1、? ? APQP?PFMEA?MSA?SPC?PPAP?QFD ?(CIP)?/?. ?2009.9 (?) ISBN 978-7-301-15643-8 ?.?.?.?. F273.2? CIP ?(2009)? 137491 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ISBN 978-7-301-15643-8/TH?0153? 205 ? 100871 ?http:/ http:/? 62752015? 62750672? 62750667? 62754962? ? ? ?pup_? 787 ?1092 ? 16 ? 20.75 ? 482 ? 2009 ? 9 ? 1 ? 2009 ? 9
2、 ? 1 ?34.00 ?010? ?62752024?fdpup. pku. edu. cn?Ford?GM?Chrysler? 9 ? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ?APQP? 5 ?QFD? 6?PFMEA? 7 ?MSA?II? 8 ?SPC? 9 ? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 9 ?2009 ? 7 ? ? ?.1?1.1?.21.1.1? 1?.21.1.2? 2?.31.1.3? 3?.31.1.4? 4?.31.1.5? 5? .41.1.6? 6?.41.1.7? .51.1.8? 8?.51.1.9?.51.2?.61.2.1? 1?QMS ?.61.2.2? 2?QMS ?
3、.61.2.3? 3?QMS ?.71.2.4? 4?.71.2.5? 5?.81.2.6? 6? QMS ?.81.2.7? 7?QMS ?.91.2.8? 8?QMS ?.101.2.9? 9?.111.2.10? 10?.111.2.11? 11?QMS ?.121.2.12? 12?QMS ?.131.3?.131.3.1? .131.3.2? .161.4? .241.4.1? .241.4.2?.251.4.3?.271.4.4?.281.4.5?.281.4.6? .291.4.7?.291.4.8?.34? 1.42? ? ?.43?2.1?.442.1.1?.442.1.2?
4、.462.1.3?.472.1.4?.502.1.5?.542.1.6?.582.1.7?.622.2?.622.2.1?.622.2.2 KJ ?.642.2.3?.652.2.4?.662.2.5?.662.2.6 PDPC ?.672.2.7?.672.3? .682.3.1? 14 ? .69IV?2.3.2?.702.3.3?.712.3.4?.722.3.5? .722.3.6?.732.3.7?.732.3.8? .742.3.9? TQM/TQC .742.3.10?.75 ? 2.75? ? ?.76?3.1 QMS ?.773.2?.783.2.1? QMS ?ISO/TS
5、 16949.783.2.2? ? QMS ?TL 9000.803.2.3 CMM.813.2.4 AS 9000.833.2.5? ?.843.3? ISO 9000 QMS ?.843.3.1? ISO 9000 ?.853.3.2?ISO 9000 ? .853.3.3?ISO 9001 ? .863.3.4?ISO 9004 ?.883.3.5?ISO 19011 ? .893.3.6? ?ISO 9001 ? .93 ? 3.131? ? ?.132?4.1?.1334.2? .1334.2.1?.1334.2.2? .1364.2.3? .1394.2.4? .1464.2.5?
6、 .1524.2.6?.1544.3? .1554.3.1?.1564.3.2?.1594.4? .1594.4.1?.1594.4.2?.1594.4.3? .1594.4.4? .1614.4.5?.1614.4.6?.1614.4.7?.1614.4.8? .1624.4.9? .164? 4.168? ? ?.169?5.1?.1705.2?.1705.3?.1715.4? ? .1715.5? .1725.5.1?.1725.5.2? .1735.5.3?.1765.5.4?.176 ? 5.177?V? ? ?.178?6.1?.1796.1.1?.1796.1.2?.1796.1
7、.3?.1796.2 DPFMEA.1806.2.1 DPFMEA ?.1806.2.2 DPFMEA ?.1806.2.3 DFMEA ?.1806.2.4?.1806.2.5 DPFMEA ?.1816.3 PPFMEA .1886.3.1 PPFMEA ?.1886.3.2?.1896.3.3?.1896.3.4 PPFMEA ?.189? 6.196? ? ?.197?7.1?.1987.1.1?.1987.1.2?.1997.1.3?.2007.1.4?.2017.1.5?.2037.1.6?.2057.1.7?.2077.1.8?.2097.2?.2107.2.1?.2107.2.
