1、 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及培根论说文集及 新阿特兰蒂斯新阿特兰蒂斯 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 2/377 总目录总目录 第第 1 卷卷 富兰克林自传富兰克林自传 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、克利多篇 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 第第 4 卷卷 约翰米尔顿英文诗全集约翰米尔顿英文诗全集 第第 5 卷卷 爱默生文集爱默生文集 第第 6 卷卷 伯恩斯诗歌集伯恩斯诗歌集 第第 7 卷卷 圣奥古斯丁忏悔录圣奥古斯丁忏悔录
2、第第 8 卷卷 希腊戏剧希腊戏剧 第第 9 卷卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 第第 10 卷卷 国富论国富论 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 第第 12 卷卷 普卢塔克比较列传普卢塔克比较列传 第第 13 卷卷 伊尼亚德伊尼亚德 第第 14 卷卷 唐吉坷德唐吉坷德 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 3/377 第第 15 卷卷 天路历程天路历程 第第 16 卷卷 天方夜谭天方夜谭 第第 17 卷卷 民间传说与预言民间传说与预言 第第 18 卷卷 英国现代戏剧英国现代戏剧 第第 19 卷卷 浮士德浮
3、士德 第第 20 卷卷 神曲神曲 第第 21 卷卷 许婚的爱人许婚的爱人 第第 22 卷卷 奥德赛奥德赛 第第 23 卷卷 两年水手生涯两年水手生涯 第第 24 卷卷 伯克文集伯克文集 第第 25 卷卷 穆勒文集穆勒文集 第第 26 卷卷 欧洲大陆戏剧欧洲大陆戏剧 第第 27 卷卷 英国名家随笔英国名家随笔 第第 28 卷卷 英国与美国名家随笔英国与美国名家随笔 第第 29 卷卷 比格尔号上的旅行比格尔号上的旅行 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集：物理学、化学、科学论文集：物理学、化学、天文学、地质学天文学、地质学 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根
4、论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 4/377 第第 31 卷卷 切利尼自传切利尼自传 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 第第33卷卷 古代与现代著名航海与旅行记古代与现代著名航海与旅行记 第第 34 卷卷 法国和英国著名哲学家法国和英国著名哲学家 第第 35 卷卷 见闻与传奇见闻与传奇 第第 36 卷卷 君王论君王论 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 第第 38 卷卷 物理学、医学、外科学和地质物理学、医学、外科学和地质学学 第第 39 卷卷 著名之前言和序言著名之前言和序言 第第 40 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格雷雷
5、第第 41 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到费兹杰拉德费兹杰拉德 第第 42 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到惠特曼惠特曼 第第 43 卷卷 10001904 第第 44 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷一卷一):孔子孔子 希伯来书希伯来书 基基百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 5/377 督圣经督圣经()第第 45 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷二卷二)基督圣经基督圣经()第第 46 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 47 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 4
6、8 卷卷 帕斯卡文集帕斯卡文集 第第 49 卷卷 史诗与传说史诗与传说 第第 50 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 6/377 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 INTRODUCTORY NOTE FRANCIS BACON,son of Sir Nicholas Bacon,Lord Keeper of the Great Seal to Queen Elizabeth,was born in London on January 22,1561.He
7、entered Trinity College,Cambridge,at the age of twelve,and in 1576 he interrupted the law studies he had begun in that year,to go to France in the train of the English Ambassador,Sir Amyas Paulet.He was called home in 1579 by the death of his father;and,having been left with but a small income,he re
8、sumed the study of law,and became a barrister in 1582.Two years later he entered the House of Commons,and began to take an active part in politics.From an early age Bacon had been interested in science,and it was in the pursuit of scientific truth that his heart lay.He conceived,however,that for the
9、 achievement of the great results at which he aimed,money and prestige were necessary;and he worked hard for both.He was a candidate for several offices of state during Elizabeths reign,but gained no substantial promotion,and was often in hard straits for money.He received aid from influential patro
10、ns,notably the Earl of Essex;and his desertion of this nobleman,with the part he took in his prosecution for treason,is regarded as one of the chief blots on his personal record.Shortly after the accession of James I,Bacon was knighted;in 1606 he married the daughter of an alderman;and in the follow
11、ing year he received the appointment of Solicitor-General,the first important step in the career which culminated in the Lord Chancellorship in 1618.In the latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Verulam,and in 1621 he became Viscount St.Albans.He was now at the summit of his public career
12、;but within four months the crash came,and he was convicted of bribery,and sentenced by the House of Lords to the loss of all his offices,to 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 7/377 imprisonment,and to the payment of a large fine.He died in retirement on April 9,1626,leaving no chi
13、ldren.Bacons most important writings in science and philosophy are parts of a vast work which he left unfinished,his“Magna Instauratio.”The first part of this,the“De Augmentis,”is an enlargement in Latin of his book on“The Advancement of Learning,”in which he takes account of the progress in human k
14、nowledge to his own day.The second part is the famous“Novum Organum,”or“New Instrument”;a description of the method of induction based on observation and experiment,by which he believed future progress was to be made.The later parts consist chiefly of fragmentary collections of natural phenomena,and
15、 tentative suggestions of the philosophy which was to result from the application of his method to the facts of the physical world.Bacons own experiments are of slight scientific value,nor was he very familiar with some of the most important discoveries of his own day;but the fundamental principles
16、laid down by him form the foundation of modern scientific method.Bacons writings are by no means confined to the field of natural philosophy.He wrote a notable“History of Henry VII”;many pamphlets on current political topics;“The New Atlantis,”an unfinished account of an ideal state;“The Wisdom of t
