1、 第第 50 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 2/486 总目录总目录 第第 1 卷卷 富兰克林自传富兰克林自传 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、克利多篇 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 第第 4 卷卷 约翰米尔顿英文诗全集约翰米尔顿英文诗全集 第第 5 卷卷 爱默生文集爱默生文集 第第 6 卷卷 伯恩斯诗歌集伯恩斯诗歌集 第第 7 卷卷 圣奥古斯丁忏悔录圣奥古斯丁忏悔录 第第 8 卷卷 希腊戏剧希腊戏剧 第第
2、9 卷卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 第第 10 卷卷 国富论国富论 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 第第 12 卷卷 普卢塔克比较列传普卢塔克比较列传 第第 13 卷卷 伊尼亚德伊尼亚德 第第 14 卷卷 唐吉坷德唐吉坷德 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 3/486 第第 15 卷卷 天路历程天路历程 第第 16 卷卷 天方夜谭天方夜谭 第第 17 卷卷 民间传说与预言民间传说与预言 第第 18 卷卷 英国现代戏剧英国现代戏剧 第第 19 卷卷 浮士德浮士德 第第 20 卷卷 神曲神曲 第第 21 卷卷
3、许婚的爱人许婚的爱人 第第 22 卷卷 奥德赛奥德赛 第第 23 卷卷 两年水手生涯两年水手生涯 第第 24 卷卷 伯克文集伯克文集 第第 25 卷卷 穆勒文集穆勒文集 第第 26 卷卷 欧洲大陆戏剧欧洲大陆戏剧 第第 27 卷卷 英国名家随笔英国名家随笔 第第 28 卷卷 英国与美国名家随笔英国与美国名家随笔 第第 29 卷卷 比格尔号上的旅行比格尔号上的旅行 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集：物理学、化学、科学论文集：物理学、化学、天文学、地质学天文学、地质学 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 4/486 第第 31 卷卷 切利尼自传
4、切利尼自传 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 第第33卷卷 古代与现代著名航海与旅行记古代与现代著名航海与旅行记 第第 34 卷卷 法国和英国著名哲学家法国和英国著名哲学家 第第 35 卷卷 见闻与传奇见闻与传奇 第第 36 卷卷 君王论君王论 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 第第 38 卷卷 物理学、医学、外科学和地质物理学、医学、外科学和地质学学 第第 39 卷卷 著名之前言和序言著名之前言和序言 第第 40 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格雷雷 第第 41 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到英文诗集（卷）从科林斯
5、到费兹杰拉德费兹杰拉德 第第 42 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到惠特曼惠特曼 第第 43 卷卷 10001904 第第 44 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷一卷一):孔子孔子 希伯来书希伯来书 基基百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 5/486 督圣经督圣经()第第 45 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷二卷二)基督圣经基督圣经()第第 46 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 47 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 48 卷卷 帕斯卡文集帕斯卡文集 第第 49 卷卷 史诗与传说史诗与传说 第第
6、50 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 6/486 第第 50 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 INTRODUCTORY NOTES The Lecture Series on the contents of The Harvard Classics ought to do much to open that collection of literary materials to many ambitious young men and women whose education was cut sho
7、rt by the necessity of contributing in early life to the family earnings,or of supporting themselves,“and who must therefore reach the standing of a cultivated man or woman through the pleasurable devotion of a few minutes a day through many years to the reading of good literature.”(Introduction to
8、The Harvard Classics.)The Series will also assist many readers to cultivate“a taste for serious reading of the highest quality outside of The Harvard Classics as well as within them.”(Ibid.)It will certainly promote the accomplishment of the educational object I had in mind when I made the collectio
9、n.CHARLES W.ELIOT.The Harvard Classics provided the general reader with a great storehouse of standard works in all the main departments of intellectual activity.To this storehouse the Lectures now open the door.Through the Lectures the student is introduced to a vast range of topics,under the guida
10、nce of distinguished professors.The Five-Foot Shelf,with its introductions,notes,guides to reading,and exhaustive indexes,may thus claim to constitute with these Lectures a reading course unparalleled in comprehensiveness and authority.WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON.HISTORYI.GENERAL INTRODUCTION BY PROFESSOR
11、 ROBERT MATTESON JOHNSTON HISTORY alone,of all modes of thought,places the reader above his author.While the historian more or less diligently plods along his own 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 7/486 narrow path,perhaps the one millionth part of all history,every avenue opens wide to
12、 the imagination of those who read him.To them history may mean anything that concerns man and that has a past;not politics only,but art,and science,and music have had their birth and growth;not institutions only,but legends and chronicles and all the masterpieces of literature,reflect the clash of
13、nations and the tragedies of great men.And it is just because the reader is merely a reader that the full joy of history is open to him.He wears no fetters,so that even were he bent on mastering the constitutional documents of the United States he could turn aside with a calm conscience to listen to
14、 the echoes of dying Rolands horn in the gorge of Roncevaux or to stand by Cnut watching the North Sea tide as it lapped the old Danes feet.In all directions,in almost every branch of literature,history may be discovered,a multiform chameleon;and yet history does not really exist.No one has yet comp
15、osed a record of humanity;and no one ever will,for it is beyond mans powers.Macaulays history covered forty years;that of Thucydides embraced only the Peloponnesian war;Gibbon,a giant among the moderns,succeeded in spanning ten centuries after a fashion,but has found no imitators.The truth is there
16、is no subject,save perhaps astronomy,that is quite so vast and quite so little known.Its outline,save in the sham history of text books,is entirely wanting.Its details,where really known to students,are infinitely difficult to bring into relation.For this reason it may be worth while to attempt,in t