8、2? .2137.2.3?.2217.2.4?.2227.3?.2247.3.1?.2247.3.2? .227? 7.247? ? ?.248?8.1?.2498.1.1? .2498.1.2?.2508.1.3?.2518.1.4?.2528.1.5?.2528.1.6?.2548.1.7?.2558.1.8? .2568.1.9?.2578.2?.2588.2.1?X?R?.2588.2.2? X ?s ?.2748.2.3?x ?R ?.2758.2.4?x?MR ?.2768.2.5? .2788.3?.2808.3.1? p ?.2808.3.2?np ?.2858.3.3?c ?
9、.2868.3.4?u ?.288? 8.289? ? ?.290?9.1?PPAP?.2919.2?DOE?.2949.2.1?.2959.2.2?.2959.3?.2969.4?.297VI?9.4.1?.2989.4.2?.2999.4.3?.2999.4.4?.3019.5?.3019.6 6?.3029.6.1?6?.3029.6.2 6?.3039.6.3 6?.3039.6.4?6?.3039.6.5 6?.3049.6.6 6?.3059.7?.3059.7.1? .3059.7.2? .3069.7.3? .3069.8?.3069.8.1?.3069.8.2?.307 9.
10、8.3?.3089.9? 5S ?.3109.9.1 5S ?.3109.9.2 5S ? .3119.9.3?.3149.10?.3149.10.1? .3149.10.2?.3159.10.3?.3159.10.4?.3159.10.5?.3169.10.6?.316? 9.317?.318 ?.322? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? QM&E ? QM&E ?QM&E? QM&E ?40%? QM&E ?30%? QM&E ? QM&E ?30%?997 ? 3 ? ? ? 2000 ?2? ? ? ? ?QM&E? ?20?80? ? ?International Organizatio
11、n for Standardization? 100 ? QMS?Quality Management System? ? QM&E ? ? QM&E ? QM&E ?1.1? ? ? ?2000 ? ISO 9000 ? ISO 9000?2000? ISO 9000 ? QMS? ? ISO? 100 ? QM&E ? 10 ?1.1.1? 1?1?2? ?3? ? ?QFD? ?1.1.2? 2?1?2?1.1.3? 3?1?2? 3 ? D&S ?1.1.4? 4?1?4?2?SPC?1.1.5? 5?1?2?1.1.6? 6?1?2?5? ? ?1.1.7?1?2?CQMIS?1.1
12、.8? 8?1?2?1.1.9? QMS?6?1.2? ISO ? QMS ? ? QMS ? QMS ? ? ? QMS?1.2.1? 1?QMS ?1?QMS ?QMS ?QMS ?QMS?2?QMS ?QMS ?QMS ?1.2.2? 2?QMS ?1. ?ISO 9000 ? QMS ?ISO 9001 ? QMS ?QMS ?ISO 9001 ?2. ?QMS ? QMS ? QMS ? QMS?7? ? ?1.2.3? 3?QMS ?1? QMS ?1?2?3?4?5?6?7?8? QMS ? QMS? ?2? QMS ? PDCA ? PDCA ? QMS ?QMS ? QMS
13、?QMS ? 1.1 ? 1.1 QMS ?1.2.4? 4?1?8?2?1.2.5? 5?1?2?1? QMS ?2?3?4?5?1.2.6? 6? QMS ?1? ? ? ? ?9? ? ? ? QMS ? ? ? QMS? ? ? QMS ?2? ISO 9000?2000 ? QMS ?1.2.7? 7?QMS ?1?1? ? ? ? ? ? QMS ?2? QMS ? ? QMS ? ? QMS ? ? ? ? ? QMS ?2? QMS ? QMS ? ISO 9001?2000 ?10?1.2.8? 8?QMS ?1?1?QMS ? QMS ? 4 ?1?2?3?4?QMS ?