17、he Ancients,”a series of interpretations of classical myths in an allegorical sense;legal“Maxims”;and much else.But by far his most popular work is his“Essays,”published in three editions in his lifetime,the first containing ten essays,in 1597;the second,with thirty-eight,in 1612;and the third,as he
18、re printed,in 1625.These richly condensed utterances on men and affairs show in the field of conduct something of the same stress on the useful and the expedient as appears in his scientific work.But it is unjust to regard the“Essays”as representing Bacons ideal of conduct.They are rather a collecti
19、on of 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 8/377 shrewd observations as to how,in fact,men do get on in life;human nature,not as it ought to be,but as it is.Sometimes,but by no means always,they consider certain kinds of behavior from a moral standpoint;oftener they are frankly piece
20、s of worldly wisdom;again,they show Bacons ideas of state policy;still again,as in the essay“Of Gardens,”they show us his private enthusiasms.They cover an immense variety of topics;they are written in a clear,concise,at times almost epigrammatic,style;they are packed with matter;and now,as when he
21、wrote them,they,to use his own words of them,“come home to mens business and bosoms.”THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY To the Right Honorable my very good Lo.the DUKE of BUCKINGHAM his Grace,Lo.High Admiral of England.EXCELLENT LO.SOLOMON says,A good name is as a precious ointment;and I assure myself,such will
22、 your Graces name be with posterity.For your fortune and merit both have been eminent.And you have planted things that are like to last.I do now publish my Essays;which,of all my other works,have been most current;for that,as it seems,they come home to mens business and bosoms.I have enlarged them b
23、oth in number and weight;so that they are indeed a new work.I thought it therefore agreeable to my affection and obligation to your Grace,to prefix your name before them,both in English and in Latin.For I do conceive that the Latin volume of them(being in the universal language)may last as long as b
24、ooks last.My Instauration I dedicated to the King;my History of Henry the Seventh(which I have now also translated into Latin),and my portions of Natural History,to the Prince;and these I dedicate to your Grace;being of the best fruits that by the good increase which God gives to my pen and labors I
25、 could yield.God lead your Grace by the hand.Your Graces most obliged and 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 9/377 faithful servant,FR.ST.ALBAN.ESSAYS OR COUNSELS CIVIL AND MORALI OF TRUTH WHAT is truth?said jesting Pilate,and would not stay for an answer.Certainly there be that de
26、light in giddiness,and count it a bondage to fix a belief;affecting注 1free-will in thinking,as well as in acting.And though the sects of philosophers,of that kind注 2be gone,yet there remain certain discoursing注 3wits which are of the same veins,though there be not so much blood in them as was in tho
27、se of the ancients.But it is not only the difficulty and labor which men take in finding out of truth,nor again that when it is found it imposeth upon注 4mens thoughts,that doth bring lies in favor;but a natural though corrupt love of the lie itself.One of the later school注 5of the Grecians examineth
28、 the matter and is at a stand to think what should be in it,that men should love lies,where neither they make for pleasure,as with poets,nor for advantage,as with the merchant;but for the lies sake.But I cannot tell;this same truth is a naked and open day-light,that doth not show the masks and mumme
29、ries and triumphs of the world,half so stately and daintily as candle-lights.Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl,that showeth best by day;but it will not rise to the price of a diamond or carbuncle,that showeth best in varied lights.A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure.Doth any man d
30、oubt,that if there were taken out of mens minds vain opinions,flattering hopes,false valuations,imaginations as one would,and the like,but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things,full of melancholy and indisposition,and unpleasing to themselves?One of the fathers,in great se
31、verity,called poesy vinum dmonum devils-wine,because it filleth the imagination;and yet it is but with the shadow of a lie.But it is not the lie that passeth through the mind,but the lie that sinketh in and settleth in it,that doth the hurt;such as we spake of before.But howsoever these things are t
32、hus in mens depraved judgments and affections,yet truth,which only doth judge itself,teacheth 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 10/377 that the inquiry of truth,which is the love-making or wooing of it,the knowledge of truth,which is the presence of it,and the belief of truth,whic
33、h is the enjoying of it,is the sovereign good of human nature.The first creature of God,in the works of the days,was the light of the sense;the last was the light of reason;and his sabbath work ever since is the illumination of his Spirit.First he breathed light upon the face of the matter or chaos;
