1、es between the social systems of states shall not be obstacles to their cooperation. 各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此相互合作。 We are enemies of all kind of wars. 我们反对一切战争。 There are plans for new product introductions in IBM to compete with foreign companies. IBM公司计划拿出一些新产品与外国公司竞争。 17 * 2. 名词转译成形容词 （1）由形容词派生的名词 （2）a a
2、n+名词作表语时 As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这个城市完全陌生，我希望您能给他必要的帮助。 a. The music is a gas. 这音乐妙极了。 18 汉语中的名词英译时也有的转成动词及其他词性的现 象。 1. 他在剧中精彩的表演给我留下深刻的印象。 2. 这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。 a. His excellent performance in the play impressed me deeply. b. His excellent
3、performance in the play gave me a deep impression. “印象”在汉语中只有名词词性，但英译时既可用名词 “impression”，也可用动词“impress”来表达。 This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind. 19 3. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。 4.我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。 5.学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。 To them, he personified the absolute power. Our institute is co-administra
4、ted by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词) All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词) 20 动词的转换 （1）有类动词往往是由名词派生或转化而来 。 1. The new lease would expire in 8 years. 1. 动词转名词 这份新的租赁合同有效期为8年。 21 2. The audience laughed the speaker down.
5、 3. He roared, which threatened his enemies away. 观众的讪笑声把演讲者轰下台。 “laugh”转成名词使用，即“笑声”。 他的怒吼声把敌人吓跑了。 22 4. The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people. 5. His wife has done everything possible to mother him. 改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。(动词转名词) 妻子竭尽全力，像母亲一样照顾他。 23 （2）名词与动词同形，或既可作名词，又可作
6、 动词，在作动词时可译成名词） Because he had struck a boss, he was blacklisted and lost his job at the fertilizer works. 由于打了一个工头，他被列入黑名单，不能在 肥料厂工作了。 Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his ruin. 骄傲自满最终毁了他。 24 汉语中一些动词译成英文时也转化为名词。 1. 我们会考虑你的要求的。 2. 多年以前她曾建议重修这栋楼，但没有人理睬。 3. 他们教导我们要珍惜每一个机会。 We will take your
7、requirement into consideration. Several years ago, her suggestion of re-fixing the building was ignored. He taught us the value of an opportunity. 25 4. 他谋杀了他的妻子 5. 近来，研究人员发现感冒可以通过人的手传 染。 6. 希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。 He is the murderer of his wife. Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by
8、 hand contacts. 原文中的“发现”是动词，而译文根据上下文的需要，灵活地 把动词转换成名词discoveries。 I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration. 26 7. 采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。 8.由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综 合国力有了明显的增强。 The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.
9、Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词) 27 3. 形容词的转换 （1）英文中与系动词组成谓语部分的表示意 愿、态度、情感等的形容词，有些表示知觉 、情绪、欲望等心理状态的形容词，作表语 时，常可转成汉语动词。这类形容词有： able, afraid, angry, ashamed, aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concer
10、ned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant (不知道)，sorry, thankful等 。 如： 1. 形容词转动词 28 1. We are very thankful to your hospitability during our staying in your country. 2. She was afraid of waking her baby. 我们非常感谢在贵国期间你们的盛情款待。 虽然 “thankful” 在汉语中可译成“感激的”，但，“我们怀着感激 的心对你们的盛情款待表示感谢”句子很累赘。用动词“感谢” 来表
11、达感激之情使语句变得言简意赅，也符合汉语中多用动 词的习惯。 她生怕吵醒她的孩子。 “生怕”译得很到位。若译成“她对吵醒孩子感到很害怕”有点儿词 不达意。 29 3. He wasnt aware of the mistake he had made. 4. Please let us know if our terms are acceptable. 他没有意识到所犯的错误。 请告知是否接受我方条款。 30 5. We must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid o
12、r fair comparison. 6.I am very concerned about her. 我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用 的尺度要能提供有效的或公平的比较。 我非常挂念她。 31 7. In his article the author is critical of mans negligence toward his environment. 作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。 32 （2）英语中有大量由动词的分词式构成的形 容词，或者与动词同根的形容词，这些词在 翻译成汉语时，一般都把它们转换为动词 We believe that Europe s