14、QMS ?2?QMS ? QMS ? QMS ? ISO 9001?3?QMS ? QMS ? QMS ?4? QMS ? QMS ?2? QMS ?QMS ?11? ? ?1?2?3?4?QMS ?1?2?3?1.2.9? 9?1? QMS ?1?2?3?4?5?6?7? QMS ?2? PDCA? 1.2 ? 1.2?1.2.10 ? 10?1?12?2?/?/?1.2.11 ? 11?QMS ?1?QMS ? ? QMS ? ISO 9001 ? ISO 14001 ?2?QMS ?/? QMS?13? ? ?1.2.12 ? 12?QMS ?1?ISO 9000 ? QMS ?1?2?
15、3?4?ISO 9000 ? QMS ?ISO 9000 ? QMS ?QMS ?2?A?QMS ?1? ?2? ?3? ?4? QMS ? QMS ? QMS ? QMS ?1.3? ? 10 ?ISO ?1.3.1?1?1?14? ? ? 1.3 ? 1.3?2? 1.4 ? 1.4?2?1? 1.5 ? ? ? ? ? 1.5?15? ? ?2? 1.6? 1.6? 4 ?3? 1.7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1.7?16?1.3.2?1? 1.8 ? 10 ? 1.8?2? 10 ? 1?1? 1?1?1 ?2 ? ?3 ? ?4 ?1?5 ? ?1 ? ? ?2 ?3 ?
16、2?4 ?17? ? ?(?) ?5 ?6 ?7 ?8 ?9 ? ?10 ? ?11 ? ?12 ? ?13 ?14 ?2?15 ?1 ? ?2 ? ?3 ? ?4 ?5 ?6 ?3?7 ?1 ?2 ?3 ? ? ? ?4 ? ?4?5 ?1 ?5?2 ? ?18?(?) ?3 ? ?5?4 ? ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 ?5 ?6 ?7 ?8 ?9 ?10 ?11 ?12 ? ?6?13 ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 ? QMS 5 ?7?6 ?1 ?2 ? ?3 ?8?4 ?19? ? ?(?) ?5 ?6 ?8?7 ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 ?5 ?6 ?7 ?8 ?9 ?10 ? 1 ?11 ?
17、9? ? ? ?12 ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 ?5 ?10?6 ?3? 10 ? 1.9? 1.18?20? 1.9? 1.10?21? ? ? 1.11? 1.12? 1.13?22? 1.14? 1.15?23? ? ? 1.16? 1.17?24? 1.18?1.4? 20 ? 80 ? 1991 ? 8 ?1.4.1?1?1978 ?/?ANSI/ASQC? ? ? ?1?2?3?4?5?6?25? ? ?7?8?9?2?1979 ?3?1988 ?Quality Engineering? 3 ? ? 20 ? 70 ? 80 ? 1987 ?ISO? ISO 9000 ? ? 199
18、4 ? 2000 ? ISO 9000 ? ISO 9001 ? 3 ? QFD?APQP? FMEA? MSA? SPC? PPAP? QMS ?1.4.2? CPU ?26?1? QFD?2? QFD?DPFMEA?3? ISO 9001 ?4? SPC ?MSA ?PPFMEA?5?/?6?7?8? 1.19 ? 1.19 ? 1.19?27? ? ?1.4.3?/?/?1?2?3?4?5? 4 ?6? 3 ? 1.20 ?28? 1.20?1.4.4?1.4.5?1?2? ?3?4?29? ? ?1?2? 3 ?3?4? 1.21 ? 1.21?1.4.6?1.4.1 ? 1.22 ?