34、then he breathed light into the face of man;and still he breatheth and inspireth light into the face of his chosen.The poet注 6that beautified the sect注 7that was otherwise inferior to the rest,saith yet excellently well:It is a pleasure to stand upon the shore and to see ships tossed upon the sea;a
35、pleasure to stand in the window of a castle and to see a battle and the adventures thereof below:but no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth(a hill not to be commanded,and where the air is always clear and serene),and to see the errors and wanderings and mists and
36、tempests in the vale below;so always that this prospect be with pity,and not with swelling or pride.Certainly,it is heaven upon earth,to have a mans mind move in charity,rest in providence,and turn upon the poles of truth.To pass from theological and philosophical truth to the truth of civil busines
37、s;it will be acknowledged even by those that practise it not,that clear and round dealing is the honor of mans nature;and that mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver,which may make the metal work the better,but it embaseth it.For these winding and crooked courses are the going
38、s of the serpent;which goeth basely upon the belly,and not upon the feet.There is no vice that doth so cover a man with shame as to be found false and perfidious.And therefore Montaigne saith prettily,when he inquired the reason why the word of the lie should be such a disgrace and such an odious ch
39、arge.Saith he,If it be well weighed,to say that a man lieth,is as much to say,as that he is brave towards God and a coward towards men.For a lie faces God,and shrinks from man.Surely 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 11/377 the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith cannot po
40、ssibly be so highly expressed,as in that it shall be the last peal to call the judgments of God upon the generations of men;it being foretold that when Christ cometh,he shall not find faith upon the earth.II OF DEATH MEN fear death,as children fear to go in the dark;and as that natural fear in child
41、ren is increased with tales,so is the other.Certainly,the contemplation of death,as the wages of sin and passage to another world,is holy and religious;but the fear of it,as a tribute due unto nature,is weak.Yet in religious meditations there is sometimes mixture of vanity and of superstition.You sh
42、all read in some of the friars books of mortification,that a man should think with himself what the pain is if he have but his fingers end pressed or tortured,and thereby imagine what the pains of death are,when the whole body is corrupted and dissolved;when many times death passeth with less pain t
43、han the torture of a limb;for the most vital parts are not the quickest of sense.And by him that spake注 8only as a philosopher and natural man,it was well said,Pompa mortis magis terret,quam mors ipsa It is the accompaniments of death that are frightful rather than death itself.Groans and convulsion
44、s,and a discolored face,and friends weeping,and blacks,注 9and obsequies,and the like,show death terrible.It is worthy the observing,that there is no passion in the mind of man so weak,but it mates注 10and masters the fear of death;and therefore death is no such terrible enemy when a man hath so many
45、attendants about him that can win the combat of him.Revenge triumphs over eeath;love slights it;honor aspireth to it;grief flieth to it;fear pre-occupateth注 11it;nay,we read,注 12after Otho the emperor had slain himself,pity(which is the tenderest of affections)provoked many to die,out of mere compas
46、sion to their sovereign,and as the truest sort of followers.Nay,Seneca adds niceness注 13and satiety:Cogita quamdiu eadem feceris;mori velle,non tantum fortis aut miser,sed etiam fastidiosus potest Think how long thou hast done the same thing;not 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 3 卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 1
47、2/377 only a valiant man or a miserable man,but also a fastidious man is able to wish for death.A man would die,though he were neither valiant nor miserable,only upon a weariness to do the same thing so oft over and over.It is no less worthy to observe,how little alteration in good spirits the appro
48、aches of death make;for they appear to be the same men till the last instant.Augustus Csar died in a compliment;Livia,conjugii nostri memor,vive et vale Farewell,Livia;and forget not the days of our marriage.Tiberius in dissimulation;as Tacitus saith of him,Jam Tiberium vires et corpus,non dissimula
49、tio,deserebant His powers of body were gone,but his power of dissimulation still remained.Vespasian in a jest,sitting upon the stool;Ut puto deus fio As I think,I am becoming a god.Galba with a sentence;Feri,si ex re sit populi Romani Strike,if it be for the good of Rome;holding forth his neck.Septi
50、mius Severus in despatch;Adeste si quid mihi restat agendum Be at hand,if there is anything more for me to do.And the like.Certainly the Stoics bestowed too much cost upon death,and by their great preparations made it appear more fearful.Better saith he,注 14qui finem vit extremum inter munera ponat
