1、 柏拉图对话录英汉双语版 柏拉图对话录全文译读PLATOS DIALOGUES 目 录 688 / 691INTRODUCTORY NOTE1简介1THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES4苏格拉底的道歉4CRITO54克里托篇54INTRODUCTORY NOTE213简介213THE GOLDEN SAYINGS OFEPICTETUS215爱比克泰德的黄金名言215(APPENDIX A)334(附录A)334FRAGMENTS334片段334(APPENDIX B)339(附录B)339THE HYMN OF CLEANTHES339洁净的圣歌339INDEX FOR REFER
2、ENCE342参考索引342INDEX FOR REFERENCETO APPENDIX A351附录a的参考索引351INTRODUCTORY NOTE352简介352THE MEDITATIONS OF MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS354马可奥勒留安东尼的沉思354M.AURELIUS ANTONINUS M.565奥尼利乌斯 安东尼努斯565BY GEORGE LONG， M.A.566乔治朗，文学硕士566THE PHILOSOPHYOF ANTONINUS599安东尼的哲学599BY GEORGE LONG, M.A.599乔治朗，文学硕士599Annotati
3、on651注释651INTRODUCTORY NOTE简介SOCRATES, the son of an Athenian sculptor, was born in 469 B.C.He was trained in his fathers art, but gave it up early to devote is time to the search for truth and virtue.He took his part as a citizen both in war and in peace, and bore the hardships of poverty and a shr
4、ewish wife with calm indifference.He did not give formal instruction after the fashion of other philosophers of his time, but went about engaging people in conversation, seeking, chiefly by questions, to induce his contemporaries, and especially the young men, to think clearly and to act reasonably.
5、He made profession of no knowledge except of his own ignorance, and the famous “Socratic irony” was shown in his attitude of apparent willingness to learn from anyone who professed to know.The inevitable result of such conversations, however, was the reduction of the would-be instructor to a state e
6、ither of irritation at the unmasking of his pretensions, or of humility and eagerness to be instructed by his questioner.It was natural that such a habit should create enemies, and Socrates was finally accused of introducing new gods and of corrupting the youth.His defense, as will be seen from the
7、“Apology,” was conducted with his customary firm adherence to his convictions, and with entire fearlessness of consequences.He could, in all probability, have easily escaped the death sentence had he been willing to take a conciliatory tone, but he died (B.C.399) a martyr to his unswerving devotion
8、to truth.Socrates wrote nothing, and we learn what we know of his teachings chiefly from his disciples, Xenophon and Plato.Plato was also an Athenian, born in 428 B.C.of a distinguished family.He became a disciple of Socrates at the age of twenty, and after the death of his master he traveled in Egy
9、pt, Sicily, and elsewhere, returning to Athens about 388.Here he established his school of philosophy in a garden near a gymnasium, called the Academy, and here he spent the last forty years of his life, numbering among his pupils his great rival in philosophical renown, Aristotle.Unlike Socrates, P
10、lato took no part in the civic life of Athens, but he was much interested in political philosophy, and is said to have been consulted by statesmen both at home and abroad.All the works of Plato have been preserved, and they include, besides those here printed, the “Republic,” “Symposium,” “Phaedrus,
11、” “Protagoras,” “Theaetetus,” “Gorgias,” and many others.They take the form of dialogues, in which Plato himself appears, if at all, only as a listener, and in which the chief speaker is Socrates.As Plato developed the philosophy of Socrates, especially on speculative lines, far beyond the point rea
12、ched by Socrates himself, it is impossible to judge with any exactness precisely how much of the teaching is the masters, how much the pupils.苏格拉底出生于公元前469年，他的父亲是一位雅典雕刻家。他接受的是父亲的艺术训练，但他很早就放弃了这门艺术，把时间花在寻求真理和美德上。无论是在战争时期还是在和平时期，他都尽到一个公民的责任，对贫穷和一个泼妇的妻子所带来的苦难，他都泰然自若。他不像他那个时代的其他哲学家那样进行正式的教学，而是到处与人们交谈，主要通