19、1.4.7? 1.22 ? 20 ? 90 ?30? 1.22?1?2?3?5 ? 7?8 ?1?2 ?31? ? ?3?Quality Function Development ?QFD ? QFD ? WHAT-HOW ? QFD ?4? QFD ?Robust Design?1?Design of Experiments?2?Taguchi Method?3? ? ? QFD? WBS ?Work Breakdown Structure? ? SOW?Statement Of Work? QC ?FMEA?Failure Mode and Effects Analysis?FTA?Fai
20、lure Tree Analysis? ? SPC?Statistical Process Control?4?32?5? ? FTA? ? DPFMEA? PPFMEA ? MSA ?1?5?6?7?FMEA ?8? 50%?20 ? 80 ? CMM? CMM? 10 ? CMM ?9?10?Statistical Process Control? SPC? SPC?33? ? ?11? ?12?QMS? QMS? QMS ? QMS ?13? PDCA ?14?ISO 9001/7.4 ?15?16?QIS?17? Chrysler ? 20 ? 90 ? 1.23 ?18?/?/?34
21、? 1.23? Chrysler ? 20 ? 90 ?1.4.8? 20 ? 100 ?35? ? ? 5 ?1? 1 ? ? 400 ? ? 1073 ?36?2? 19 ?18 ?1769 ?1771 ? 1885 ?3?1918 ?1940 ?37? ? ?4?1924 ?W. A. Shewhart? ?1931 ?H. F. Dodge?H. G. Romig? 20 ? 30 ? 10 ? 20 ? 40 ? 1941?1942 ? 3 ? 3 ? 8 ? 3 ? ?20 ? 50 ?1?2?38?3?20 ? 50 ? ? ? ? ?1958 ? MIL?Q?8958A ? 2
22、0 ? 40?60 ?20 ? 70 ?20 ? 80 ?1981 ? 6 ?1?1?GB 3358? 218 ?2?GB 3187?3?GB 4888?4?GB 4086.l?GB 4086.6?X2?t ?F ? 6 ?2?1?GB 4882?GB 4883?2?GB 4889?GB 3360?GB 4087?3?GB 4883?GB 6380? GB 8056?4?GB 3359?3?1?GB 4091.l?GB 4091.9? 8 ?2?GB 4886?39? ? ?3?GB 6381?3?4?GB 4887?4?1?GB 2828?2?GB 6378?3?GB 2829?4?GB 8
23、051?5?GB 8052?6?GB 8053?7?GB 8054?8?GB 14162?9?GB/T 14437?10?GB/T 14900?5?1? GB 6379 ?2? GB/T ll792 ?6?20 ? 80 ?1?GB 2689.l?GB 2689.4? 4 ?2?GB 5080? 6 ?/?40?5?20 ? 60 ?20 ? 60 ? ? ? ? ?Total Quality Management?1961 ?TQC?/? ? 20 ? 60 ? ? ?NATO? ? AQAP? MIL?Q?9858A ?20 ? 70 ?TQC/TQM ?JIT?Kanben?Kaizen
24、?QFD?1979 ? BS 5750?ISO ?20 ? 80 ?1979 ?ISO/TC 176 ?41? ? ?ISO/TC 176 ?15 ? 100 ? BS 5750 ? 1987 ? ISO 9000 ?ISO 9000 ? ISO ?ISO 9000 ?ISO 9000 ? ISO ?1990 ?ISO/TC 176 ? ISO 9000? ? ?90 ? ? ? ?2000?2000 ? ISO 9000 ?1994 ?2000 ?ISO/TC 176 ? 1987 ? ISO 9000? 1987 ? ISO 9000 ? ISO 9000 ? ISO 9000 ? ISO
25、 9000 ?ISO 9000 family of standards?1994 ?ISO/TC 176 ?2000 ? ISO 9000 ?1996 ? ?2000?ISO 9001? ? ?ISO 9001? ? ISO/TC 176 ? 94 ? ISO 9000 ?2000 ? 12 ? 15 ?ISO ? 2000 ? ISO 9000 ? 94 ?2000 ? ISO 9000 ? ? ISO 9000?2000 ? ISO 9000 ?ISO ? 1996 ?ISO ? ISO 9000 ?ISO 9000 ?ISO 9000 ?1987 ? 3 ? ISO 9000 ?1988