17、he space of one short essay,to coordinate the great epochs of history,from the earliest to the most recent times.The practical limit of history extends over a period of about three thousand years,goes back,in other words,to about 1000 B.C.Beyond that we have merely scraps of archological evidence;na
18、mes of pictures engraved on stone,to show that in periods very remote considerable monarchies flourished in Egypt,along the Euphrates,and in other 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 8/486 directions.It was not these people who were to set their imprint on later ages,it was rather what we
19、re then merely untutored and unknown wandering tribes of Aryans,which,working their way through the great plains of the Volga,the Dnieper,and the Danube,eventually forced their way into the Balkan and the Italian peninsulas.There,with the sea barring their further progress,they took on more settled
20、habits,and formed,at some distant epoch,cities,among which Athens and Rome were to rise to the greatest celebrity.And about the year 1000 B.C.,or a little later,Greece emerges from obscurity with Homer.Just as Greece burst from her chrysalis,a Semitic people,the Jews,were producing their counterpart
21、 to Homer.In the Book of Joshua they narrated in the somber mood of their race the conquest of Palestine by their twelve nomad tribes,and in the Pentateuch and later writings they recorded their law and their religion.From this starting point,Homer and Joshua,whose dates come near enough for our pur
22、pose,we will follow the history of the Mediterranean and of the West.THE LEADERSHIP OF GREECE First the great rivers,the Nile and the Euphrates,later the great inland sea that stretched westward to the Atlantic,were the avenues of commerce,of luxury,of civilization.Tyre,Phoca,Carthage,and Marseilles
23、 were the early traders,who brought to the more military Aryans not only all the wares of east and west but language itself,the alphabet.Never was a greater gift bestowed on a greater race.With it the Greeks developed a wonderful literature that was to leave a deep impress on all Western civilizatio
24、n.They wove their early legends into the chaste and elegant verse of the Homeric epics,into the gloomy and poignant drama of schylus,Sophocles,and Euripides.They then turned to history and philosophy.In the former they produced a masterpiece of composition with Thucydides and one of the most delight
25、ful of narratives with Herodotus.In the later they achieved their most important results.百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 9/486 Greek philosophy was to prove the greatest intellectual asset of humanity.No other civilization or language before the Greek had invented the abstract ideas:t
26、ime,will,space,beauty,truth,and the others.And from these wonderful,though imperfect,word ideas the vigorous and subtle Greek intellect rapidly raised a structure which found its supreme expression in Plato,Aristotle,and Zeno.But from the close of the Fourth Century before Christ,the time of Aristot
27、le and his pupil Alexander the Great,Greek began to lose its vitality and to decay.This decadence coincided with events of immense political importance.Alexander created a great Greek Empire,stretching from the Mediterranean to the Indus.After his death this empire was split into a number of monarch
28、ies,the Greek kingdoms of the East,of which the last to survive was that of the Ptolemies in Egypt.This perished when Augustus defeated Cleopatra and Antony at Actium in B.C.31,exactly three hundred years after Alexanders final victory over Darius at Arbela.THE DOMINATION OF ROME During these three
29、hundred years a more western branch of the Aryans,the Romans,had gradually forced their way to supremacy.It was not until about B.C.200 that Rome broke down the power of Carthage,got control of the western Mediterranean,and then suddenly stretched out her hand over its eastern half.In less than two
30、centuries more she had completed the conquest of the Balkans,Asia Minor,and Egypt,and the Mediterranean had become a Roman lake.The city of Rome may go back to B.C.1000,and the legends and history of the Republic afford an outline of facts since about B.C.500,but it was only after establishing conta
31、ct with the civilization and language of Greece that the Romans really found literary expression.Their tongue had not the elasticity and harmony of the Greek,nor had it the wealth of vocabulary,the abstract terms;it was more fitted,by its terseness,clearness,and gravity,to be the medium of the legis
32、lator and 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 10/486 administrator.Under the influence of foreign conquest and of Greek civilization,Rome,however,quickly evolved a literature of her own,an echo of the superior and riper one produced by the people she had conquered;it tinged with glory the
33、 last years of the Republic and the early ones of the Empire,the age of Augustus.Virgil produced a highly polished,if not convincing,imitation of Homer.Lucretius philosophized a crude materialistic universe in moderate hexameters.Cicero,with better success and some native quality,modeled himself on