13、过提问来引导他的同时代人，尤其是年轻人，清晰地思考，合理地行动。除了他自己的无知之外，他什么都不知道。著名的“苏格拉底式的讽刺”表现在他明显愿意向任何自称知道的人学习的态度上。然而，这种谈话的不可避免的结果是，这位想当讲师的人，不是因为自己的自命不凡被揭穿而生气，就是谦卑而急切地想要接受提问者的指导。这样的习惯自然会树敌，苏格拉底最后被指控引入新神和腐蚀青年。他的辩护，正如我们将从“道歉”中看到的那样，是按照他一贯的坚定信念进行的，并且完全不惧后果。如果他愿意采取一种和解的语气，他很可能很容易逃脱死刑，但他死于(公元前399年)，因为他坚定不移地献身于真理。苏格拉底没有写任何东西，我们所知道的
14、他的教诲主要是从他的门徒色诺芬和柏拉图那里学来的。柏拉图也是雅典人，公元前428年出生于一个显赫的家庭。他在二十岁时成为苏格拉底的弟子，在他的导师死后，他游历了埃及、西西里和其他地方，大约在388年回到雅典。在这里，他在一个体育馆附近的花园里建立了自己的哲学学院，叫做学院。在这里，他度过了生命的最后四十年，他的学生中有他在哲学上的伟大竞争对手亚里士多德。与苏格拉底不同，柏拉图不参与雅典的公民生活，但他对政治哲学很感兴趣，据说国内外的政治家都向他请教过。柏拉图的所有著作都被保存了下来，除了这里印刷的那些，还包括理想国、会饮篇、费德努斯、普罗塔哥拉斯、泰阿德图、戈尔吉亚和许多其他的著作。它们以对话
15、的形式出现，在对话中，柏拉图本人，如果有的话，也只是作为一个听众出现，而在对话中，主要的演讲者是苏格拉底。当柏拉图发展苏格拉底的哲学，特别是在思辨的方向上，远远超出苏格拉底本人所能达到的程度时，我们不可能准确地判断出，有多少是老师的教学，有多少是学生的教学。The philosophy of these dialogues has remained for over two thousand years one of the great intellectual influences of the civilized world; and they are as admirable from
16、the point of view of literature as of philosophy.The style is not only beautiful in itself, but is adapted with great dramatic skill to the large variety of speakers; and the suggestion of situation and the drawing of character are the work of a great artist.The three dialogues here given are at onc
17、e favorable examples of the literary skill of Plato and intimate pictures of the personality of his master.两千多年来，这些对话的哲学一直是文明世界最伟大的思想影响之一;从文学和哲学的角度来看，他们都是令人钦佩的。这种风格不仅本身很美，而且以高超的戏剧技巧适应各种各样的演讲者;情境的暗示和人物的描绘是伟大艺术家的作品。这里给出的三篇对话录既是柏拉图文学技巧的好例子，也是他的主人性格的亲密写照。THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES苏格拉底的道歉HOW you have felt,
18、O men of Athens, at hearing the speeches of my accusers, I cannot tell; but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was, such was the effect of them; and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth.But many as their falsehoods were, there was one of them which quite amazed me:
19、 I mean when they told you to be upon your guard, and not to let yourself be deceived by the force of my eloquence.They ought to have been ashamed of saying this, because they were sure to be detected as soon as I opened my lips and displayed my deficiency; they certainly did appear to be most shame
20、less in saying this, unless by the force of eloquence they mean the force of truth: for then I do indeed admit that I am eloquent.But in how different a way from theirs! Well, as I was saying, they have hardly uttered a word, or not more than a word, of truth; but you shall hear from me the whole tr
21、uth: not, however, delivered after their manner, in a set oration duly ornamented with words and phrases.No, indeed! but I shall use the words and arguments which occur to me at the moment; for I am certain that this is right, and that at my time of life I ought not to be appearing before you, O men
22、 of Athens, in the character of a juvenile orator: let no one expect this of me.And I must beg of you to grant me one favor, which is thisif you hear me using the same words in my defence which I have been in the habit of using, and which most of you may have heard in the agora, and at the tables of
23、 the money-changers, or anywhere else, I would ask you not to be surprised at this, and not to interrupt me.For I am more than seventy years of age, and this is the first time that I have ever appeared in a court of law, and I am quite a stranger to the ways of the place; and therefore I would have
24、you regard me as if I were really a stranger, whom you would excuse if he spoke in his native tongue, and after the fashion of his country: that I think is not an unfair request.Never mind the manner, which may or may not be good; but think only of the justice of my cause, and give heed to that: let