26、 ? 12 ?ISO 9000 ? GB/T 10300? 1989 ? 8 ? 1?1992 ? 5 ? ISO 9000 ?GB/T 19000?1992 idt ISO 9000:1987 ?1994 ? 1994 ? GB/T 19000 idt ISO 9000 ? ISO/T 176 ? CSBTS/TC 151?ISO? ? CSBTS/TC 151 ? ISO 9000 ? 2000 ? ISO 9000 ?ISO ? 2005 ? ISO 9000 ?42?20 ? 90 ? ISO 9000 ?1994 ? 11. ?2. ?3. ?4. ?5. ?6. ? ?7. ? S
27、QM ? SPC ?8. ? ISO 9000 ?9. ?10. ? 20 ? 50?70 ?11. ?40%?40%?20%? ? ? ? 10%? 1%? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?44?KJ ?PDPC? ?2.1?1950?1990 ?W.Edward Deming? TQM ? 20? 60 ?2.1.1?45? ? ? ? ? 3 ? ? ? 1000 ? 3 ? 3 ? 3 ? 2?1? 2?1?%?1000 980 20 2 ?1000 970 30 3 ?1000 1000 0 0 ?3000 2950 50 2.7 ? ? 3 ?1000 r /min?1100r/min?
28、1200 r /min? 2?2? 2?2?r/min? ? ?%?1000 1000 980 20 2 1100 1000 1000 0 0 ?1200 1000 980 20 2 1000 1000 970 30 3 1100 1000 1000 0 0 ?1200 1000 970 30 3 1000 1000 990 10 1 1100 1000 1000 0 0 ?1200 1000 990 10 1 ?9000 8880 120 2.3 ? ? 2?2 ? 1000r/min ? 1200r/min ?46?2.1.2? 3 ?1?2? ? ? ? ?3? 9.5?10.5?100
29、 ? 100 ? 2?3? 2?3?47? ? ? ? ? 10 ? 100 ? 50 ? 10 ? 10 ? 50? 5 ?/?2.1.3?1?Vilfredo Pareto?1848 ? 7 ? 15 ?1923 ? 8 ? 19 ?186848?1889 ?1893 ?1906 ?1896?1897?1902?1903?1906?1916?J.M.Juran? Pareto? 2.1 ? 2.1?2? 10000 ? 50%?1999 ? ISO 9000 ? 10000 ? 2?4?49? ? ? 2?4? 10000 ?ni?Ni?fi?%?Fi?%1? 4500 ? 4500 ?4
30、5 45 2? 3500 ? 8000 ?35 80 3? 1500 ? 9500 ?15 95 4?300 ? 9800 ?3 98 5? 150 ? 9950 ?2.5 99.5 6? 50 ? 10000 ?0.5 100 ? ? 2?4 ? 2.2 ? 2.2? 10000 ? ? ?A ? ?B ?C ?1? 2.2? 80%? A? A50?80%? A ?2? 2.2? 90%? B? B? A ?80%?90%? B ?3?A ?B ?C ? 2.2 ? 1 ?3? 1?2 ? 3 ?4?3 ? 1800 ? 2441 ?42%? ? 24%? ? 600? 1994 ?2.1
31、.4? 3 ?51? ? ?1?1? ?Cause and Effect Diagram?Fishbone Diagram?Kaoru Ishikawa?1943?Ishikawa Diagram?2? 2.3 ? 2.3?3?/?1?/? ? ?Brainstorming? ? ? ?a?b?c? ?d?e?f? 7 ?52?2? ? ? ? ? 60? 2.4 ? 2.4?4? ?5?1?2? ? ? ? ?53? ? ?6?1?2?3?4?5?6?7? 5 ? 5 ?8? 5 ? 20 ?2? 3 ? 2.5 ? 2.5?54?2.1.5?/? ?/? ?1? 100 ? 2.6 ? 2
