdress,witheverythingonit.Itisjustoneofthosedaysthatdriveyoumad.答案9.toreduce考查动词不定式。句意:好像这还不足以让你流泪,你丈夫回来了,竟然带了三位客人来吃饭。“形容词+enough+todosth”表示“很足以做某事”。10.bringing考查现在分词作状语。句意:好像这还不足以让你流泪,你丈夫回来了,竟然带了三位客人来吃饭。逻辑主语yourhusband与动词bring之间是主
28、动关系,故用bringing作arrives的伴随状语。教师备用习题误区之一 关系代词与关系副词的误用(1)【误】IstillrememberthedayswhenIspentwithfarmersinthecountryside.【正】Istillrememberthedays(that/which)Ispentwithfarmersinthecountryside.分析when改为that/which。先行词是thedays,从句动词spent缺少宾语,故用关系代词that/which引导定语从句并作从句宾语。反面解读教师备用习题(2)【误】Thebighousewhichtheworke
29、rsusedtoliveisnowateachingbuilding.【正】Thebighousewhere/inwhichtheworkersusedtoliveisnowateachingbuilding.分析which前加in或改为where。先行词是thebighouse,从句结构完整,故用关系副词where引导定语从句并作从句状语,相当于inwhich。工人住过的大房子现在是一座教学楼。教师备用习题误区之二关系代词that与which的误用(1)【误】Allthebookswhichwereborrowedfromthelibrarymustbereturnedontime.【正】A
30、llthebooksthatwereborrowedfromthelibrarymustbereturnedontime.分析which改为that。当定语从句的先行词被all,some,any,no,few等修饰时,关系代词用that。句意:所有从图书馆借出的书必须按时归还。教师备用习题(2)【误】Helivesintheroom,thewindowofthatfacesthesouth.【正】Helivesintheroom,thewindowofwhichfacesthesouth.分析that改为which。在“介词+关系代词”型的定语从句中,指物时,关系代词用which不用that;
31、指人时,关系代词用whom不用who。表示所有格关系时,一律用whose,thewindowofwhich相当于whosewindow。教师备用习题(3)【误】Dinnerstartswithasmalldish,thatisoftencalledastarter.【正】Dinnerstartswithasmalldish,whichisoftencalledastarter.分析that改为which。在非限制性定语从句中,用which而不用that。教师备用习题误区之三关系代词与替代词的重复误用【误】Iamwritingtomakeacomplaintthatthemobilephonew
32、hichIboughtitfromyourcompanyhasaproblem.【正】IamwritingtomakeacomplaintthatthemobilephonewhichIboughtfromyourcompanyhasaproblem.分析去掉it。先行词是themobilephone,which在从句中作宾语,故it多余。句意:我写信投诉我在你们公司买的手机有个问题。教师备用习题误区之四关系代词与普通代词的误用(1)【误】YoucanalsomakemoreChinesefriends,theywilltellyoualotaboutChinaandhelpyoulearnC
33、hinese.【正】YoucanalsomakemoreChinesefriends,whowilltellyoualotaboutChinaandhelpyoulearnChinese.【正】YoucanalsomakemoreChinesefriends,andtheywilltellyoualotaboutChinaandhelpyoulearnChinese.分析they改为who或they前加and。分析句式结构可知,此处是一个定语从句,从句缺少主语,故用who引导定语从句,指代moreChinesefriends。whowilltellyou相当于andtheywilltellyo
34、u。教师备用习题(2)【误】Theyweredeeplymoved,mostofthemwerewithtearsintheireyes.【正】Theyweredeeplymoved,mostofwhomwerewithtearsintheireyes.【正】Theyweredeeplymoved,andmostofthemwerewithtearsintheireyes.【正】Theyweredeeplymoved,mostofthemwithtearsintheireyes.分析them改为whom或most前加and或去掉第二个were。分析句式可知,此处是“介词+关系代词”型的定语从句
35、,先行词指人,故用whom引导定语从句。此句还可以改为并列句或独立主格形式。教师备用习题误区之五关系代词或副词的缺失错误【误】Therearemanypeoplethinkthatwealthisbetterthanhealth.【正】Therearemanypeoplewho/thatthinkthatwealthisbetterthanhealth.【正】Therearemanypeoplethinkingthatwealthisbetterthanhealth.分析think前加who/that或think改为thinking。此句是therebe句型,故判断“thinkingthat”
36、用作定语;先行词是people,从句缺少主语,故用who/that引导定语从句,相当于现在分词thinking。教师备用习题误区之六定语从句中主谓不一致的误用(1)【误】Anyonewhohavequestionstoask,pleasecometomyofficethisafternoon.【正】Anyonewhohasquestionstoask,pleasecometomyofficethisafternoon.分析have改为has。who指代先行词anyone,故谓语用单数修饰。句意:有问题要问的人,请今天下午到我办公室来。教师备用习题(2)【误】Thisisoneoftheroomsthatwasdamagedinthefire.【正】Thisisoneoftheroomsthatweredamagedinthefire.分析was改为were。句意:这个房间是那次大火中被烧毁的房间之一。在oneof结构中,先行词为of后的复数名词或代词,从句谓语用复数形式。但当先行词是“theonly/veryoneof+复数名词”时,从句谓语则用单数形式。比较:Thisistheonlyoneoftheroomsthatwasdamagedinthefire.这就是那次大火中唯一一个被烧毁的房间。