25、 the judge decide justly and the speaker speak truly.雅典人啊，你们听了控告我的人的话，心里有什么感想，我不知道;但我知道，她们那番劝诱的话几乎使我忘记了自己是谁，这就是她们的话的效果。然而他们几乎没有说过一句真话。不过，尽管他们说了许多谎话，其中有一个还是使我大吃一惊:我的意思是说，他们叫你当心，不要被我的雄辩所迷惑。他们说这话应该感到羞耻，因为我一开口，就会暴露自己的缺点。他们这样说的确显得很无耻，除非他们所说的雄辩的力量是指真理的力量，因为那样的话，我确实承认我是雄辩的。但是和他们的方式是多么不同啊!好吧，正如我刚才所说的，他们几乎没有
26、说过一句真话，或者至多说过一句话;不过，你将从我这里听到全部的实情，而不是照他们的方式，用一套精心修饰的辞藻来发表的。不行,真的不行!但我将使用我当时想到的词语和论点;因为我确信这是正确的，雅典的人们啊，在我这个年纪，我不应该以一个少年演说家的身份出现在你们面前，不要让任何人对我抱有这样的期望。我必须请求你们帮我一个忙，那就是如果你们听到我在为自己辩护时使用我习惯使用的、你们大多数人可能在集市上、在货币兑换商的餐桌上或在其他地方听到的同样的话，我请求你们不要对此感到惊讶，也不要打断我。因为我已经七十多岁了，这是我第一次出现在法庭上，而且我对这个地方的生活方式还是很陌生的。因此，我希望你把我当作
27、一个真正的陌生人，如果他说他的母语，按照他的国家的习俗，你会原谅我的。我认为这不是一个不公平的要求。不要在意态度，这可能是好的，也可能不是好的;愿审判的按公义判断，说话的按诚实说话。And first, I have to reply to the older charges and to my first accusers, and then I will go to the later ones.For I have had many accusers, who accused me of old, and their false charges have continued during
28、 many years; and I am more afraid of them than of Anytus and his associates, who are dangerous, too, in their own way.But far more dangerous are these, who began when you were children, and took possession of your minds with their falsehoods, telling of one Socrates, a wise man, who speculated about
29、 the heaven above, and searched into the earth beneath, and made the worse appear the better cause.These are the accusers whom I dread; for they are the circulators of this rumor, and their hearers are too apt to fancy that speculators of this sort do not believe in the gods.And they are many, and t
30、heir charges against me are of ancient date, and they made them in days when you were impressiblein childhood, or perhaps in youthand the cause when heard went by default, for there was none to answer.And, hardest of all, their names I do not know and cannot tell; unless in the chance of a comic poe
31、t.But the main body of these slanderers who from envy and malice have wrought upon you and there are some of them who are convinced themselves, and impart their convictions to othersall these, I say, are most difficult to deal with; for I cannot have them up here, and examine them, and therefore I m
32、ust simply fight with shadows in my own defence, and examine when there is no one who answers.I will ask you then to assume with me, as I was saying, that my opponents are of two kindsone recent, the other ancient; and I hope that you will see the propriety of my answering the latter first, for thes
33、e accusations you heard long before the others, and much oftener.首先，我要对先前的指控和最初的指控做出回应，然后再对后来的指控做出回应。因为我有许多人告我，他们自古就告我，并且他们诬告我的事，延续多年。我更害怕他们，而不是阿尼图斯和他的同伙，他们也有自己的危险。但更危险的是这些人，他们在你们还是孩子的时候就开始，用他们的谎言占据了你们的思想，告诉你们一个叫苏格拉底的人，他是一个聪明人，他思量天上的事，探究地下的事，把坏事说成好事。这些是我所惧怕的控告者。因为他们是这种谣言的传播者，而他们的听者很容易认为这类投机者不相信神。他们控
34、告我的事很多，都是自古以来的事，而且是在你还不懂事的时候孩提时代，或者也许是青年时代提出的。最难办的是，他们的名字我不知道，也说不出来;除非有机会成为喜剧诗人。但是，那些出于嫉妒和恶意而对你造成伤害的诽谤者的主体其中有些人自己深信自己，并把他们的信念传递给别人我说，所有这些人都是最难对付的;因为我不能让他们站在这里，我不能检查他们，所以我只能用阴影来为自己辩护，在没有人回答的时候检查。那么，我请你们和我一起假定，正如我刚才所说的，我的对手有两种一种是近代的，另一种是古代的;我希望你能看出，我先回答后一个问题是恰当的，因为这些指责你早在前面就听到了，而且次数要多得多。Well, then, I
35、will make my defence, and I will endeavor in the short time which is allowed to do away with this evil opinion of me which you have held for such a long time; and I hope I may succeed, if this be well for you and me, and that my words may find favor with you.But I know that to accomplish this is not
36、 easyI quite see the nature of the task.Let the event be as God wills: in obedience to the law I make my defence.I will begin at the beginning, and ask what the accusation is which has given rise to this slander of me, and which has encouraged Meletus to proceed against me.What do the slanderers say
37、? They shall be my prosecutors, and I will sum up their words in an affidavit.“Socrates is an evil-doer, and a curious person, who searches into things under the earth and in heaven, and he makes the worse appear the better cause; and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others.” That is the nature