32、.6?2?1?1? n? x*? s ?2? x*? s?3?55? ? ? CP? SPC ?4?2?1? 2.7?a?2? 2.7?b?3? 2.7?c?4? 2.7?d?5? 2.7?e?f?a?b?c?d?e?f? 2.7?3?1? 100 ?n=100? 100 ?56?10 ? 10 ? ?/? ? 100 ? 2?5 ? 2?5?mm9.56 9.46 9.48 9.50 9.42 9.43 9.52 9.49 9.44 9.50 9.48 9.56 9.50 9.52 9.47 9.48 9.40 9.50 9.56 9.38 9.41 9.37 9.47 9.49 9.45
33、9.44 9.50 9.49 9.46 9.46 9.55 9.52 9.44 9.52 9.45 9.44 9.48 9.46 9.52 9.46 9.48 9.48 9.32 9.40 9.52 9.34 9.46 9.43 9.30 9.46 9.59 9.63 9.59 9.47 9.38 9.52 9.45 9.48 9.31 9.46 9.40 9.54 9.46 9.51 9.48 9.50 9.72 9.60 9.46 9.52 9.48 9.50 9.56 9.50 9.52 9.46 9.48 9.46 9.52 9.56 9.52 9.48 9.46 9.45 9.46
34、9.54 9.54 9.46 9.49 9.41 9.41 9.45 9.34 9.44 9.47 9.47 9.41 9.48 9.54 9.47 ? ?2? xmax? xmin? 2?5 ? 2?6? 2?6 ? xmax=9.72 mm ?xmin=9.30 mm? 2?6?mm?9.56 9.46 9.489.50 9.42 9.439.529.499.449.509.56 9.42 9.48 9.56 9.509.52 9.47 9.489.409.509.569.389.56 9.38 9.41 9.37 9.479.49 9.45 9.449.509.499.469.469.5
35、0 9.37 9.55 9.52 9.449.52 9.45 9.449.489.469.529.469.55 9.44 9.48 9.48 9.329.40 9.52 9.349.469.439.309.469.52 9.30 9.59 9.63 9.599.47 9.38 9.529.459.489.319.469.63 9.31 9.40 9.54 9.469.51 9.48 9.509.729.609.469.529.72 9.40 9.48 9.50 9.569.50 9.52 9.469.489.469.529.569.56 9.46 9.52 9.48 9.469.45 9.46
36、 9.549.549.469.499.419.54 9.41 9.41 9.45 9.349.44 9.47 9.479.419.489.549.479.54 9.34 ? ?3? k ?k ? 2?7 ? 2?7?n? k? k50?100 100?250 250 ?6?10 7?12 10?2010? ?57? ? ? n=100? k=10? 50 ? 4?5 ? k ? k-n ? ?4?4? h? h? xmax? xmin? k? h ?h=?xmax?xmin?/k? 2?6 ?h=?9.72?9.30?/10=0.042?mm? 0.01mm? ? h =0.05mm?5? x
37、i? xiL?xiU?xmin?xmax?x1L= xmin?h/2=9.30?0.05/2=9.30?0.025=9.275 x1U=xmin+h/2=9.30+0.05/2=9.30+0.025=9.325 x1=?x1L+ x1U?/2=?9.275+9.325?/2=9.30 ? 1/2?x?i+1?L= xiUx?i+1?U= x?i+1?L+ h xi+1=? x?i+1?L+ x?i+1?U?/2 ? xmax? 2?8? k=10? 9 ? 9 ? xmax? 2?8?1234567899.275?9.325 9.325?9.375 9.375?9.425 9.425?9.47
38、5 9.475?9.525 9.525?9.575 9.575?9.625 9.625?9.675 9.675?9.725 9.30 9.35 9.40 9.45 9.50 9.55 9.60 9.65 9.70339333710311?100 ? ?58?6? n ? 2?8?7? 2?8 ? 2.8? n? x*? s? 2.8?4? 8 ? 2.6 ? 2.7 ?2.1.6?1?59? ? ? N ? N?1 ? ? 2.9 ? 2.9?2? 3 ?1? ? 30 ? ?2?3?3? 2.10 ?60? 2.10?4?1? ? ? ?2? ?3?4?5? 2.10 ? x?y ? 2.1