13、hould, and will, be outwardlooking. Saud was a frustrated man at that time. 我们认为，欧洲应该而且必将向外看。 那时沙特已经受到挫折。 33 2.形容词转译成名词 （1）英语中的一些形容词前加the表示一类人时 The poor; the sick; the former; the old; （2）形容词作表语表示事物的特征时，其后往往加上“性”、“ 度”、“体”等。如： This workpiece is not more elastic than that one. Glass is much more solub
14、le than quartz. 这两个工件都没有弹性。 玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多。 34 * a. Heavy objects are more stable than light ones. 重物体比轻物体稳定。重物体的稳定性比轻物体 好。 b. Jack was eloquent and elegant, but soft. 杰克有口才，有风度，但很软弱。 c. It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic（有弹 性的）. 已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。 d. This device is less practical. 这种装置的
15、实用性较差。 35 （3）英语中一些“形容词名词”构成的词组 ，译成汉语时往往把原来的名词转换成形容 词，而把原来的形容词转换成名词，包括一 些新构成词组也是这样处理。比如说，the farm America是美国农村，而Middle America则是美国中产阶级 36 3.形容词转译成副词 There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country. 目前我国各地对各种消费品的需要量都已大大增加。 There has been a tremendous expa
16、nsion of nurseries and kindergartens in both towns and villages. 无论在城市还是在乡村，托儿所和幼儿园都在大量地增加。 (1)修饰名词的形容词，由于名词转成动词，因而相应地转译成副词。 37 All of this proves that we must have a profound study of properties of metals. Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials. Can you give an
17、accurate translation of the sentence? 所有这一切证明我们必须深入地研究金属的特性。 只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用他们。 你能确切地把这句话翻译出来吗？ 38 (2)有时为了使译文符合汉语表达习惯，也要 把英语形容词转译为汉语副词。 A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere. The same principles of low internal resistance also apply to milliammeters. 直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方。 低内阻原理也同样适用于毫安表。 39 汉语动
18、词转换为英语形容词 同样，汉语中一些表示情感等心理状态的动 词也可转为英文的形容词，并构成be+形容词 的形式。如， 1. 我们应该直言不讳。 2. 我们不满足于现有的成绩。 Let us be frank. We are not content with our present achievements. 40 3. 简直是难以置信, 这小女孩居然能给我们带 信儿。 4.我为她的健康担忧。 Its unbelievable that the little girl was able to send us a message. I am anxious about her health. 41
19、 5. 我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识。 6. 他会不会来值得怀疑。 7. 我们全体赞成他的建议。 We should never be content with a little book knowledge only. It is doubtful that he will come. We are all in favor of his suggestion. 42 介词的转换 介词在英文中使用很广，如果汉语中有对等关系的 介词词组可以用直译的办法，如 “on the chair” 译成 “在椅子上”。但很多时候可以根据汉语的习惯将英 文介词转换成汉语的动词或动词词组，尤其是那些
20、具有动词意义的介词或介词词组。 Are you for or against the plan? The European Community is the best instrument for this purpose. 欧共体是服务于这一目的的最好的工具。 你是支持还是反对这项计划？ 43 He completed the project ahead of time in spite of all the difficulties. At 9 oclock, he came home for dinner. 4. She pushed the door with a club. 他排除一
21、切困难提早完成了任务。 9点的时候他回到家里吃晚饭。 她用一根棍子推开门。 44 The house is out of repair. I drove straight ahead, across the stone bridge. The government is behind this project. Public opinion was against the proposal. Im all for your opinion. 这座房子失修了. 我驱车笔直向前，穿过石板桥。 政府支持这个项目。 舆论都反对这个提议。 我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词) 45 Millions of
22、 the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫困。 46 副词的转换 1. 副词转换为名词 He is physically weak but mentally sound. Electromagnetic waves travel as fast as light. It was officially announced that they agree on a reply to the Soviet Union. 官方宣布，他们同意给苏联一个答复。 他身体虽弱，但思维正常。 电磁波传播的
23、速度和光一样。 47 * 2. 副词转译成动词 a. As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。 b. After the crops are in, they will start autumn sowing. 等庄稼收进来后，他们要开始播秋。 c. The librarian told me that the book was out. 图书管理员告诉我那本书借出去了。 d. When he went back, the radio was still on, for he had forgotten to tu