38、 of the accusation, and that is what you have seen yourselves in the comedy of Aristophanes; who has introduced a man whom he calls Socrates, going about and saying that he can walk in the air, and talking a deal of nonsense concerning matters of which I do not pretend to know either much or little
39、not that I mean to say anything disparaging of anyone who is a student of natural philosophy.I should be very sorry if Meletus could lay that to my charge.But the simple truth is, O Athenians, that I have nothing to do with these studies.Very many of those here present are witnesses to the truth of
40、this, and to them I appeal.Speak then, you who have heard me, and tell your neighbors whether any of you have ever known me hold forth in few words or in many upon matters of this sort.You hear their answer.And from what they say of this you will be able to judge of the truth of the rest.那么，好吧，我要为自己
41、辩护，在有限的时间内，我要努力消除你长期以来对我的不良看法;如果这事对你我都有益，我就盼望能成功，使我的话蒙你悦纳。但我知道要做到这一点并不容易我很清楚这项任务的本质。愿事情照神的意思行。我按律法为自己分诉。我要先开口，问你这人毁谤我，怂恿米勒都来告我的是什么事。诽谤者怎么说?他们将是我的检察官，我将在一份宣誓书中总结他们的话。“苏格拉底是一个恶人，也是一个好奇的人，他探究天地万物，他把更坏的事情说成是更好的原因;他把这些道理传授给别人。”这就是指控的本质，这就是你们在阿里斯托芬的喜剧中看到的;他介绍了一个他称之为苏格拉底的人，说他可以在空中行走，并说了一大堆废话，关于我不假装知道得多或少的事
42、情-并不是说我想贬低任何一个自然哲学的学生。如果墨勒图斯把这事归罪于我，我会很抱歉的。但简单的事实是，雅典人啊，我与这些研究毫无关系。在座的许多人都是这一事实的见证人，我向他们呼吁。听我讲话的人哪，你们要讲出来，告诉你们的邻舍，你们中间有认识我的没有。你听到了他们的回答。从他们对这事的议论，你们就可以判断其馀的事是否真实。As little foundation is there for the report that I am a teacher, and take money; that is no more true than the other.Although, if a man i
43、s able to teach, I honor him for being paid.There is Gorgias of Leontium, and Prodicus of Ceos, and Hippias of Elis, who go the round of the cities, and are able to persuade the young men to leave their own citizens, by whom they might be taught for nothing, and come to them, whom they not only pay,
44、 but are thankful if they may be allowed to pay them.There is actually a Parian philosopher residing in Athens, of whom I have heard; and I came to hear of him in this way: I met a man who has spent a world of money on the Sophists, Callias the son of Hipponicus, and knowing that he had sons, I aske
45、d him: “Callias,” I said, “if your two sons were foals or calves, there would be no difficulty in finding someone to put over them; we should hire a trainer of horses or a farmer probably who would improve and perfect them in their own proper virtue and excellence; but as they are human beings, whom
46、 are you thinking of placing over them? Is there anyone who understands human and political virtue? You must have thought about this as you have sons; is there anyone?” “There is,” he said.“Who is he?” said I, “and of what country? and what does he charge?” “Evenus the Parian, ” he replied; “he is t
47、he man, and his charge is five min.” Happy is Evenus, I said to myself, if he really has this wisdom, and teaches at such a modest charge.Had I the same, I should have been very proud and conceited; but the truth is that I have no knowledge of the kind, O Athenians.有人说我是教师，拿钱，这是没有根据的;这和另一个一样都是正确的。不过
48、，如果一个人能教书，我为他的报酬而尊敬他。有利昂提姆的戈尔吉亚，ceo的普罗迪库斯，伊利斯的希比阿，他们走遍城市，能够说服年轻人离开他们自己的公民，他们可以免费接受教育，来到他们身边，他们不仅付钱，而且如果允许他们付钱，他们会感激不尽。实际上有一位住在雅典的巴黎哲学家，我听说过他;我是这样听说他的:我遇到一个人，他在诡辩家身上花了一大笔钱，他就是希波尼克斯的儿子卡利亚，我知道他有儿子，就问他:“卡利亚，”我说，“如果你的两个儿子是小马驹或小牛，找个人来养他们是不难的;我们应该雇一个驯马师，或者雇一个农夫，他会改进和完善马匹的美德和优点;但既然他们是人，你想派谁来管他们呢?有人懂得人性和政治美德吗?当你有儿子的时候，你一定想到了这一点;有人吗?“有，”他说。“他是谁?”我说，是哪个国家的? 他收费多少?“巴黎人埃文诺斯，”他回答。“他就是那个人，他的收费是五分。”我对自己说，如果伊文诺斯真的有这样的智慧，而且收费这么低，那他就太幸福了。如果我也是这样，我就会骄傲自大了;但事实是，我没有这方面的知识，雅典人啊。I dare say that someone will ask the question, “Why is this, Socrates, and wh