39、0 ?x?y ?61? ? ? r? ?1?r?1? r=?1? ? r=1? ?r=0?r ? 1?r ?1?r ? 0? r ?22()()()()xyxxyyLxxyyrL Lxxyy?r?x ?x ?y?y ?xyL ?x ? y ?xxL?x?yyL?y? 2 ?1 ?+1? 2?9?n?n?2 ? 2?9?n?20.05 0.01 ?n?20.05 0.01 123456789100.9970.9500.8780.8110.7540.7070.6660.6320.6020.5762.0000.9900.9590.9170.8740.8340.7980.7650.7350.70821
40、2223242526272829300.4130.4040.3960.3880.3810.3740.3670.3610.3550.3490.5260.5150.5050.4960.4870.4780.4700.4630.4560.44962?(?) ?n?20.05 0.01 ?n?20.05 0.01 111213141516171819200.5530.5320.5140.4970.4820.4680.4580.4440.4330.4230.6840.6610.6410.6230.6060.5900.5750.5610.5490.53735404550607080901002000.325
41、0.3040.2880.2730.2500.2320.2170.2050.1950.1380.4180.3930.3720.3540.3250.3030.2830.2670.2540.181? ?2.1.7? 8 ?2.2?KJ ?PDPC ? 1979 ? PDCA ? P?2.2.1? 2.11? A?B?C?D?E?F?G ? B ? A?C?E ? F? F ? C ? G? 2.11?63? ? ?1?2?3?4?5?6?1?2?3?4?5?1?2? 4 ?1?2?3?4? 3 ?1?2?3?4?5?6?7?8?9?10?11?64?12?13? 13 ? ? 2.12?1?6? 2
42、.12?2.2.2 KJ ?KJ ?KJ ?KJ ? KJ ?KJ ? 2?10? 2?10 KJ ?KJ ?1?2?3?4? ?KJ ?1?2?3?4?5?65? ? ?6?KJ ?1?KJ ?KJ ?2? 2?11? 2?11 KJ ? ? ? ? ? ?3?4?5?6?2.2.3?-? 2.13 ? 2.13?1?66?2?3?4?5?1?2?1?2?3?4?5?6?2.2.4?R?L?R?R1?R2?Rm?L?L1?L2?Ln?R?L? 2.14 ? ?RR1R2 Ri RmL1?L2? Li? LLn? 2.14?2.2.5? 2?12?67? ? ? 2?12 ?RR1R2 RiR
43、mL15 9 14 18 L235 57 89 100 Li35 78 98 56 LLn74 328 376 93 2.2.6 PDPC ?PDPC ?Process Decision Program Chart? 2.15 ? 2.15 ? ? A0? Z? ? A0?A1?A2?Z ? A0?C1?C2?Z? 2.15? A3? A2? A1?A2?B1?B2?Bq? Z ? Cr? C1?C2?C3?D1?Ds? Z ? Z ? Z ? Z?2.2.7?1?2?68? 3 ?a?b?m?a+4m+b?/6?a? 2 ?b? 9 ?m? 4 ?2+44+9?/6=4.5?3? 2.16
44、? 2.16?4? 2.16 ? 3 ? 3 ? 9?8?7? 9?5? 2.16 ? 3 ? 3 ? 3?4?5? 3?6? ? ? ? 2.16 ?2.3?69? ? ?2.3.1? 14 ? 1900 ? 10 ? 4 ? ? 1921 ?Univ. of Wyoming?1925 ?1928 ? ? W.A.? 1927 ? R. A. Fisher ? 1950 ? SQC? SQC ?20 ? 50 ? TQM?1980 ? 6 ? 24 ?NBC? ? ? ?If Japan Can, Why Can t We? ? 14 ?Demings 14 Points? AT&T ? 1
45、4 ? 20 ? 80 ? TQM ? Deming Institute? 14 ? ? ? ?70? ? ? ? ?85%?15%? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?2.3.2?Deming Cycle?PDCA ?P?D?C?A ? Plan?Do?Check?Action? 4 ? 4 ? 8 ?4 ?Plan?Do?Check?Action?8 ?4 ? PDCA ? P ? D ? C ?71? ? ? A ?PDCA ? 3 ?1?PDCA ? PDCA ?2?PDCA ?3?PDCA ? A ? ISO 9000? PDCA ?PDCA ?PDCA ? 2.