24、rn it off when he left. 他回来时，收音机仍然开着，因为他离开时忘记关了。 48 * 3.副词转译成形容词 a. The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries. 贸易量有很大的增加，也给两国带来了益处。 b. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction. 有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予
25、了很好的评价。 49 总的来说，翻译中词类的转换是很灵活的，一个句 子可能有多种表达方式来表达同样的意思，翻译时 我们必须斟酌用哪种词类更符合源语作者的意图与 语气。 关键就是注意如何使译文的表达能够符合译语的习 惯。这是最根本的原则。能够不转换的情况，也完 全可以不进行转换。换句话说，英汉翻译中的词类 转换本身是为翻译的通达顺畅服务的一种手段，它 自身并不是目的，因此没有必要为转换而转换。实 际上，我们以上所列举的例句中，也有不少是可以 不用进行词类转换就可以翻译得很顺畅的。大家可 以试一试重新翻译。 50 Sentence Translation 01. 语境词翻译 02. 模糊词义具体化
26、 03. 省略翻译 04. 文化空缺词翻译 05. 汉语四字词组翻译 06. 名词主语 07. 增补逻辑关联词 08. 静态谓语 09. 无主句 10. 连动句 Paragraph Translation 01.主语变换 02. 降调处理 03. 段落结构调整话语单独成段 1 Sentence Translation 01. 我老爸辛苦了一辈子，现在也该风光风光了。 Having slaved most of his life, my father deserves a comfortable life now. 02. 昨天看电影，我买到了一张好票。 I bought a good seat
27、 for yesterdays film. 03. 这个国家失业现象很严重。 Unemployment is serious in this country. 04. 林边有一个洞，叫白龙洞。传说白娘子曾经在这里修炼。 Near the forest is the White Dragon Cave，where it is said that Lady white, a heroine in The Legend of the White Snake, one of the most famous Chinese tales praticed her kongfu here. 2 05. 她单
28、身一人，无亲无故。 She was alone and all by herself. 06. 我们沿着那条小道走进了一座幽静美丽的宾馆。 The track led us into a quiet and beautiful hotel. 07. 人往高处走，水往低处流。 Man struggles upwards, while water flows downwards. 08. 早晨的公园里，遛鸟者时常可见。 It is a common scene to see people walk with caged- birds in hand early in the park. 09. 在
29、差生自愿的基础上，帮助他们学习，迎头赶上。 Poor students should be helped based on their willingness so that they can catch up with their classmates. 3 10. 房前有棵玫瑰花树，花儿开得正美，引来几只勤劳的蜜蜂， 围着花朵乱飞，不住地嗡嗡叫着。 There is a rose tree blooming vigorously in front of house . Several bees are attracted here ,flying around and humming en
30、dlessly. Text Translation 1. 下午，我到图书馆，借出一本阅读目录上的书。晚饭后，我把 书打开，我十分烦恼，原来这本书不是我要借的书。我就是这 号人：拿出一本书不看就走。我不能怪别人，只能怪自己。 In the afternoon , I went to the liberary and borrowed a book on the reading list. Opening the book after supper I was greatly annoyed because it turned out to be the wrong one. Blame coul
31、dnt be put on others, I know but on myself because borrowing books carelessly even without glancing at their content was just like me. 4 02. 周恩来是一位伟大的、英明的、正直的政治家。心胸宽广， 具有远见卓识，精力充沛，富有魅力，举止高雅，待人真 诚，深受人民爱戴。当他去世时，举国上下沉浸在一片深深 悲痛之中。 Premier Zhou was a great and beloved statesman. When he was dead, the who
32、le nation was in deep sorrow. 03. 她自己就蹲在我旁边,不住地打量我。我轻轻地问:“大夫来 过了吗?”她说:“来过 了, 给妈妈打了一针她现在很 好。”我又问:“她吃过东西吗?这锅里是什么?”她笑着 说:“红薯稀饭我们的年夜饭。” She squatted beside me，looking at me up and down. “Has the doctor come here?”, I asked gently. “Yes, he gave mom an injection and she has felt better now.” 5 “Did your
33、mom eat something? Whats this in the pot?” , I asked. She smiled, and replied, “ Its yam porridge , our New Years Eve dinner.” 6 Sentence Translation 1. 你好意思向你年迈的父母亲借钱吗？ Dont you feel ashamed to borrow money from your old parents? 02. 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。 This key university has educated groups afte
34、r groups of talents for society. 03. 接下来我们将要讨论污染问题。 Next well talk about pollution. 04. 这所大学也实行定向招生. This university also admits students trained for pre- determined employers. 7 05. 这件事的轻重你仔细掂量掂量。 You should carefully weigh over the importance of this matter. 06. 她一心一意成为舞蹈家。 The desire to become a
35、dancer has seized her. 07. 十年树木，百年树人。 It takes 10 year to grow up a tree but 100 year to mature a man. 08. 他的中国之行印象最深刻的是故宫的宏大和威严。 What impressed him most was the Summer Palaces grandness and majesty during his trip in China. 8 09. 如果不按时将书归还图书或逾期不续借，将按规定罚款。 People will get fined if they dont return b