34、Demosthenes;while the historians alone equaled their Greek masters,and in the statesmanlike instinct and poisoned irony of Tacitus revealed a worthy rival of Thucydides.Latin and Greek were the two common languages of the Mediterranean just as the unwieldy Republic of Rome was turning to imperialism
35、.The Greek universities,Athens,Pergamon,and Alexandria,dictated the fashions of intellectualism,and gave preeminence to a decadent and subtilized criticism and philosophy perversely derived from the Greek masters of the golden age.But a third influence was on the point of making itself felt in the n
36、ewly organized Mediterranean political systemthat of the Jews.THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS To understand the part the Jews were now to play,it is necessary first of all to look back upon the general character of the social and political struggles of those ancient centuries.At the time of Homers hero
37、es,and,in a way,until that of Alexander the Great,states were small,generally a city or a group of cities.War was constant,and generally accompanied by destruction and slavery.As the centuries slipped by,the scale increased.Athens tried to create a colonial empire as did Carthage,and the great conti
38、nental states,Macedon and Rome,followed close at their heels.In the last century or so before Christ,war was nearly continuous on a vast scale,and it was attended by at least one circumstance that demands 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 11/486 special consideration.Social inequality w
39、as a fundamental conception of the ancient world.The Greek cities in their origin had been communities ruled by a small caste of high-bred families.The social hierarchy proceeded down from them to the slave,and war was waged on a slave basis,the victor acquiring the vanquished.The great wars of the
40、Roman Republic against the Greek monarchies were huge treasure-seeking and slave-driving enterprises that reduced to servitude the most able and most refined part of the population of the conquered countries.Rome had created a great Mediterranean state,but at a terrible price.The civilization she ha
41、d set up had no religion save an empty formalism,and no heart at all.It was the Jews who were to remedy this defect.All through the East and in some parts of the West the Jewish merchants formed conspicuous communities in the cities of the Empire,giving an example of spiritual faith,of seriousness a
42、nd rectitude,that contrasted strongly with what prevailed in the community.For materialism and epicureanism were the natural outcome of a period of economic prosperity;religion was at its best formalistic,at its worst orgiastic;ethical elements were almost wholly lacking.Yet a revolt against the sou
43、llessness and iniquities of the times was proceeding and men were prepared to turn to whatever leaders could give them a system large enough to satisfy the cravings of long-outraged conscience,and large enough to fill the bounds of the Mediterranean Empire.Three JewsJesus,Paul,and Philocame forward
44、to do this work.Jesus was the example,the man of conscience,the redeemer God.For in this last capacity he could readily be made to fit in with the Asiatic cults of the sun and of redemption which were at that time the most active and hopeful lines of religious thought.Paul was the Jew turned Roman,a
45、n imperialist,a statesman,of wide view and missionary fervor.Philo was the Jew turned Greek,the angel of the Alexandrian schools,who had infused 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 50 卷 哈佛经典讲座 12/486 Hebraic elements into the moribund philosophizing of the Egyptian Greeks,and thereby given it a renew
46、ed lease of life.That lease was to run just long enough to pour the Alexandrian thought into the Christian mold and give the new religion its peculiar dogmatic apparatus.For three centuries,until A.D.312,Christianity was nothing in the Mediterranean world save a curious sect differing widely from th
47、e hundreds of other sects that claimed the allegiance of the motley population sheltering under the gis of the Emperors.During those three centuries the Mediterranean was a peaceful avenue of imperial administration,of trade,of civilizing intercourse.Its great ports teemed with a medley of people in
48、 whom the blood of all races from the Sahara to the German forests,and from Gibraltar to the valley of the Euphrates,was transfused.The little clans of high-bred men who had laid the foundations of this huge international empire had practically disappeared.The machine carried itself on by its own mo
49、mentum,while wars remained on distant frontiers,the work of mercenaries,insufficient to stimulate military virtues in the heart of the Empire.It was,in fact,the economic vices that prevailed,materialism,irreligion,and cowardice.The feeble constitution of the Empire was too slight a framework to supp
50、ort the vast edifice.Emperor succeeded emperor,good,bad,and indifferent,with now and again a monster,and now and again a saint.But the elements of decay were always present,and made steady progress.The army had to be recruited from the barbarians;the emperors crown became the chief reward of the uni