46、17 ? 2.17 PDCA ?2.3.3?Joseph H.Juran?1904?2008?1904 ? 12 ? 24 ? 1925 ? 1937 ?1928 ?Statistical Methods Applied to Manufacturing Problems? ?1951 ? ? ? ?Juran Quality Control Handbook? ? 1954 ? 1979? 14 ? 50 ? 20 ? 2008 ? 2 ? 28 ? 3 ?72?1?Quality Planning? ?2?Quality Control?3?Quality Improvement?-?2.
47、3.4?1?2? ?3?4? ?5? ? ?6? ? ?7?2.3.5?1994 ?20 ? 21 ?73? ? ?20%?80%?80%? 20%? 80/20 ?2.3.6?2.3.7?Philip B. Crosby?1926 ? 6 ? 18 ? 1952 ?ASQ?1957 ?1961 ?Zero Defects?1964 ?1965 ? ITT ?1968 ? ITT ?1975 ? ASQ ? ASQ ?1979 ?Quality is free?1979 ? PCA ?1981 ? PCA ?1984 ?1985 ? PCA ?Amex?1986 ?SFE? ? 1995 ?
48、? ?ASC, American Society for Competitiveness?Philip B. Crosby Medals? IBM? GE? ? ?Millikan? ?SCI ?2000 ?5 ? 28 ?W.M. McFeely?IMC?2001 ?ASQ ?2002 ?ASQ?2001 ? 8 ? 18 ? 75 ? ? 15 ? ? 16 ? 250 ?74? 4 ?1?1952?1957 ?2?1957?1965 ?3?1965?1979 ? ITT ?4?1979?2002 ? ASQ? ?2.3.8? 1? 2? 3? ? ? ? 4?2.3.9? TQM/TQC
49、 ?Armand Vallin Feigenbaum?1920? ? ?MIT? ?1951 ?1942?1968 ?1958?1968 ?1992 ?/?75? ? ?2.3.10 ?Genichi Taguchi? 1924 ?1942?1945 ? 1950 ? ? ? 12 ?/? ? 20 ? 50 ? ? ? 1951 ?Orthogonal arrays? 21. ?2. ? 100 ?3. ?4. ? PDCA ?5. ?6. ?7. ?8. ?9. ?10. ? QMS ? QMS ? ISO 9001 QMS ? ISO 9001 QMS ? QMS? QMS ? QMS
50、?5%? QMS ? QMS ?10%? ISO 9001 QMS ? ISO 9001 QMS ?85%? 20 ? 80 ? 170 ?20 ? 90 ? 17 ?,? 17 ?1998 ? 17 ? ? ? ISO 9000 ? 17 ? 3 ?QMS? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?77? ? ?20 ? 80 ? ISO 9000 ? ISO 9000?ISO 9001?ISO 9002? ISO 9003? ISO 9004? 2000 ? ISO 9000? ISO 9001? ISO 9004? ISO 19011?ISO 9000 ?ISO 9001 ?ISO 9004 ?ISO