36、ooks on time or renew books which are due. 10. 张先生腋下夹着一本字典，手里端着茶杯，踱着步，嘴里哼 着流行歌曲。 Mr. Zhang paced leisurely , a book under his arm, a cup in his hand, his mouth humming a popular song. Text Translation 9 01. 那是一段特殊的回忆，那年我十六岁，他是我同桌。我与他 关系相当平常，在成为我的同桌前，我们说过的话不超过十句。 而在我们成为同桌后，我们说过的话不会超过五句。 That is a swe
37、et and painful recall. When I was 16， he was my deskmate and the relationship between us was very common. Before he became my deskmate no more than ten words did we speak with each other, but after we shared one same desk the number of words between us reduced to less than five. 02. 这座大学拥有一座大型、现代化的图
38、书馆。馆内有丰富的藏 书，学术百科，古今中外，应有尽有。此外，还有设备一流的图 书阅览室、音像室等。 This university contains a large library with abundant books，first-class reading-rooms and audio-rooms,etc. 10 手机关机 保持安静 1 About Translation Workshop nTranslating meaning nContext and translation nCulture and translation nTranslating metaphor nSente
39、nce translation nSentence translation nParagraph translation 2 Grading Policy nClass attendance and exercise: 10% nfinal exam: translation of two passages between English and Chinese (90%) 3 Ways of Contact: caroline_zhaowei 4 参考书目 n冯庆华，实用翻译教程.上海：上海外语教育 出版社，2002 n陈宏薇, 新编汉英翻译教程， 上海外语教育 出版社, 2004 n张春柏
40、,英汉汉英翻译教程，高等教育出版社 , 2006 nPeter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001 5 Useful translation websites nhttp:/www.yeeyan.org/?from_com nhttp:/www.un.org/en/ n n http:/www.renditions.org 6 纸质工具书 n英汉大词典陆谷孙 上海译文出版社 新时代汉英大词典吴景荣 程镇球 商 务印书馆 汉英词典修订版（外语教学与研究出版 社,19
41、95 ） 英语姓名译名手册商务印书馆 外国地名译名手册商务印书馆 7 Translation Workshop : Translating meaning 何为翻译 把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语 言文字表达出来。 -现代汉语词典 8 Geoffrey Leech杰弗里利奇把意义划 分为7种 n外延意义（概念意义) denotative meaning n内涵意义 connotative meaning n风格意义 stylistic meaning n情感意义 affective meaning n联想意义 reflective meaning n搭配意义 collocative meani
42、ng n主题意义 thematic meaning 9 英汉语词汇的三种意义关系 nFull equivalence完全对应 nPartial equivalence部分对应 nZero equivalence零对应 10 Full equivalence: word meanings are equivalent at every level nproper nouns (place names, personal names, organization names, etc) ntechnical terms 11 Full equivalence: literal translation
43、 nMarxism = 马克思主义 naspirin = 阿司匹林 nlaser=激光 n联合国 = the United Nations n太平洋= the Pacific Ocean 12 Partial equivalence部分对应 nOne word is equivalent with another word in the target language at only some levels of meaning. 13 英汉词义部分对应 nwife: 妻子、爱人、夫人、太太、老婆、媳妇 、老伴、内人、拙荆 n人: human, human being, man, people
44、, person, fellow, individual, soul 14 Partial equivalence: contextualized translation nproper translation of word meaning on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original in the context. 15 头 n她正在梳头 nShe was doing/combing her hair. n他是我们组的头儿 nHe is the head of our group. n让我从头讲起吧 nLets start f
45、rom the very beginning. n小车停在桥西头 nThe car was parked at the west end of the bridge. n他头天上午就来了。 nThe came here in the previous morning. 16 Man nI am a man now. nThe rights of man should be respected. nYou can stay in the same room if you are man and wife. nOfficers and men 17 Man nI am a man now. n我现
46、在是个男子汉了。 nThe rights of man should be respected. n应该尊重人权。 nYou can stay in the same room if you are man and wife. n如果你们是夫妻可以呆在一间屋里。 nOfficers and men n官兵 18 story nThis war is becoming the most important story of his generation. n这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大 的事件。 nIt is quite another story now. n现在的情况完全不同了。 nHell be very happy if that story holds up. n如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了 。 19 story The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV. Tell me the story of what happened to you. nThe story of the opera was printed in the program 20 s
